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@                       GNU Emacs FAQ: Introduction

[To find what has changed, see the "diff" posting.]

[Joe Wells plans to quit soon as FAQ coordinator.  Steven Byrnes says he can
 take over this portion of the FAQ responsibility.  We still need more
 volunteers to help by taking charge of a section of the FAQ list.  Send e-mail
 if you are interested.]

This is the introduction to a list of frequently asked questions (FAQ) about
GNU Emacs with answers.  This article contains a listing of the questions;
subsequent articles contain the questions and answers.

The FAQ list is posted to reduce the noise level in the `gnu.emacs.help'
newsgroup (which is also the `help-gnu-emacs' mailing list) which results from
the repetition of frequently asked questions, wrong answers to these questions,
corrections to the wrong answers, corrections to the corrections, debate, name
calling, etc.  Also, it serves as a repository of the canonical "best" answers
to these questions.  However, if you know a better answer or even a slight
change that improves an answer, please tell us!

If you know the answer of a question is in the FAQ list, please reply to the
question by e-mail instead of posting.  Help reduce noise!

The FAQ list is crossposted to `comp.emacs' because some sites do not receive
the `gnu.*' newsgroups.  The FAQ list is also crossposted to `news.answers'.

Please suggest new questions, answers, wording changes, deletions, etc.  The
most helpful form for suggestions is a context diff (ie., the output of `diff
-c').  Include `FAQ' in the subject of messages sent to us about the FAQ list.

Please do not send questions to us just because you do not want to disturb a
lot of people and you think we would know the answer.  We do not have time to
answer questions individually.  :-(

Full instructions for getting the latest FAQ are in question 22.  Also see the
`Introduction to news.answers' posting in the `news.answers' newsgroup, or send
e-mail to `mail-server@@rtfm.mit.edu' with `help' on a body line, or use FTP,
WAIS, or Prospero to rtfm.mit.edu.

These ideas have already been suggested, but we have not had time to
implement them:

  * A Texinfo version.
  * Marking questions in the table of contents that have been changed
    recently.

-- 
Joe Wells <jbw@@cs.bu.edu> and Steven Byrnes <sbyrnes@@rice.edu>

E-mail jbw@@cs.bu.edu for details about the League for Programming Freedom.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

                     GNU Emacs FAQ: Table of Contents

Notation Used in FAQ

1:   What do these mean: C-h, M-C-a, RET, "ESC a", etc.?
2:   What does "M-x command" mean?
3:   How do I read topic XXX in the on-line manual?
4:   What do these mean: etc/SERVICE, src/config.h, lisp/default.el?
5:   What are FSF, LPF, OSF, GNU, RMS, FTP, and GPL?

General Questions

6:   What is the LPF and why should I join it?
7:   What is the real legal meaning of the GNU copyleft?
8:   What are appropriate messages for gnu.emacs.help, gnu.emacs.bug,
     comp.emacs, etc.?
9:   Where can I get old postings to gnu.emacs.help and other GNU groups?
10:  Where should I report bugs and other problems with GNU Emacs?
11:  How do I unsubscribe to this mailing list?
12:  What is the current address of the FSF?

On-line Help, Printed Manuals, Other Sources of Help

13:  I'm just starting GNU Emacs; how do I do basic editing?
14:  How do I find out how to do something in GNU Emacs?
15:  How do I get a printed copy of the GNU Emacs manual?
16:  Where can I get documentation on GNU Emacs Lisp?
17:  How do I install a piece of Texinfo documentation?
18:  How do I print a Texinfo file?
19:  Can I view Info files without using GNU Emacs?
20:  What informational files are available for GNU Emacs?
21:  Where can I get help in installing GNU Emacs?
22:  Where can I get the latest version of this document (the FAQ list)?

Status of Emacs

23:  Where does the name "Emacs" come from?
24:  What is the latest version of GNU Emacs?
25:  When will GNU Emacs 19 be available?
26:  What is different about GNU Emacs 19?
27:  What variants of GNU Emacs exist?

Common Things People Want To Do

28:  How do I set up a .emacs file properly?
29:  How do I debug a .emacs file?
30:  How do I make Emacs display the current line (or column) number?
31:  How do I turn on Abbrevs by default just in mode XXX?
32:  How do I turn on Auto-Fill mode by default?
33:  How do I make Emacs use a certain major mode for certain files?
34:  How do I search for, delete, or replace unprintable (8-bit or control)
     characters?
35:  How can I highlight a region of text in Emacs?
36:  How do I control Emacs's case-sensitivity when searching/replacing?
37:  How do I make Emacs wrap words for me?
38:  Where can I get a better spelling checker for Emacs?
39:  How can I spell-check TeX or *roff documents?
40:  How do I change load-path?
41:  How do I use an already running Emacs from another window?
42:  How do I make Emacs recognize my compiler's funny error messages?
43:  How do I indent switch statements like this?
44:  How can I make Emacs automatically scroll horizontally?
45:  How do I make Emacs "typeover" or "overwrite" instead of inserting?
46:  How do I stop Emacs from beeping on a terminal?
47:  How do I turn down the bell volume in Emacs running under X Windows?
48:  How do I tell Emacs to automatically indent a new line to the
     indentation of the previous line?
49:  How do I show which parenthesis matches the one I'm looking at?
50:  In C mode, can I show just the lines that will be left after #ifdef
     commands are handled by the compiler?
51:  Is there an equivalent to the `.' (dot) command of vi?
52:  What are the valid X resource settings (ie., stuff in .Xdefaults)?
53:  How do I execute a piece of Emacs Lisp code?
54:  How do I change Emacs's idea of the tab character's length?
55:  How do I insert `>' at the beginning of every line?
56:  How do I insert `_^H' before each character in a paragraph to get an
     underlined paragraph?
57:  How do I repeat a command as many times as possible?
58:  How do I make Emacs behave like this: when I go up or down, the cursor
     should stay in the same column even if the line is too short?
59:  How do I tell Emacs to iconify itself?
60:  How do I use regexps (regular expressions) in Emacs?
61:  How do I perform a replace operation across more than one file?
62:  Where is the documentation for `etags'?

Bugs/Problems

63:  Does Emacs have problems with files larger than 8 megabytes?
64:  Why can't Emacs find files in current directory on startup?
65:  How do I get rid of the ^M junk in my Shell buffer?
66:  Why do I get `Process shell exited abnormally with code 1'?
67:  Why can't I cut from Emacs and paste in other X programs?
68:  Where is the termcap/terminfo entry for terminal type `emacs'?
69:  Why does Emacs spontaneously start displaying `I-search:' and beeping?
70:  Why can't Emacs talk to certain hosts (or certain hostnames)?
71:  Why does Emacs say `Error in init file'?
72:  Why does Emacs ignore my X resources (my .Xdefaults file)?
73:  Why does Emacs take 20 seconds to visit a file?
74:  How do I edit a file with a `$' in its name?
75:  Why does Shell mode lose track of the shell's current directory?
76:  Why doesn't my change to load-path work?
77:  Why does the cursor always go to the wrong column when I move up or
     down one line?
78:  Why does Emacs hang with message `Unknown XMenu error' with X11R4?
79:  Why doesn't display-time show the load average in the mode line
     anymore?
80:  Why does ispell sometimes ignore the local dictionary?
81:  Why does Ispell treat each line as a single word?
82:  Are there any security risks in GNU Emacs?

Difficulties Building/Installing/Porting Emacs

83:  What should I do if I have trouble building Emacs?
84:  How do I stop Emacs from failing when the executable is stripped?
85:  Why does linking Emacs with -lX11 fail?
86:  Why does Emacs 18.55 say `Fatal error (6).Abort' under SunOS 4.1?

Finding/Getting Emacs and Related Packages

87:  Where can I get GNU Emacs on the net (or by snail mail)?
88:  How do I find a GNU Emacs Lisp package that does XXX?
89:  Where can I get GNU Emacs Lisp packages that don't come with Emacs?
90:  How do I submit code to the Emacs Lisp Archive?
91:  Where can I get other up-to-date GNU stuff?
92:  Where can I get an Emacs with better mouse and X window support?
93:  What is the difference between GNU Emacs and Epoch?
94:  What is the difference between GNU Emacs and Lucid GNU Emacs?
95:  Where can I get the "unofficial HP GNU Emacs"?
96:  Where can I get Emacs for my PC running MS-DOS?
97:  Where can I get Emacs for my PC running Windows?
98:  Where can I get Emacs for my PC running OS/2?
99:  Where can I get Emacs for my Atari ST?
100: Where can I get Emacs for my Amiga?
101: Where can I get Emacs for my Apple computer?
102: Where can I get Emacs with NeWS support?
103: Where do I get Emacs that runs on VMS under DECwindows?
104: Where can I get modes for Lex, Yacc/Bison, Bourne Shell, Csh, C++,
     Objective C, Pascal, Awk?
105: What is the IP address of XXX.YYY.ZZZ?

Major Emacs Lisp Packages, Emacs Extensions, and Related Programs

106: VM (View Mail) -- another mail reader within Emacs
107: Supercite -- mail and news citation package within Emacs
108: GNUS -- news reader within Emacs
109: Calc -- poor man's Mathematica within Emacs
110: Calendar/Diary -- calendar manager within Emacs
111: Ange-FTP -- transparent FTP access for Emacs's file access routines
112: VIP -- vi emulation for Emacs
113: Dired -- better directory editor for Emacs
114: AUC TeX -- enhanced LaTeX mode with debugging facilities
115: Hyperbole -- extensible hypertext management system within Emacs
116: Byte Compiler -- enhanced version of Emacs's byte compiler
117: comint -- hugely enhanced shell mode and other derived modes
118: BBDB -- personal info rolodex integrated with mail/news readers
119: Ispell -- spell checker in C with interface for Emacs
120: Epoch -- enhanced GNU Emacs with better X interface
121: Lucid GNU Emacs -- alternative Emacs 19 with better X interface
122: Demacs -- GNU Emacs altered to run on MS-DOS on 386/486 machines
123: Freemacs -- a small Emacs for MS-DOS
124: Patch -- program to apply "diffs" for updating files

Changing Key Bindings and Handling Key Binding Problems

125: How do I bind keys (including function keys) to commands?
126: Why does Emacs say `Key sequence XXX uses invalid prefix characters'?
127: Why doesn't this [terminal or window-system setup] code work in my
     .emacs file, but it works just fine after Emacs starts up?
128: How do I use function keys under X Windows?
129: How do I tell what characters my function or arrow keys emit?
130: How do I set the X key "translations" for Emacs?
131: How do I handle C-s and C-q being used for flow control?
132: How do I use commands bound to C-s and C-q (or any key) if these keys
     are filtered out?
133: Why does the `BackSpace' key invoke help?
134: Why doesn't Emacs look at the stty settings for Backspace vs. Delete?
135: Why don't the arrow keys work?
136: How do I "swap" two keys?
137: How do I produce C-XXX with my keyboard?
138: What if I don't have a Meta key?
139: What if I don't have an Escape key?
140: How do I type DEL on PC terminal emulators?
141: Can I make my `Compose Character' key behave like a Meta key?
142: How do I bind a combination of modifier key and function key?
143: Why doesn't my Meta key work in an xterm window?
144: Why doesn't my ExtendChar key work as a Meta key under HP-UX 8.0?
145: Where can I get key bindings to make Emacs emulate WordStar?
146: Where can I get an XEDIT emulator for Emacs?

Using Emacs with Alternate Character Sets

147: How do I make Emacs display 8-bit characters?
148: How do I input 8-bit characters?
149: Where can I get an Emacs that can handle kanji characters?
150: Where can I get an Emacs that can handle Chinese?
151: Where is an Emacs that can handle Semitic (right-to-left) alphabets?

Mail and News

152: How do I change the included text prefix in mail/news followups?
153: How do I save a copy of outgoing mail?
154: Why doesn't Emacs expand my aliases when sending mail?
155: Why does RMAIL think all my saved messages are one big message?
156: How can I sort the messages in my RMAIL folder?
157: Why does RMAIL need to write to /usr/spool/mail?
158: How do I recover my mail files after RMAIL munges their format?
159: How do I make Emacs automatically start my mail/news reader?
160: How do I read news under Emacs?
161: Why does `rnews' say "No News is good news" when there is news?
162: Why doesn't GNUS work anymore via NNTP?
163: How do I view text with embedded underlining (eg., ClariNews)?
164: When I try to post a long article in GNUS (about 10K or longer), I get
     the error, "Writing to process: no more processes, nntpd"
165: How do I save all the items of a multi-part posting in GNUS?
166: Why does GNUS put the subjects in replies beyond the 80th column?
167: Why is GNUS so slow to start up?
168: How do I catch up all newsgroups in GNUS?
169: Why can't I kill in GNUS on the Newsgroups/Keywords/Control line?
170: How do I get rid of flashing messages in GNUS for slow connections?
171: Why is catch up slow in Gnews/GNUS?
172: Why does GNUS hang for a long time when posting?
173: Why don't my news postings in GNUS get past the local machine?
174: Why is the GNUS-generated `Date:' header invalid?
175: Why doesn't GNUS generate the `Lines:' header?
176: Why do I get "Cannot open load file" "nntp" when compiling GNUS?
177: How do I kill all articles in GNUS but those matching a pattern?

               GNU Emacs FAQ: Notation/General/Help/Status

If you are viewing this text in a GNU Emacs Buffer, you can type "M-2 C-x $" to
get an overview of just the questions.  Then, when you want to look at the text
of the answers, just type "C-x $".

To search for a question numbered XXX, type "M-C-s ^XXX:", followed by a C-r if
that doesn't work, then type ESC to end the search.

A `+' in the 78th column means something was inserted on the line.  A `-' means
something was deleted and a `!' means some combination of insertions and
deletions occurred.

Full instructions for getting the latest FAQ are in question 22.  Also see the
`Introduction to news.answers' posting in the `news.answers' newsgroup, or send
e-mail to `mail-server@@rtfm.mit.edu' with `help' on a body line, or use FTP,
WAIS, or Prospero to rtfm.mit.edu.



Notation Used in FAQ

  Skip this section and then come back if you don't understand some of the
  later answers.
  
1:   What do these mean: C-h, M-C-a, RET, "ESC a", etc.?
  
  C-x means press the `x' key while holding down the Control key.  M-x means
  press the `x' key while holding down the Meta key.  M-C-x means press the
  `x' key while holding down both the Control key and the Meta key.  C-M-a
  is a synonym for M-C-a.  RET, LFD, DEL, ESC, and TAB respectively refer to
  pressing the Return, Linefeed (aka Newline), Delete, Escape, and Tab keys
  and are equivalent to C-m, C-j, C-?, C-[, and C-i.  SPC means press the
  Space bar.
  
  I put any key sequence that is longer than one key (and some single-key
  sequences) inside double quotes or on a line by itself.  Any real spaces
  in such a key sequence should be ignored; only SPC really means press the
  space key.
  
  The ASCII code sent by C-x (except for C-?) is the value that would be
  sent by pressing just `x' minus 96 (or 64 for uppercase `X') and will be
  from 0 to 31.  The ASCII code sent by M-x is the sum of 128 and the ASCII
  code that would be sent by pressing just the `x' key.  Essentially, the
  Control key turns off bits 5 and 6 and the Meta key turns on bit 7.
  
  For further information, see `Characters' and `Keys' in the online manual.
  
  NOTE: C-? (aka DEL) is ASCII code 127.  It is a misnomer to call C-? a
  "control" key, since 127 has both bits 5 and 6 turned ON.  Also, on very
  few keyboards does Control-? generate ASCII code 127.
  
2:   What does "M-x command" mean?
  
  "M-x command" means type M-x, then type the name of the command, then
  type RET.
  
  M-x (by default) invokes the command `execute-extended-command'.  This
  command allows you to run any Emacs command if you can remember the
  command's name.  If you can't remember the command's name, you can type
  TAB and SPC for completion, and "?" for a list of possibilities.  An Emacs
  "command" is any "interactive" Emacs function.
  
  NOTE: Your system administrator may have bound other key sequences to
  invoke execute-extended-command.  A function key labeled `Do' is a good
  candidate for this.
  
  To run non-interactive Emacs functions, see question 53.
  
3:   How do I read topic XXX in the on-line manual?
  
  When I refer you to topic XXX in the on-line manual, you can read this
  manual node inside Emacs (assuming nothing is broken) by typing this:
  
    C-h i m emacs RET m XXX RET
  
  This invokes the Info facility.  If you don't already know how to use
  Info, type "?" from within Info.
  
  If I refer you to topic XXX:YYY, you need to type this:
  
    C-h i m emacs RET m XXX RET m YYY RET
  
  WARNING: Your system administrator may not have installed the Info files,
  or may have installed them properly.  In this case you should complain.
  
4:   What do these mean: etc/SERVICE, src/config.h, lisp/default.el?
  
  These are files that come with GNU Emacs.  The GNU Emacs distribution is
  divided into subdirectories; the important ones are `etc', `lisp', and
  `src'.
  
  If you use GNU Emacs, but don't know where it is kept on your system,
  start Emacs, then type "C-h v exec-directory RET".  The directory name
  displayed by this will be the full pathname of the installed `etc'
  directory.
  
  Some of these files are available individually via FTP or e-mail, see
  question 20.  All are available in the source distribution.
  
5:   What are FSF, LPF, OSF, GNU, RMS, FTP, and GPL?
  
  FSF == Free Software Foundation
  LPF == League for Programming Freedom
  OSF == Open Software Foundation
  GNU == GNU's Not Unix
  RMS == Richard Matthew Stallman
  FTP == File Transfer Protocol
  GPL == GNU General Public Licence
  
  NOTE: Avoid confusing the FSF, the LPF, and the OSF.  The LPF opposes
  look-and-feel copyrights and software patents.  The FSF aims to make high
  quality free software available for everyone.  The OSF is a commercial
  organization which wants to provide an alternative, standardized version
  of Unix not controlled by AT&T.
  
  NOTE: The word "free" in the title of the Free Software Foundation refers
  to "freedom", not "zero dollars".  Anyone can charge any price for
  GPL-covered software that they want to.  However, in practice, the freedom
  enforced by the GPL leads to low prices, because you can always get the
  software for less money from someone else, because everyone has the right
  to resell or give away GPL-covered software.
  


General Questions

6:   What is the LPF and why should I join it?
  
  The LPF opposes the expanding danger of software patents and look-and-feel
  copyrights.  To get more information, feel free to contact the LPF via
  e-mail or otherwise.  {You may also contact me, jbw@@cs.bu.edu; I will be
  happy to talk with you about the LPF.}  Here is the contact information:   !
  
    E-mail address: league@@prep.ai.mit.edu
    Phone number: (617) 243-4091                                             !
    Postal address:
      League for Programming Freedom
      1 Kendall Square, Number 143
      Post Office Box 9171
      Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
  
  Papers describing the LPF's views are available on the internet and also   !
  from the LPF:                                                              !
  
    Anonymous FTP:
      /prep.ai.mit.edu:/pub/lpf/                                             +
      /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/lpf/                                   !
    Anonymous UUCP:
      osu-cis!~/lpf/*                                                        -
  
7:   What is the real legal meaning of the GNU copyleft?
  
  The real legal meaning of the GNU General Public Licence (copyleft) is
  however it is interpreted by a judge.  There has never been a copyright
  infringment case involving the GPL to set any precedents.  Please take any
  discussion regarding this issue to the newsgroup gnu.misc.discuss, which
  was created to hold the extensive flame wars on the subject.
  
  RMS writes:
  
    The legal meaning of the GNU copyleft is less important than the spirit,
    which is that Emacs is a free software project and that work pertaining
    to Emacs should also be free software.  "Free" means that all users have
    the freedom to study, share, change and improve Emacs.  To make sure
    everyone has this freedom, pass along source code when you distribute
    any version of Emacs or a related program, and give the recipients the
    same freedom that you enjoyed.
  
8:   What are appropriate messages for gnu.emacs.help, gnu.emacs.bug,
 comp.emacs, etc.?
  
  The file etc/MAILINGLISTS discusses the purpose of each GNU mailing-list.
  (See question 20 on how to get a copy.)  For those which are gatewayed
  with newsgroups, it lists both the newsgroup name and the mailing list
  address.
  
  comp.emacs is for discussion of Emacs programs in general.  This
  includes GNU Emacs along with various other implementations like JOVE,
  MicroEmacs, Freemacs, MG, Unipress, CCA, Epsilon, etc.
  
  Many people post GNU Emacs questions to comp.emacs because they don't
  receive any of the gnu.* newsgroups.  Arguments have been made both for
  and against posting GNU-Emacs-specific material to comp.emacs.  You have
  to decide for yourself.
  
  Messages advocating "non-free" software are considered unacceptable on any
  of the gnu.* newsgroups except for gnu.misc.discuss, which was created to
  hold the extensive flame-wars on the subject.  "non-free" software
  includes any software for which the end user can't freely modify the
  source code and exchange enhancements.  Be careful to remove the gnu.*
  groups from the `Newsgroups:' line when posting a followup that recommends
  such software.
  
  gnu.emacs.bug is a place where bug reports appear, but avoid posting bug
  reports to this newsgroup, instead see question 10.
  
9:   Where can I get old postings to gnu.emacs.help and other GNU groups?
  
  The FSF has maintained archives of all of the GNU mailing lists for many
  years, although there may be some unintentional gaps in coverage.  The
  archive is not particularly well organized or easy to retrieve individual
  postings from, but pretty much everything is there.
  
    Anonymous FTP:
      /prep.ai.mit.edu:/pub/gnu/emacs/MailingListArchives/                   !
  
  {There was a WAIS database named `comp-emacs' on lambada.oit.unc.edu that
  makes available the last 10 days of articles in comp.emacs.  It appears to
  have died.  Anyone know if it moved?}
  
10:  Where should I report bugs and other problems with GNU Emacs?
  
  The correct way to report GNU Emacs bugs is by e-mail to
  bug-gnu-emacs@@prep.ai.mit.edu.  Anything sent here also appears in the
  newsgroup gnu.emacs.bug, but please use e-mail instead of news to submit
  the bug report.  This way a reliable return address is available so you
  can be contacted for further details.
  
  RMS explains:
  
    Sending bug reports to help-gnu-emacs (which has the effect of posting
    on gnu.emacs.help) is undesirable because it takes the time of an
    unnecessarily large group of people, most of whom are just users and
    have no idea how to fix these problem.  bug-gnu-emacs reaches a much
    smaller group of people who are more likely to know what to do and have
    expressed a wish to receive more messages about Emacs than the others.
  
  However, RMS says there are circumstances when it is okay to post to
  gnu.emacs.help:
  
    If you have reported a bug and you don't hear about a possible fix, then
    after a suitable delay (such as a week) it is okay to post on
    gnu.emacs.help asking if anyone can help you.
  
  If you are unsure whether you have a bug, RMS describes how to tell:
  
    ... if Emacs crashes, that is a bug.  If Emacs gets compilation errors
    while building, that is a bug.  If Emacs crashes while building, that is
    a bug.  If Lisp code does not do what the documentation says it does,
    that is a bug.
  
11:  How do I unsubscribe to this mailing list?
  
  If you are receiving a GNU mailing list named `XXX', you might be able
  to unsubscribe to it by sending a request to the address
  `XXX-request@@prep.ai.mit.edu'.  However, this will not work if you are
  not listed on the main mailing list, but instead recieve the mail from a
  distribution point.  In that case, you will have to track down at which
  distribution point you are listed.  Inspecting the `Received:' headers
  on the mail messages may help, along with liberal use of the `EXPN' or
  `VRFY' sendmail commands through `telnet <site-address> smtp'.  Ask your
  postmaster for help.
  
12:  What is the current address of the FSF?
  
  E-mail address: gnu@@prep.ai.mit.edu                                        +
  Phone number: (617) 876-3296                                               +
  Postal address:
    Free Software Foundation, Inc.
    675 Massachusetts Avenue
    Cambridge, MA 02139, USA                                                 -
  


On-line Help, Printed Manuals, Other Sources of Help

13:  I'm just starting GNU Emacs; how do I do basic editing?
  
  Type "C-h t" to invoke the self-paced tutorial.  Typing just C-h is
  how to enter the help system.
  
  WARNING: Your system administrator may have changed C-h to act like DEL to
  deal local keyboards.  You can use M-x help-for-help instead to invoke
  help.  To discover what key (if any) invokes help on your system, type
  "M-x where-is RET help-for-help RET".  This will print a comma-separated
  list of key sequences in the echo area.  Ignore the last character in each
  key sequence listed.  Each of the resulting key sequences invokes help.
  
  NOTE: Emacs's help facility works best if help is invoked by a single key
  whose value should be stored in the variable help-char.  Andrew
  Arensburger <arensb@@kong.gsfc.nasa.gov> wrote a patch that allows the help
  facility to work properly when invoked by multiple character sequences.
  
14:  How do I find out how to do something in GNU Emacs?
  
  There are several methods for finding out how to do things in Emacs.
  
  * The complete text of the Emacs manual is available online via the Info
    hypertext reader.  Type "C-h i" to invoke Info.
  
  * You can order a hardcopy of the manual from the FSF.  See question 15.
  
  * You can get a printed reference card listing commands and keys to invoke
    them.  You can order one from the FSF for $1 (or 10 for $5), or you can
    print your own from the etc/refcard.tex file in the Emacs distribution.
    {Are PostScript versions of this available for FTP?}
  
  * You can list all of the commands whose names contain a certain word
    (actually which match a regular expression) using "C-h a"
    (M-x command-apropos).
  
  * You can list all of the functions and variables whose names contain a
    certain word using M-x apropos.
  
  * There are many other commands in Emacs for getting help and information.
    To get a list of these commands, type "C-h C-h C-h".
  
  NOTE: You may find that command-apropos and apropos are extremely slow
  on your system.  This will be fixed in Emacs 19.  If you can't wait that
  long, there is a fast-apropos.el file available in the Emacs Lisp
  Archive (see question 89) that contains the fix.
  
15:  How do I get a printed copy of the GNU Emacs manual?
  
  You can order a printed copy of the GNU Emacs manual from the FSF for
  $20.  For 6 or more manuals the price is $13 each.  The price may be       -
  tax-deductible as a business expense.                                      -
  
  The full TeX source for the manual also comes in the `man' directory of
  the Emacs distribution, if you're daring enough to try to print out this
  300 page manual yourself (see question 18).
  
  If you absolutely have to print your own copy, and you don't have TeX, you
  can get a PostScript version via anonymous FTP:                            !
                                                                             !
    /cs.ubc.ca:src/gnu/manuals_ps/emacs-18.57.ps.Z                           !
  
  which site requests that you please CONFINE ANY MAJOR FTPING TO LATE
  EVENINGS OR EARLY MORNINGS OUR TIME (pacific time zone, GMT-8)).  A DVI
  version is also available via FTP:                                         !
                                                                             !
    /prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/emacs-manual-6.0.dvi.Z                          !
  
  If you don't have TeX you can convert the Texinfo sources into
  {t,n,ps}roff format with the `texi2roff' program, which is available via
  anonymous FTP:                                                             !
                                                                             !
    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/gnu/texi2roff/texi2roff.shar.Z           !
  
  See also question 14 for how to view the manual online.
  
16:  Where can I get documentation on GNU Emacs Lisp?
  
  Within Emacs, you can type "C-h f" to get the documentation for a
  function, "C-h v" for a variable.
  
  For more information, obtain the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual for Emacs
  18 under Unix.  It is available from the FSF for $50 (or 5 for $200).  The
  latest revision available for FTP is edition 1.03 dated 28 January 1991.
  
  For online use, a set of pregenerated Info files is available with the
  Texinfo source for the Emacs Lisp manual via anonymous FTP:                !
                                                                             !
    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/gnu/emacs/                               !
    /prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/elisp-manual-1.03.tar.Z                         !
  
  (You can also create the Info files from the Texinfo source.)  See
  question 17 for details on how to install these files online.
  
  If you are daring enough to try to print this 550 page manual out
  yourself, for instructions see question 18.
  
  Also, as a popular USENET saying goes, "Use the Force, Read the Source".
  
17:  How do I install a piece of Texinfo documentation?
  
  First create Info files from the Texinfo files with the `makeinfo'
  program.  makeinfo is available as part of the latest Texinfo package:     !
                                                                             !
    /prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/texinfo-2.14.tar.Z                              !
  
  For information about the Texinfo format, read the Texinfo manual which
  comes with Emacs.  This manual also comes installed in Info format, so you
  can read it online.
  
  Neither texinfo-format-buffer nor the makeinfo program install the
  resulting Info files in Emacs's Info tree.  To install Info files:
  
  1. Move the files to the `info' directory in the installed Emacs
     distribution.  See question 4 if you don't know where that
     is.
  
  2. Edit the file info/dir in the installed Emacs distribution, and add a
     line for the top level node in the Info package that you are
     installing.  Follow the examples are already in this file.  The format
     is:
  
       * Topic: (relative-pathname).  Short description of topic.
  
  If you want to install Info files and you don't have the necessary
  privileges, you have several options:
  
  * Info files don't actually need to be installed before being used.  You
    can feed a file name to the Info-goto-node command (invoked by pressing
    "g" in Info mode) by typing the name of the file in parentheses.  This
    goes to the node named `Top' in that file.  For example, to view a Info
    file named `XXX' in your home directory, you can type this:
  
      C-h i g (~/XXX) RET
  
  * You can create your own Info directory.  You can tell Emacs where the
    Info directory is by setting the value of the variable Info-directory
    to its pathname.  For example, to use a private Info directory which
    is a subdirectory of your home directory named `Info', you could do
    this:
  
      (setq Info-directory (expand-file-name "~/Info"))
  
    You will need a top-level Info file named `dir' in this directory.
    You can include the system-wide Info directory in your private Info
    directory with symbolic links or by copying it.
  
  * You can use an enhanced version of lisp/info.el that handles multiple
    Info directories.  Then you can more easily use a mix of private and
    shared Info files.  Dave Gillespie <daveg@@synaptics.com,
    daveg@@csvax.cs.caltech.edu> has written one such enhancement and I
    believe there are others.  Dave's info.el also handles compressed Info
    files.
  
    Anonymous FTP:
      /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:modes/info.el.Z                            !
      /cs.umn.edu:pub/gnu/emacs/info.el.Z                                    +
  
    According to Jay Bourland <jayb@@math.stanford.edu>, a version of Dave's
    info.el comes with `xinfo' (see question 19).
  
18:  How do I print a Texinfo file?
  
  NOTE: You can't get nice printed output from Info files; you must still
  have the original Texinfo source file for the manual you want to print.
  
  1. Make sure the first line of the Texinfo file looks like this:
  
       \input texinfo
  
     You may need to alter `texinfo' to the full pathname of the
     texinfo.tex file, which comes with Emacs as man/texinfo.tex (or copy
     or link it into the current directory).
  
  2. tex XXX.texinfo
  
  3. texindex XXX.??
  
     The `texindex' program comes with Emacs as man/texindex.c.
  
  4. tex XXX.texinfo
  
  5. Print the DVI file XXX.dvi in the normal way for printing DVI files
     at your site.
  
  To get more general instructions, retrieve the latest Texinfo package
  mentioned in question 17.
  
19:  Can I view Info files without using GNU Emacs?
  
  Yes, the `info', `xinfo', and `ivinfo' programs do this.  info uses
  curses, xinfo uses standard X11 libraries, and ivinfo uses InterViews.
  You can get info as part of the latest Texinfo package (see question
  17).  xinfo is available separately:                                       !
                                                                             !
    /prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/xinfo-1.01.01.tar.Z                             !
    /export.lcs.mit.edu:                                                     !
  
  ivinfo is available in a comp.sources.misc archive or from Tom Horsley
  <tom@@ssd.csd.harris.com>.  For ivinfo, you need Stanford's InterViews C++
  X library, available via anonymous FTP (interviews.stanford.edu).
  
20:  What informational files are available for GNU Emacs?
  
  This isn't a frequently asked question, but it should be!  A variety of
  informational files about GNU Emacs and relevant aspects of the GNU
  project are available for you to read.
  
  The following files are available in the `etc' directory of the GNU
  Emacs distribution, and also the latest versions are available
  individually via anonymous FTP (prep.ai.mit.edu:/pub/gnu/GNUinfo/):
  
    APPLE -- Why the FSF doen't support GNU Emacs on Apple computers
    DISTRIB -- GNU Emacs Availability Information,
      including the popular "Free Software Foundation Order Form"
    FTP -- How to get GNU Software by Internet FTP or by UUCP
    GNU -- The GNU Manifesto
    INTERVIEW -- Richard Stallman discusses his public-domain
		       UNIX-compatible software system
			      with BYTE editors
    MACHINES -- Status of GNU Emacs on Various Machines and Systems
    MAILINGLISTS -- GNU Project Electronic Mailing Lists
    SERVICE -- GNU Service Directory
    SUN-SUPPORT -- including "Using Emacstool with GNU Emacs"
  
  These files are available in the `etc' directory of the GNU Emacs
  distribution:
  
    DIFF -- Differences between GNU Emacs and Twenex Emacs
    CCADIFF -- Differences between GNU Emacs and CCA Emacs
    GOSDIFF -- Differences between GNU Emacs and Gosling (Unipress??) Emacs
    COPYING -- GNU Emacs General Public License
    NEWS -- GNU Emacs News, a history of user-visible changes
    LPF -- Why you should join the League for Programming Freedom
    FAQ -- GNU Emacs Frequently Asked Questions (You're reading it)
    OPTIONS -- a complete explanation of startup option handling
  
  These files are available via anonymous FTP (prep.ai.mit.edu:/pub/gnu/):
  
    tasks -- GNU Task List
    standards.text -- GNU Coding Standards
  
  In addition, all of the above files are available directly from the FSF
  via e-mail.  Of course, please try to get them from a local source
  first.
  
  These additional files are available from the FSF via e-mail:
  
  * GNU's Bulletin, June, 1991 -- this file includes:
      GNU'S Who
      What Is the Free Software Foundation?
      What Is Copyleft?
      A Small Way to Help Free Software
      GNUs Flashes (important recent developments for project GNU)
      Free Software Support (and how to get it!)
      Copyrighted Programming Languages
      AT&T Threatens Users of X Windows (and other software patent threats)
      Project Gutenberg
      GNU Project Status Report
      GNU in Japan
      GNU Wish List
      Help Keep Government Software Free
      GNU Software Available Now
        Contents of the Emacs Tape
        Contents of the Compiler Tape
        Contents of the X11 Tapes
        VMS Emacs and Compiler Tapes
      GNU Documentation
      How to Get GNU Software
      Free Software for Microcomputers
        GNU Software on Apple computers
        GNU Software on the Amiga
        GNU Software on the Atari
        GNUish MS-DOS project
        Freemacs, an Extensible Editor for MS-DOS
      GNU in Japan
      FSF Order Form
      Thank GNUs
  * Legal issues about contributing code to GNU
  * GNU Project Status Report
  
  A collection of past GNU's Bulletins is available via anonymous FTP:       +
                                                                             +
    /ftp.funet.fi:pub/gnu/Bulletins/                                         +
  
21:  Where can I get help in installing GNU Emacs?
  
  Look in etc/SERVICE for names of companies and individuals who will sell
  you this type of service.  An up-to-date version of the SERVICE file is
  available on prep.ai.mit.edu (also see question 20).
  
22:  Where can I get the latest version of this document (the FAQ list)?
  
  The GNU Emacs FAQ is available in several ways:
  
  * Via USENET.  If you can read news, the FAQ should be available in your
    news spool, in both the gnu.emacs.help and comp.emacs newsgroups.  Every
    news reader of which I know will allow you to read any news article that
    is still in the news spool, even if you have read the article before.
    You may need to read the instructions for your news reader to discover
    how to do this.  In `rn', this command will do this for you at the
    article selection level:
  
      ?GNU Emacs FAQ?rc:m
  
    In GNUS, you should type "C-u G" from the *Subject* buffer or "C-u SPC"
    from the *Newsgroup* buffer to view all articles in a newsgroup.
  
    The FAQ articles' message IDs are:
  
      <GNU-Emacs-FAQ-0.1992.09.22.011020@@bigbird.bu.edu>                     !
      <GNU-Emacs-FAQ-1.1992.09.22.011020@@bigbird.bu.edu>                     !
      <GNU-Emacs-FAQ-2.1992.09.22.011020@@bigbird.bu.edu>                     !
      <GNU-Emacs-FAQ-3.1992.09.22.011020@@bigbird.bu.edu>                     !
      <GNU-Emacs-FAQ-4.1992.09.22.011020@@bigbird.bu.edu>                     !
      <GNU-Emacs-FAQ-5.1992.09.22.011020@@bigbird.bu.edu>                     !
  
    If you are viewing this in the GNUS *Article* buffer, you can move point
    within one of the above message IDs and type "r" to fetch the referenced
    article.  Type "o" in the *Article* buffer to restore the previous
    contents.  If this text is not in the GNUS *Article* buffer, use M-r
    from the *Subject* buffer instead.
  
    If the FAQ articles have expired and been deleted from your news spool,
    it might (or might not) do some good to complain to your news
    administrator, because the most recent FAQ should not expire before
    November 21, 1992.                                                       !
  
  * Via anonymous FTP.  You can fetch the FAQ articles via anonymous FTP
  
      /rtfm.mit.edu:pub/usenet/news.answers/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/ part*             !
  
  * Via e-mail.  You can send the following magical incantation in the body
    of a message to mail-server@@rtfm.mit.edu:
  
      send usenet/news.answers/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/part0
      send usenet/news.answers/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/part1
      send usenet/news.answers/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/part2
      send usenet/news.answers/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/part3
      send usenet/news.answers/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/part4
      send usenet/news.answers/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/part5
  
  * Via WAIS.  The GNU Emacs FAQ is available via WAIS indexed on a
    per-question basis from the `faq' database on bigbird.bu.edu on the
    non-standard IP port number of 2210.  This is probably the best way to
    find out if there is something in the FAQ related to your question.  I
    use this myself to answer questions I see posted on gnu.emacs.help.
  
    The articles of the GNU Emacs FAQ are also available from the `usenet'
    database on rtfm.mit.edu (on the standard IP port: 210), along with a
    lot of other FAQ articles.  However, these are all indexed at the whole
    article level instead of at the question level.  This is a better place
    to look if you want to fetch the entire FAQ.
  
  * In the GNU Emacs distribution.  Since GNU Emacs 18.56, the latest
    available version of the FAQ at the time of release has been part of the
    GNU Emacs distribution as file etc/FAQ.  18.58 is the latest version,
    and it was released in February 1992.
  
  * There is an old version of the FAQ list available for FTP in the GNU     +
    archives at MIT:                                                         +
                                                                             +
      /prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/GNUinfo/FAQ.emacs                             +
                                                                             +
  * As the very last resort, you can e-mail a request to                     +
    gnu-emacs-faq-maintainers@@bigbird.bu.edu.  Don't do this unless you have
    made a serious effort to obtain the FAQ list via one of the methods
    listed above.
  


Status of Emacs

23:  Where does the name "Emacs" come from?
  
  Emacs originally was an acronym for Editor MACroS.  RMS says he "picked
  the name `Emacs' because `E' was not in use as an abbreviation on ITS at
  the time.".  The first Emacs was a set of macros written in 1976 at MIT by
  RMS for the editor TECO (Text Editor and COrrector (originally Tape Editor
  and COrrector)) under ITS on a PDP-10.  RMS had already extended TECO with
  a "real-time" full screen mode with active keys.  Emacs was started by Guy
  Steele <gls@@think.com> as a project to unify the many divergent TECO
  command sets and keybindings at MIT.
  
  Many people have told me that TECO code looks a lot like line noise.  See
  alt.lang.teco if you are interested.  I think someone has written a TECO
  implementation in Emacs Lisp.  It would be an interesting project to run
  the original TECO Emacs inside of GNU Emacs.
  
24:  What is the latest version of GNU Emacs?
  
  GNU Emacs 18.58 is the current version.  Fixes from 18.57 include better
  mail address parsing, an X visual bell speedup, a call-process
  enhancement, a regexp matching change, the ability to apply a numeric
  argument to a self-inserting digit, getting X resource values from the
  RESOURCE_MANAGER property, more reliable shell mode job control, and a
  change to copy-keymap.  Also, support has been added for many new system
  types.  Fixes from 18.55 include the removal of arbitrary limits on the
  undo facility.
  
  According to the January 1992 GNU's Bulletin, "Emacs 18 maintenance
  continues for simple bug fixes.".
  
  To visit a file with information about what has changed in recent
  versions, type "C-h n".
  
25:  When will GNU Emacs 19 be available?
  
  There are strong indications that Emacs 19 will be available in 1992.  The
  FSF has recently gone through a spate of copyright disclaimer checking,
  which is a good sign.
  
  Lucid has released Lucid GNU Emacs 19.2, which is based on an early
  unreleased version of GNU Emacs 19.  This will be similar to Emacs 19 when
  it finally arrives, but they are not the same.  See question 121.
  
  Work has begun on features for Emacs 20.
  
26:  What is different about GNU Emacs 19?
  
  From the January 1992 GNU's Bulletin:
  
    Version 19 will enter beta test late this year.  Among its new features
    are: before and after change hooks, source-level debugging of Emacs Lisp
    programs, X selection processing (including clipboard selections),
    scrollbars, support for European character sets, floating point numbers,
    per-buffer mouse commands, X resource manager interfacing,
    mouse-tracking, Lisp-level binding of function keys, multiple X windows
    (`screens' to Emacs), a new input system, and buffer allocation, which
    uses a new mechanism capable of returning storage to the system when a
    buffer is killed.
  
    The input stream is now a sequence of Lisp objects, instead of a
    sequence of characters.  This allows a reasonable representation for
    mouse clicks, function keys, menu selections, etc.
  
    Thanks go to Alan Carroll and the people who worked on Epoch for
    generating initial feedback to a multi-windowed Emacs, and to Eric
    Raymond for help in polishing the Emacs 19 Lisp libraries.
  
  The June 1991 GNU's bulletin had this to say about future plans for Emacs:
  
    Features being considered for later releases of Emacs include:
    associating property lists with regions of text in a buffer; multiple
    fonts, color, and pixmaps defined by those properties; different
    visibility conditions for the regions, and for various windows showing
    one buffer; hooks to be run if point or mouse moves outside a certain
    range; incrementally saving undo history in a file; static menu bars;
    and better pop-up menus.
  
  Mention of this feature disappeared in the January 1992 GNU's bulletin:
  
    Emacs 19 supports two styles of multiple windows, one with a separate
    screen for the minibuffer, and another with a minibuffer attached to
    each screen.
  
  Mention of these two proposed features disappeared in the January 1991
  GNU's bulletin:
  
  * Incremental syntax analysis for various programming languages (Leif).
  * A more sophisticated emacsclient/server model, which would provide
    network transparent Emacs widget functionality.
  
27:  What variants of GNU Emacs exist?
  
  * Nemacs (Nihongo Emacs), which can handle Japanese text, is derived from  +
    GNU Emacs 18.55.  See question 149.
  
  * Demacs, which can run under MS-DOS on 386 machines, is derived from
    Nemacs.  See question 122.
  
  * Epoch, which has better X support, is derived from GNU Emacs 18.58.
    See question 120 and 92.
  
  * Nepoch (Nihongo Epoch), which can handle Japanese text, is derived from  +
    Epoch.                                                                   +
                                                                             +
  * Mule (the MULtilingual Enhancement of GNU Emacs) can handle many         +
    character sets simultaneously.  It is derived from Emacs 18.58.  It is   +
    available for FTP:                                                       +
                                                                             +
      /sh.wide.ad.jp:/JAPAN/mule/                                            +
      /etlport.etl.go.jp:/pub/mule/                                          +
                                                                             +
  * Lucid GNU Emacs is derived from an early unreleased version of GNU Emacs +
    19.  See question 121 and 92.

                 GNU Emacs FAQ: Common Requests/Problems

If you are viewing this text in a GNU Emacs Buffer, you can type "M-2 C-x $" to
get an overview of just the questions.  Then, when you want to look at the text
of the answers, just type "C-x $".

To search for a question numbered XXX, type "M-C-s ^XXX:", followed by a C-r if
that doesn't work, then type ESC to end the search.

A `+' in the 78th column means something was inserted on the line.  A `-' means
something was deleted and a `!' means some combination of insertions and
deletions occurred.

Full instructions for getting the latest FAQ are in question 22.  Also see the
`Introduction to news.answers' posting in the `news.answers' newsgroup, or send
e-mail to `mail-server@@rtfm.mit.edu' with `help' on a body line, or use FTP,
WAIS, or Prospero to rtfm.mit.edu.



Common Things People Want To Do 

28:  How do I set up a .emacs file properly?
  
  See `Init File' in the on-line manual.
  
  WARNING: In general, new Emacs users should not have .emacs files, because
  it causes confusing non-standard behavior.  Then they send questions to
  help-gnu-emacs asking why Emacs isn't behaving as documented.  :-)
  
29:  How do I debug a .emacs file?
  
  First start Emacs with the `-q' command line option.  Then, in the
  *scratch* buffer, type the following:
  
    (setq debug-on-error t) LFD
    (load-file "~/.emacs") LFD
  
  (Type LFD by pressing C-j.)
  
  If you have an error in your .emacs file, this will invoke the debugger
  when the error occurs.  If you don't know how to use the debugger do
  (setq stack-trace-on-error t) instead.
  
  WARNING: this will not discover errors caused by trying to do something
  that requires the terminal/window-system initialization code to have
  been loaded.  See question 127.
  
30:  How do I make Emacs display the current line (or column) number?
  
  To find out what line of the buffer you are on right now, do "M-x
  what-line".  Use "M-x goto-line" to go to a specific line.  To find the
  current column number, type "M-ESC (current-column)".
  
  Typing "C-x l" will also tell you what line you are on, provided the
  buffer isn't separated into "pages" with C-l characters.  In that case, it
  will only tell you what line of the current "page" you are on.  WARNING:
  "C-x l" gives the wrong value when point is at the beginning of a line.
  
  There is no "correct" way to constantly display the current (or total)
  line (or column) number on the mode line in Emacs 18, or to display the
  line numbers next to the lines like vi can.  Emacs is not a line-oriented
  editor, and really has no idea what "lines" of the buffer are displayed in
  the window.  It would require a lot of work at the C code level to make
  Emacs keep track of this.  It would not be that hard to get the column
  number, but it would still require changes at the C code level.
  
  None of the vi emulation modes provide the `set number' capability of vi
  (as far as I know).
  
  Emacs 19 will probably be able to show the line number on the mode-line,
  but probably very inefficiently.
  
  People have written various kludges to display line numbers.  One is
  `display-line-numbers' by Wayne Mesard <wmesard@@tofu.oracle.com,
  Mesard@@bbn.com>.  Look in the Lisp Code Directory.  (See question
  88.)
  
31:  How do I turn on Abbrevs by default just in mode XXX?
  
  Put this in your .emacs file:
  
    (condition-case ()
	(read-abbrev-file nil t)
      (file-error nil))
  
    (setq XXX-mode-hook
	  (function
	   (lambda ()
	     (setq abbrev-mode t))))
  
32:  How do I turn on Auto-Fill mode by default?
  
  To turn on Auto-Fill mode just once for one buffer, use "M-x
  auto-fill-mode".  To turn it on for every buffer in, for example, Text
  mode, do this:
  
    (setq text-mode-hook 'turn-on-auto-fill)
  
  If you want Auto-Fill mode on in all major modes, do this:
  
    (setq-default auto-fill-hook 'do-auto-fill)
  
33:  How do I make Emacs use a certain major mode for certain files?
  
  If you want to use XXX mode for all files which end with the extension
  `.YYY', this will do it for you:
  
    (setq auto-mode-alist (cons '("\\.YYY\\'" . XXX-mode) auto-mode-alist))
  
  Otherwise put this somewhere in the first line of any file you want to
  edit in XXX mode:
  
    -*-XXX-*-
  
34:  How do I search for, delete, or replace unprintable (8-bit or control)
 characters?
  
  To search for a single character that appears in the buffer as, for
  example, `\237', you can type "C-s C-q 2 3 7".  (This assumes the value of
  search-quote-char is 17 (ie., C-q).)  Searching for ALL unprintable
  characters is best done with a "regexp" search.  The easiest regexp to use
  for the unprintable chars is the complement of the regexp for the
  printable chars.
  
  Regexp for the printable chars: [\t\n\r\f -~]
  
  Regexp for the unprintable chars: [^\t\n\r\f -~]
  
  To type some of these special characters in an interactive argument to
  isearch-forward-regexp or re-search-forward, you need to use C-q.  (`\t',
  `\n', `\r', and `\f' stand respectively for TAB, LFD, RET, and C-l.)  So,
  to search for unprintable characters using re-search-forward:
  
    M-x re-search-forward RET [^ TAB C-q LFD C-q RET C-q C-l SPC -~] RET
  
  Using isearch-forward-regexp:
  
    M-C-s [^ TAB RET C-q RET C-q C-l SPC -~]
  
  To delete all unprintable characters, simply use a replace-regexp:
  
    M-x replace-regexp RET [^ TAB C-q LFD C-q RET C-q C-l SPC -~] RET RET
  
  Replacing is similar to the above.  {I need to write the text for this
  part of the answer!}
  
  Notes:
  
  * With isearch, you can type RET to get a quoted LFD (not a quoted RET).
  
  * You don't need to quote TAB with either isearch or typing something in
    the minibuffer.
  
  Here are the Emacs Lisp forms of the above regexps:
  
    ;; regexp matching all printable characters:
    "[\t\n\r\f -~]"
  
    ;; regexp matching all unprintable characters:
    "[^\t\n\r\f -~]"
  
35:  How can I highlight a region of text in Emacs?
  
  There are ways to get highlighting (reverse video, inverse video) in GNU
  Emacs 18.58, but either they require patching the C code of Emacs and
  rebuilding, or they are slow and the highlighting disappears if you scroll
  or redraw the screen and it can not follow the point.  Howard Gayle's
  patches for 8-bit output appear to allow highlighting (see question
  ^8-bit-output).  Another patch for highlighting is by Kenichi Handa
  <handa@@etl.go.jp>.  There is a patch for use with X by Andy Norman
  <ange@@hplb.hpl.hp.com> (and modified for 18.57 by Matthieu Herrb
  <matthieu@@laas.fr>), which is available for FTP:                           !
                                                                             !
    /laas.laas.fr:pub/emacs/patch-X11-18.5{5,7}                              !
  
  You can highlight regions in a variety of ways in Epoch and Lucid Emacs.
  GNU Emacs 19 may not be able to just temporarily highlight a region.       !
  
  Similar comments apply to displaying text in different fonts, except that
  it is even harder.
  
36:  How do I control Emacs's case-sensitivity when searching/replacing?
    
  For searching, the value of the variable case-fold-search determines
  whether they are case sensitive:
  
    (setq case-fold-search nil) ; make searches case sensitive
    (setq case-fold-search t)   ; make searches case insensitive
  
  Similarly, for replacing the variable case-replace determines whether
  replacements preserve case.
  
  To change the case sensitivity just for one major mode, use the major
  mode's hook.  For example:
  
    (setq XXX-mode-hook
          (function
	   (lambda ()
	     (setq case-fold-search nil))))
  
37:  How do I make Emacs wrap words for me?
  
  M-x auto-fill-mode.  The default maximum line width is 74, determined by
  the variable fill-column.  To find how to turn this on automatically see
  question 32.
  
38:  Where can I get a better spelling checker for Emacs?
  
  Use Ispell.  See question 119.
  
39:  How can I spell-check TeX or *roff documents?
  
  If you want to spell-check TeX or *roff documents with Ispell, you need to
  arrange for a filter program that understands how to strip TeX or *roff
  formatting commands to be run.  In the TeX distribution, there are several
  different programs named `detex', all with incompatible options, and a
  very old pair of programs named `detex' and `delatex', which should
  probably be avoided.  The most useful one for Ispell is `detex' by Daniel
  Trinkle.  A more recent version is available via FTP:                      !
                                                                             !
    /arthur.cs.purdue.edu:pub/trinkle/detex-2.3.tar.Z                        !
  
  Raphael Cerf <cerf@@clipper.ens.fr> recently released a program for this    +
  named `xetal':                                                             !
                                                                             !
    /spi.ens.fr:pub/unix/tex/                                                !
  
  There is a program that comes with Unix named `deroff' for stripping
  formatting commands from *roff files.
  
  Here is an example of code you can put in a .emacs file to use these
  programs:
  
    ;; Based on suggestions by David G. Grubbs <dgg@@ksr.com> and Paul Palmer
    ;; <palmerp@@math.orst.edu>.
  
    ;; Assuming the use of detex 2.3 by Daniel Trinkle:
    ;; -w means one word per line.
    ;; -n means don't expand \input or \include commands.
    ;; -l means force LaTeX mode.
  
    (require 'ispell) ; for the make-variable-buffer-local statements
    (setq plain-TeX-mode-hook
	  (function
	   (lambda ()
	     (setq ispell-filter-hook "detex")
             (setq ispell-filter-hook-args '("-nw")))))
    (setq LaTeX-mode-hook
	  (function
	   (lambda ()
	     (setq ispell-filter-hook "detex")
             (setq ispell-filter-hook-args '("-lnw")))))
    (setq nroff-mode-hook
	  (function
	   (lambda ()
	     (setq ispell-filter-hook "deroff")
             (setq ispell-filter-hook-args '("-w")))))
  
  You will have to adjust the arguments for programs other than Trinkle's
  detex or for other versions of deroff.  Experiment running the command
  from the shell to find the correct options.  If you don't have a filter
  that knows how to output one word per line, you must pipe its output
  through another filter to break up the output.
  
40:  How do I change load-path?
  
  In general, you should only *add* to the load-path.  You can add
  directory /XXX/YYY to the load path like this:
  
    (setq load-path (append load-path '("/XXX/YYY/")))
  
  To do this relative to your home directory:
  
    (setq load-path (append load-path (list (expand-file-name "~/YYY/"))))
  
41:  How do I use an already running Emacs from another window?
  
  The `emacsclient' program is for editing a file using an already running
  Emacs rather than starting up a new Emacs.  It does this by sending a
  request to the already running Emacs, which must be expecting the request.
  
  * Setup
  
    Emacs must have executed the `server-start' function for emacsclient to
    work.  This can be done either by a command line option:
  
      emacs -f server-start
  
    or by invoking server-start from the .emacs file:
  
      (if (some conditions are met) (server-start))
  
    When this is done, Emacs starts a subprocess running a program called
    `server'.  `server' creates a Unix domain socket in the user's home
    directory named `.emacs_server'.
  
    To get your news reader, mail reader, etc., to invoke emacsclient, try
    setting the environment variable EDITOR (or sometimes VISUAL) to the
    value `emacsclient'.  You may have to specify the full pathname of the
    emacsclient program instead.  Examples:
  
      # csh commands:
      setenv EDITOR emacsclient
      setenv EDITOR /usr/local/emacs/etc/emacsclient  # using full pathname
  
      # sh command:
      EDITOR=emacsclient export EDITOR
  
  * Normal use
  
    When emacsclient is run, it connects to the `.emacs_server' socket and
    passes its command line options to `server'.  When `server' receives
    these requests, it sends this information on the the Emacs process,
    which at the next opportunity will visit the files specified.  (Line
    numbers can be specified just like with Emacs.)  The user will have to
    switch to the Emacs window by hand.  When the user is done editing a
    file, the user can type "C-x #" to indicate this.  This will switch to
    another buffer created at the request of emacsclient if there are any.
    When "C-x #" has been invoked on all of the files that the emacsclient
    requested to be edited, Emacs will send notification of this to `server'
    which will pass this on to the emacsclient, which will then exit.
  
  NOTE: `emacsclient' and `server' must be running on machines which share
  the same filesystem for this to work.  The pathnames that emacsclient
  specifies should be correct for the filesystem that the Emacs process
  sees.  The Emacs process should not be suspended at the time emacsclient
  is invoked.  emacsclient should either be invoked from another X window or
  from a shell window inside Emacs itself.
  
  There is an enhanced version of emacsclient/server called `gnuserv' by
  Andy Norman <ange@@hplb.hpl.hp.com> which is available in the Emacs Lisp
  Archive.  gnuserv uses Internet domain sockets, so it can work across most
  network connections.  It also supports the execution of arbitrary Emacs
  Lisp forms and also does not require the client program to wait for
  completion.  It is available via anonymous FTP (Emacs Lisp Archive:
  packages/gnuserv.shar).
  
42:  How do I make Emacs recognize my compiler's funny error messages?
  
  Write a program which runs the compiler as a child and filters its output,
  rearranging as necessary.  Install with same name as compiler somewhere in
  path.
  
  Keith Moore <moore@@cs.utk.edu> wrote one such for a C compiler under AIX.
  Available via FTP:                                                         !
                                                                             !
    /cs.utk.edu:readonly/aixcc.lex                                           !
  
  Jim Frost <jimf@@saber.com> wrote another for the IBM xlc compiler on the
  RS/6000.  (I don't know if these are both for the same compiler.)
  Johnathan Vail <vail@@tegra.COM> wrote something for a High C compiler
  (`hc', which is one of the compilers on the RS/6000, although I think
  Johnathan wrote his program for hc on a different computer).
  
43:  How do I indent switch statements like this?
  
  Many people want to indent their switch statements like this:
  
    f()
    {
      switch(x) {
        case A:
          x1;
          break;
        case B:
          x2;
          break;
        default:
          x3;
      }
    }
  
  I don't believe there is any way to do this exactly without modifying the
  Lisp code in c-mode.el.  You can set c-indent-level to 4 and
  c-label-offset to -2, but this has bad effects elsewhere.  {Anyone have a
  solution?}
  
44:  How can I make Emacs automatically scroll horizontally?
  
  There is no completely correct way of doing this that does not involve     !
  rewriting all commands or writing your own top-level command loop (not a   !
  completely bad idea).  Wayne Mesard <wmesard@@pescadero.stanford.edu> has   !
  written a particularly advanced kludge called `hscroll.el' that checks     !
  once a second to make sure point is visible.                               !
  
45:  How do I make Emacs "typeover" or "overwrite" instead of inserting?
  
  M-x overwrite-mode (a minor mode).
  
46:  How do I stop Emacs from beeping on a terminal?
  
  Martin R. Frank <martin@@cc.gatech.edu> writes:
  
    Tell Emacs to use the 'visible bell' instead of the audible bell, and
    set the visible bell to nothing.
  
    Put this in your TERMCAP environment variable:
  
      ... :vb=: ...                       
  
    And evaluate this:
  
      (setq visible-bell t)
  
47:  How do I turn down the bell volume in Emacs running under X Windows?
  
  Under versions of Emacs before 18.58, the bell volume was annoying loud
  and difficult to turn off.  So upgrading to 18.58 will reduce the volume.
  If you want to turn it off completely, use `xset'.  There is no way to
  turn the bell off just for Emacs without affecting all other programs.
  
  Under Epoch you can do:
  
    (setq epoch::bell-volume 20)
  
  Stu Grossman <grossman@@sunburn.stanford.edu> wrote a patch that allows the
  bell volume to be adjusted from inside Emacs just for Emacs.
  
48:  How do I tell Emacs to automatically indent a new line to the
 indentation of the previous line?
  
  One solution is Indented Text Mode (M-x indented-text-mode).
  
  If you have Auto-Fill mode on (a minor mode, see question 32), you can
  tell Emacs to prefix every line with a certain character sequence, the
  "fill prefix".  Type the prefix at the beginning of a line, position point
  after it, and then type "C-x ." (set-fill-prefix) to set the fill prefix.
  Thereafter, auto-filling will automatically put the fill prefix at the
  beginning of new lines, and M-q (fill-paragraph) will maintain any fill
  prefix when refilling the paragraph.
  
  NOTE: If you have paragraphs with different levels of indentation, you
  will have to set the fill prefix to the correct value each time you move
  to a new paragraph.  To avoid this hassle, try one of the many packages
  available from the Emacs Lisp Archive.  Look up `fill' and `indent' in the
  Lisp Code Directory for guidance.
  
49:  How do I show which parenthesis matches the one I'm looking at?
  
  If you're looking at a right parenthesis (or brace or bracket) you can
  delete it and reinsert it.  Emacs will blink the cursor on the matching
  parenthesis.
  
  M-C-f (forward-sexp) and M-C-b (backward-sexp) will skip over balanced
  parentheses, so you can see which parentheses match.  (You can train it to
  skip over balanced brackets and braces at the same time by modifying the
  syntax table.)
  
  Here is some Emacs Lisp that will make the % key show the matching
  parenthesis, like in vi.  In addition, if the cursor isn't over a
  parenthesis, it simply inserts a % like normal.
  
    ;; By an unknown contributor
  
    (global-set-key "%" 'match-paren)
  
    (defun match-paren (arg)
      "Go to the matching parenthesis if on parenthesis otherwise insert %."
      (interactive "p")
      (cond ((looking-at "\\s\(") (forward-list 1) (backward-char 1))
	    ((looking-at "\\s\)") (forward-char 1) (backward-list 1))
	    (t (self-insert-command (or arg 1)))))
  
50:  In C mode, can I show just the lines that will be left after #ifdef
 commands are handled by the compiler?
  
  M-x hide-ifdef-mode.  (This is a minor mode.)
  
  You may have to (load "hideif") first.  If you want to do this regularly,
  put this in your .emacs file:
  
    (autoload 'hide-ifdef-mode "hideif" nil t)
  
  {Yes, I know, this should be in lisp/loaddefs.el already.}
  
51:  Is there an equivalent to the `.' (dot) command of vi?
  
  (`.' is the redo command in vi.  It redoes the last insertion/deletion.)
  
  No, not really.
  
  You can type "C-x ESC" (repeat-complex-command) to reinvoke commands that
  used the minibuffer to get arguments.  In repeat-complex-command you can
  type M-p and M-n to scan through all the different complex commands you've
  typed.
  
  To repeat something on each line I recommend using keyboard macros.
  
52:  What are the valid X resource settings (ie., stuff in .Xdefaults)?
  
  See the Emacs man page, or the etc/OPTIONS file.  Ignore the information
  in etc/XDOC which is way out of date.
  
53:  How do I execute a piece of Emacs Lisp code?
  
  There are a number of ways to execute (called "evaluate") an Emacs Lisp
  "form":
  
  * If you want it evaluated every time you run Emacs, put it in a file
    named `.emacs' in your home directory.
  
  * You can type the form in the *scratch* buffer, and then type LFD (or
    C-j) after it.  The result of evaluating the form will be inserted in
    the buffer.
  
  * In Emacs-Lisp mode, typing M-C-x evaluates a top-level form before or
    around point.
  
  * Typing "C-x C-e" in any buffer evaluates the Lisp form immediately
    before point and prints its value in the echo area.
  
  * Typing M-ESC or M-x eval-expression allows you to type a Lisp form in
    the minibuffer which will be evaluated.
  
  * You can use M-x load-file to have Emacs evaluate all the Lisp forms in
    a file.  (To do this from Lisp use the function `load' instead.)
  
  These functions are also used for evaluating Lisp forms:
  
    load-library, eval-region, eval-current-buffer, require, autoload
  
54:  How do I change Emacs's idea of the tab character's length?
  
  Example: (setq default-tab-width 10).
  
55:  How do I insert `>' at the beginning of every line?
  
  Type "M-x replace-regexp RET ^ RET > RET".
  
  To do this only in the region, type "C-x n M-x replace-regexp RET ^ RET
  > RET C-x w".
  
  WARNING: The command narrow-to-region (C-x n) is disabled by default
  because it can be very confusing (ie., "Oh no!  Where did my file go?").
  
56:  How do I insert `_^H' before each character in a paragraph to get an
 underlined paragraph?
  
  M-x underline-region.
  
57:  How do I repeat a command as many times as possible?
  
  Use "C-x (" and "C-x )" to make a keyboard macro that invokes the command
  and then type "M-0 C-x e".
  
  WARNING: any messages your command prints in the echo area will be
  suppressed.
  
58:  How do I make Emacs behave like this: when I go up or down, the cursor
 should stay in the same column even if the line is too short?
  
  M-x picture-mode.  (This is a minor mode, in theory anyway ...)
  
59:  How do I tell Emacs to iconify itself?
  
  You need to modify C source and recompile.  Either that or get Epoch or
  Lucid Emacs instead.  Patches have been written by Robert Forsman
  <thoth@@reef.cis.ufl.edu> and Johan Vromans <jv@@mh.nl> to allow Emacs to
  iconify itself and by Matt Wette <mwette@@mr-ed.jpl.nasa.gov> and
  Manavendra K. Thakur <thakur@@zerkalo.harvard.edu> (for 18.57, plus icon
  geometry) to allow Emacs to start up iconified.  I don't know which of
  these patches work together.
  
  Anonymous FTP:
    /csi.jpl.nasa.gov:pub/emacs.patch1  (Matt Wette)                         +
    /ftp.eu.net:gnu/emacs/FP-Xfun.Z  (Johan Vromans)                         +
    /ftp.urc.tue.nl:pub/tex/emacs/FP-Xfun  (Johan Vromans)                   +
  
60:  How do I use regexps (regular expressions) in Emacs?
  
  See `Regexps' in the online manual.
  
  WARNING: The "or" operator is `\|', not `|', and the grouping operators
  are `\(' and `\)'.  Also, the string syntax for a backslash is "\\".
  Thus, the string syntax for a regular expression like xxx\(foo\|bar\) is
  "xxx\\(foo\\|bar\\)".  Notice the duplicated backslashes!
  
  WARNING: Unlike in Unix grep, sed, etc., a complement character set
  ([^...])  can match a newline character (LFD aka C-j aka \n), unless
  newline is mentioned as one of the characters not to match.
  
  WARNING: The character syntax regexps (eg. `\sw') are not meaningful
  inside character set regexps (eg. `[aeiou]').  (This is actually typical
  for regexp syntax.)
  
61:  How do I perform a replace operation across more than one file?
  
  The "tags" feature of Emacs includes the command tags-query-replace which
  performs a query-replace across all the files mentioned in the TAGS file.
  See `Tags:Tags Search' in the online manual.
  
  In addition, Martin Boyer has written a package named global-replace which
  will perform a query-replace across all the files mentioned in the
  *compilation* buffer (usually done after a `grep'), which is available via
  anonymous FTP:                                                             !
                                                                             !
    /ireq-robot.hydro.qc.ca:pub/emacs/lisp/compile.el.Z                      !
    /ireq-robot.hydro.qc.ca:pub/emacs/lisp/global-replace.el.Z               !
    /ireq-robot.hydro.qc.ca:pub/emacs/lisp/query.el.Z                        !
  
62:  Where is the documentation for `etags'?
  
  `etags' takes options just like a prior version of ctags, so your ctags
  manual (if any) may be useful.  {Can someone send me the details on this?}
  


Bugs/Problems

63:  Does Emacs have problems with files larger than 8 megabytes?
  
  Most installed versions of GNU Emacs will use 24-bit signed integers (and
  24-bit pointers) internally.  This limits the file size that Emacs can
  handle to 8,388,607 bytes (2^23 - 1).
  
  Leonard N. Zubkoff <lnz@@lucid.com> suggests putting the following two
  lines in src/config.h before compiling Emacs to allow for 26-bit integers
  and pointers (and thus filesizes of up to 33,554,431 bytes):
  
    #define VALBITS 26
    #define GCTYPEBITS 5
  
  WARNING: This method may result in `ILLEGAL DATATYPE' and other random
  errors on some machines.
  
  David Gillespie <daveg@@csvax.cs.caltech.edu> gives an explanation of why
  Emacs uses 24 bit integers and pointers:
  
    Emacs is largely written in a dialect of Lisp; Lisp is a freely-typed
    language in the sense that you can put any value of any type into any
    variable, or return it from a function, and so on.  So each value must
    carry a "tag" along with it identifying what kind of thing it is, eg.,
    integer, pointer to a list, pointer to an editing buffer, and so on.
    Emacs uses standard 32-bit integers for data objects, taking the top 8
    bits for the tag and the bottom 24 bits for the value.  So integers (and
    pointers) are somewhat restricted compared to true C integers and
    pointers.
  
    Emacs uses 8-bit tags because that's a little faster on byte-oriented
    machines, but there are only really enough tags to require 6 bits.
  
64:  Why can't Emacs find files in current directory on startup?
  
  Most likely, you have an environment variable named PWD that is set to a
  value other than the name of your current directory.  This is most
  likely caused by using two different shell programs.  `ksh' and (some
  versions of) `csh' set and maintain the value of the PWD environment
  variable, but `sh' doesn't.  If you start sh from ksh, change your
  current directory inside sh, and then start Emacs from inside sh, PWD
  will have the wrong value but Emacs will use this value.  See the
  etc/OPTIONS file for more details.
  
  Perhaps an easier solution is not to use two shells.  The `chsh' program
  can often be used to change one's default login shell.
  
  You may have PWD set for other reasons.  Another possibility is that you
  are setting default-directory from your .emacs file.
  
  Here is a fix by Jim Blandy <jimb@@occs.cs.oberlin.edu>:
  
    >--- emacs/jjj/emacs-18.58/lisp/startup.el	Tue Jan 15 23:19:04 1991
    >+++ startup.el	Mon Apr 20 00:21:01 1992
    >@@@@ -81,5 +81,7 @@@@
    >     ;; In presence of symlinks, switch to cleaner form of default directory.
    >     (if (and (not (eq system-type 'vax-vms))
    >-	     (getenv "PWD"))
    >+	     (getenv "PWD")
    >+ 	     (equal (nthcdr 10 (file-attributes default-directory))
    >+ 		    (nthcdr 10 (file-attributes (getenv "PWD")))))
    > 	(setq default-directory (file-name-as-directory (getenv "PWD"))))
    >     (unwind-protect
  
65:  How do I get rid of the ^M junk in my Shell buffer?
  
  For tcsh, put this in your `.cshrc' (or `.tcshrc') file:
  
    if ($?EMACS) then
        if ("$EMACS" == t) then
	    if ($?tcsh) unset edit
	    stty nl
	endif
    endif
  
  Or put this in your .emacs_tcsh file:
  
    unset edit
    stty nl
  
  Alternatively, use csh in your Shell buffers instead of tcsh.  One way
  is:
  
    (setq explicit-shell-file-name "/bin/csh") 
  
  and another is to do this in your .cshrc (or .tcshrc) file:
  
    setenv ESHELL /bin/csh
  
  (You must start Emacs over again with the environment variable properly
  set for this to take effect.)
  
66:  Why do I get `Process shell exited abnormally with code 1'?
  
  The most likely reason for this message is that the `env' program is not
  properly installed.  This program should be compiled (for the correct
  architecture!) and installed with execute permission for everyone in
  Emacs's program directory, which is normally /usr/local/emacs/etc.  You
  can find what this directory is at your site by inspecting the value of
  the variable exec-directory by typing "C-h v exec-directory RET".  `env'
  should also be for the correct architecture (check using `file' command).
  
  You should also check for other programs named `env' in your path (eg.,
  SunOS has a program named /usr/bin/env).  I don't understand why this can
  cause a failure and I don't know a general solution for working around the
  problem in this case.
  
  The `make clean' command will remove `env' and other vital programs, so be
  careful when using it.
  
  It has been reported that this sometimes happened when Emacs was started
  as an X client from an xterm window (ie. had a controlling tty) but the
  xterm was later terminated.
  
  See also etc/PROBLEMS for other possible causes of this message.
  
67:  Why can't I cut from Emacs and paste in other X programs?
  
  Emacs stores things you "cut" in the X "cut buffers".  It also pastes from
  the cut buffer `CUT_BUFFER0'.  This is obsolete.  Most modern X programs
  now expect to work with "selections" instead of cut buffers, although some
  like `xterm' will try to use the cut buffers if the selection is null.
  
  Emacs 18.58 contains a "fix" that makes xterm work by default.  This
  "fix" is that Emacs clears the `PRIMARY' selection when it stores
  something in the cut buffer.  By making the selection null, xterm will
  then fetch from the cut buffer when you try to paste.
  
  For versions of Emacs prior to 18.58, you can make pasting from Emacs into
  xterm work with the following X resources:
  
    ! Solution by Thomas Narten, should work under X11R3 and later GNU
    ! Emacs only copies to CUT_BUFFER0.  xterm by default wants to paste
    ! from the PRIMARY selection.
    XTerm*VT100.Translations: #override \
        ~Meta <Btn2Up>: insert-selection(CUT_BUFFER0,PRIMARY)
  
  You may have problems copying between Emacs and programs other than xterm
  that won't store cut text in the cut buffers or look in the cut buffers
  for text to paste (for backwards compatibility with obsolete applications
  like Emacs :-).  The best workaround is to use the `xcutsel' program as an
  intermediary.                                                              -
  
  This problem does not exist for Epoch or Lucid Emacs.
  
68:  Where is the termcap/terminfo entry for terminal type `emacs'?
  
  The termcap entry for terminal type `emacs' is ordinarily put in the
  TERMCAP environment variable of subshells.  It may help in certain
  situations (eg., using rlogin from shell buffer) to add an entry for
  `emacs' to the system-wide termcap file.  Here is a correct termcap entry
  for `emacs':
  
    emacs:tc=unknown:
  
  To make a terminfo entry for `emacs', use `tic' or `captoinfo'.  You need
  to generate /usr/lib/terminfo/e/emacs.  It may work to simply copy
  /usr/lib/terminfo/d/dumb to /usr/lib/terminfo/e/emacs.
  
  Having a termcap/terminfo entry will not enable the use of full screen
  programs in shell buffers.  Use M-x terminal-emulator for that instead.
  
  A workaround to the problem of missing termcap/terminfo entries is to
  change terminal type `emacs' to type `dumb' or `unknown' in your shell
  start up file.  `csh' users could put this in their .cshrc files:
  
    if ("$term" == emacs) set term=dumb
  
69:  Why does Emacs spontaneously start displaying `I-search:' and beeping?
  
  Your terminal (or something between your terminal and the computer) is
  sending C-s and C-q for flow control, and Emacs is receiving these
  characters and interpreting them as commands.  (The C-s character normally
  invokes the isearch-forward command.)  For possible solutions, see
  question 131.
  
70:  Why can't Emacs talk to certain hosts (or certain hostnames)?
  
  The problem may be that Emacs is linked with a wimpier version of
  gethostbyname than the rest of the programs on the machine.  This is often
  manifested as a message on startup of `X server not responding.  Check
  your DISPLAY environment variable.' or a message of `Unknown host' from
  open-network-stream.
  
  On a Sun, this may be because Emacs had to be linked with the static C
  library.  The version of gethostbyname in the static C library may only
  look in /etc/hosts and the NIS (YP) maps, while the version in the dynamic
  C library may be smart enough to check DNS in addition to or instead of
  NIS.  On a Motorola Delta running System V R3.6, the version of
  gethosbyname in the standard library works, but the one that works with
  NIS doesn't (the one you get with -linet).  Other operating systems have
  similar problems.
  
  Try these options:
  
  * Explicitly add the host you want to communicate with to /etc/hosts.
  
  * Relink Emacs with this line in src/config.h:
  
      #define LIBS_SYSTEM -lresolv
  
  * Replace gethostbyname and friends in libc.a with more useful versions
    such as the ones in libresolv.a.  Then relink Emacs.
  
  * If you are actually running NIS, make sure that `ypbind' is properly
    told to do DNS lookups with the correct command line switch.
  
  * Use tcp.el and tcp.c from GNUS.  This has the additional advantage that
    you can use numeric IP addresses instead of names.  open-network-stream
    currently can't handle numeric addresses.  Brian Thomson
    <thomson@@hub.toronto.edu> has a enhancement to open-network-stream to
    allow it to handle numeric addresses.
  
71:  Why does Emacs say `Error in init file'?
  
  An error occurred while loading either your .emacs file or the system-wide
  lisp/default.el file.  For information on how to debug your .emacs file,
  see question 29.
  
  It may be the case that you may need to load some package first, or use a
  hook that will be evaluated after the package is loaded.  A common case of
  this is explained in question 127.
  
72:  Why does Emacs ignore my X resources (my .Xdefaults file)?
  
  * Try compiling Emacs with the XBACKWARDS macro defined.  There is a bug
    in some implementations of XGetDefault, which do not correspond to the
    documentation or the header files.
  
  * Make sure you are either using the class name of `Emacs' (oops,
    apparently this is buggy in Emacs 18.58!) or the correct instance name.
    The instance name is normally the same as the name of the file Emacs is
    in (ie., the last part of argv[0]), but this can be overridden by -rn
    command line option or the WM_RES_NAME environment variable.
  
    WARNING: Reports say using the class name fails in Emacs 18.58.
  
    WARNING: The advice the man page gives to use `emacs' is often wrong.
  
    WARNING: Older versions of Emacs got the class name wrong.
  
  * Emacs currently ignores the -xrm command line argument.
  
  * Emacs does not yet handle X11R5 screen-specific resources.
  
  * Emacs has a bug where it ignores color specifications if running on a
    1-bit display (ie. a non-color display).
  
  * I don't think Emacs will use either of the application-specific resource
    files.  Thus these environment variables don't affect it: XAPPLRESDIR,
    XUSERFILESEARCHPATH, XFILESEARCHPATH.  {Correct?}
  
73:  Why does Emacs take 20 seconds to visit a file?
  
  The usual cause is that the master lock file, `!!!SuperLock!!!' has been
  left in the lock directory somehow.  Delete it.
  
  Mark Meuer <meuer@@geom.umn.edu> says that NeXT NFS has a bug where an
  exclusive create succeeds but returns an error status.  This can cause the
  same problem.  Since Emacs's file locking doesn't work over NFS anyway,
  the best solution is to recompile Emacs with CLASH_DETECTION undefined.
  
74:  How do I edit a file with a `$' in its name?
  
  When entering a filename in the minibuffer, Emacs will attempt to expand
  a `$' followed by a word as an environment variable.  To suppress this
  behavior, type "$$" instead.
  
75:  Why does Shell mode lose track of the shell's current directory?
  
  Emacs has no way of knowing when the shell actually changes its directory.
  This is an intrinsic limitation of Unix.  So it tries to guess by
  recognizing `cd' commands.  If you type `cd' followed by a directory name
  with a variable reference (`cd $HOME/bin') or with a shell metacharacter
  (`cd ../lib*'), Emacs will fail to correctly guess the shell's new current
  directory.  A huge variety of fixes and enhancements to Shell mode for
  this problem have been written to handle this problem.  Check the Lisp
  Code Directory (see question 88).
  
76:  Why doesn't my change to load-path work?
  
  If you added a directory name containing a tilde (~) to your load-path,
  expecting the tilde to be interpreted as your home directory, then you
  need to do something like this:
  
    (setq load-path (mapcar 'expand-file-name load-path))
  
77:  Why does the cursor always go to the wrong column when I move up or
 down one line?
  
  You have inadvertently typed "C-x C-n" (set-goal-column) which sets the
  "goal column" to the column where the cursor was.  To undo this type
  "C-u C-x C-n".
  
  If you make this mistake frequently, you might want to unbind or disable
  this command by doing one of these two:
  
    (define-key ctl-x-map "\C-n" nil)
    (put 'set-goal-column 'disabled t)
  
78:  Why does Emacs hang with message `Unknown XMenu error' with X11R4?
  
  Many different X errors can produce this message.  Here is the solution
  to one problem:
  
  X11 Release 4 (and later, including OpenWindows) enforces some conditions
  in the X protocol that were previously allowed to pass unnoticed.  You
  need to put the X11R4 server into X11R3 bug compatibility mode for Emacs's
  Xmenu code to work.  You can do this with the command `xset bc'.
  
79:  Why doesn't display-time show the load average in the mode line
 anymore?
  
  In GNU Emacs 18.56, a change was made in the display-time code.
  Formerly, in version 18.55, Emacs used a program named `loadst' to
  notify Emacs of the change in time every minute.  loadst also sent Emacs
  the system load average if it was installed with sufficient privilege to
  get that information (or was on a system where no such privilege was
  needed).  Emacs then displayed this information in the mode line.
  
  In version 18.56, this code was changed to use a program named `wakeup'.
  wakeup doesn't send Emacs any information, it's only purpose is to send
  Emacs *something* every minute, thus invoking the filter function in
  Emacs once a minute.  The filter function in Emacs does all the work of
  finding the time, date, and load average.  However, getting the load
  average requires the privilege to read kernel memory on most systems.
  Since giving Emacs this privilege would destroy any security a system
  might have, for almost everyone this is not an option.  In addition,
  Emacs does not have the code built into it to get this information on
  the systems which have special system calls for this purpose, even
  though loadst had code for this.
  
  The solution I use is to get the files lisp/display-time.el and
  etc/loadst.c from version 18.55 and use those with 18.58.  (I have heard
  a rumor that loadst disappeared because of the legal action Unipress
  threatened against IBM.)
  
  WARNING:  Do not install Emacs setgid kmem unless you wish to destroy
  any security your system might have!!!!!!!!!!
  
  If you are using Emacs 18.55 or earlier, or already using the solution I
  describe above, read further:
  
  The most likely cause of the problem is that `loadst' can't read the
  special file /dev/kmem.  To properly install loadst, it should be either
  setuid to the owner of /dev/kmem, or is should be setgid to the group to
  which /dev/kmem belongs.  In either case, /dev/kmem should be readable by
  its owner or its group, respectively.  Assuming the existence of a group
  named `kmem', here is an example of how to do this:
  
    chgrp kmem /dev/kmem
    chmod g+r /dev/kmem
    chgrp kmem /usr/local/emacs/etc/loadst
    chmod g+s /usr/local/emacs/etc/loadst
  
  Another possibility is that your version of Unix doesn't have the load
  average data available in /dev/kmem.  Your version of Unix might have a
  special system call to retrieve this information (eg., inq_stats under
  UMAX), and loadst might not have been enhanced to cope with this.
  
80:  Why does ispell sometimes ignore the local dictionary?
  
  You need to update the version of Ispell to 2.0.02.  (Or you can switch to
  version 3.0 which is still in beta-testing.)  A patch is available via
  anonymous FTP:                                                             !
                                                                             !
    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/gnu/ispell/patch2.Z                      !
  
  You also need to change a line in ispell.el from:
  
    (defconst ispell-version "2.0.01") ; Check against output of "ispell -v".
  
  to:
  
    (defconst ispell-version "2.0.02") ; Check against output of "ispell -v".
  
81:  Why does Ispell treat each line as a single word?
  
  Ispell expects to get its input one word per line.  The ispell filter,
  which is specified by the variables ispell-filter-hook and
  ispell-filter-hook-args, should output at most one word per line.
  
82:  Are there any security risks in GNU Emacs?
  
  * the `movemail' incident (No, this is not a risk.)
  
    Cliff Stoll in his book `The Cuckoo's Egg' describes this in chapter 4.
    The site at LBL had installed the `etc/movemail' program setuid root.
    Since `movemail' had not been designed for this situation, a security
    hole was created and users could get root priveleges.
  
    `movemail' has since been changed so that even if it is installed setuid
    root this security hole will not be a result.
  
    I have heard unverified reports that the Internet worm took advantage of
    this configuration problem.
  
  * the file-local-variable feature (Yes, a risk, but easy to change.)
  
    There is an Emacs feature that allows the setting of local values for
    variables when editing a file by including specially formatted text near
    the end of the file.  This feature also includes the ability to have
    arbitrary Emacs Lisp code evaluated when the file is visited.
    Obviously, there is a potential for Trojan horses to exploit this
    feature.
  
    If you set the variable inhibit-local-variables to a non-nil value,
    Emacs will display the special local variable settings of a file that
    you visit and ask you if you really want them.  This variable is not
    mentioned in the manual.
  
    It is wise to do this in lisp/site-init.el before building Emacs:
  
      (setq inhibit-local-variables t)
  
    If Emacs has already been built, the expression can be put in
    lisp/default.el instead, or an individual can put it in their own .emacs
    file.
  
    The ability to exploit this feature by sending e-mail to an RMAIL user
    was fixed sometime after Emacs 18.52.  However, any new package that
    uses find-file or find-file-noselect has to be careful about this.
  
    For more information, see `File Variables' in the online manual (which,
    incidentally, does not describe how to disable the feature).
  
    There is a new variable in Emacs 18.58 named ignore-local-eval which
    turns out to be useless as currently implemented.  Ignore it.
  
  * synthetic X events (Yes, a risk, use MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1 or better.)
  
    Emacs accepts synthetic X events generated by the SendEvent request as
    though they were regular events.  As a result, if you are using the
    trivial host-based authentication, other users who can open X
    connections to your X workstatation can make your Emacs process do
    anything, including run other processes with your priveleges.
  
    The only fix for this is to prevent other users from being able to open
    X connections.  The standard way to prevent this is to use a real
    authentication mechanism, such as MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1.  If using the
    `xauth' program has any effect, then you are probably using
    MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1.  Your site may be using a superior authentication
    method; ask your system administrator.
  
    If real authentication is not a possibility, you may be satisfied by
    just allowing hosts access for brief intervals while you start your X
    programs, then removing the access.  This reduces the risk somewhat by
    narrowing the time window when hostile users would have access, but DOES
    NOT ELIMINATE THE RISK.
  
    Lucid GNU Emacs does not accept synthetic X events unless you set a      +
    variable.                                                                +
  
  * autosave file permissions (Yes, a risk, hard to work around.)
  
    The file permissions for autosave files are determined solely by the
    Emacs process's `umask' value.  The permissions of the file being
    autosaved are not used.  The easiest workaround is to keep sensitive
    files in protected directories.  Sebastian Kremer has written an
    enhanced version of the autosave file name picking code that can avoid
    this problem by keeping autosave files in a protected directory.  {FTP
    information please?}  This problem will be fixed in Emacs 19.
  


Difficulties Building/Installing/Porting Emacs

83:  What should I do if I have trouble building Emacs?
  
  First look in the file etc/PROBLEMS to see if there is already a solution
  for your problem.  Next check the FAQ (you're reading it).  If you don't
  find a solution, then report your problem via e-mail to
  bug-gnu-emacs@@prep.ai.mit.edu.  Please do not post it to gnu.emacs.help or
  e-mail it to help-gnu-emacs@@prep.ai.mit.edu.  For further guidelines, see
  question 8.
  
84:  How do I stop Emacs from failing when the executable is stripped?
  
  Don't do that.
  
  This problem has been reported on SGI Indigo machines running Irix 4.0.*
  and RS/6000 machines.  Scott Henry <scotth@@hoshi.corp.SGi.COM> posted a
  patch that fixes the problem for Irix.
  
85:  Why does linking Emacs with -lX11 fail?                                 !
                                                                             !
  Emacs needs to be linked with the static version of the X11 library,       !
  libX11.a.  This may be missing.                                            !
                                                                             !
  Under OpenWindows, you may need to use `add_services' to add the           !
  `OpenWindows Programmers' optional software category from the CD-ROM.      -
  
  Under HP-UX 8.0, you may need to run `update' again to load the            -
  X11-PRG `fileset'.  This may be missing even if you specified `all
  filesets' the first time.  If libcurses.a is missing, you may need to load
  the `Berkeley Development Option' {???}.
  
  If you are building the MIT X11 sources, you may need to modify your       +
  `site.cf' file to get static versions of the libraries.  (Info from David  +
  Zuhn <zoo@@cygnus.com>.)                                                    +
                                                                             +
  Other systems may have similar problems.  You can always define            +
  CANNOT_DUMP and link with the shared libraries instead.
  
  To get the Xmenu stuff to work, you need to find a copy of MIT's           +
  liboldX.a.                                                                 +
  
86:  Why does Emacs 18.55 say `Fatal error (6).Abort' under SunOS 4.1?
  
  I had hoped this question would go away after Emacs 18.57 was released,
  but people continue to compile 18.55.  Easiest solution: upgrade.
  
  This is a result of the SunOS localtime/tzsetwall malloc bug, which was
  (finally!) fixed in SunOS 4.1.2.  If you actually need the full
  explanation, send me e-mail.  If you absolutely must compile Emacs 18.55
  (eg., you are compiling Nemacs), the easiest workaround was to put
  `#define SYSTEM_MALLOC' in src/config.h.                                   -

                  GNU Emacs FAQ: Getting Emacs/Packages

If you are viewing this text in a GNU Emacs Buffer, you can type "M-2 C-x $" to
get an overview of just the questions.  Then, when you want to look at the text
of the answers, just type "C-x $".

To search for a question numbered XXX, type "M-C-s ^XXX:", followed by a C-r if
that doesn't work, then type ESC to end the search.

A `+' in the 78th column means something was inserted on the line.  A `-' means
something was deleted and a `!' means some combination of insertions and
deletions occurred.

Full instructions for getting the latest FAQ are in question 22.  Also see the
`Introduction to news.answers' posting in the `news.answers' newsgroup, or send
e-mail to `mail-server@@rtfm.mit.edu' with `help' on a body line, or use FTP,
WAIS, or Prospero to rtfm.mit.edu.



Finding/Getting Emacs and Related Packages

87:  Where can I get GNU Emacs on the net (or by snail mail)?
  
  Look in the files etc/DISTRIB and etc/FTP for information on nearby
  archive sites.  If you don't already have GNU Emacs, see question 20
  for how to get these two files.
  
  The latest version is always available via anonymous FTP at MIT:           !
                                                                             !
    /prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/emacs-18.58.tar.Z                               !
  
  See question 91.
  
88:  How do I find a GNU Emacs Lisp package that does XXX?
  
  A listing of Emacs Lisp packages, called the Lisp Code Directory, is being
  maintained by Dave Brennan <brennan@@hal.com> and Dave Sill <de5@@ornl.gov>.
  You can search through this list to find if someone has written something
  that fits your needs.
  
  This list is file LCD-datafile.Z in the Emacs Lisp Archive.  (See
  question 89 for methods for getting this file.)  The files lispdir.el.Z
  and lispdir.doc.Z in the archive contain information to help you use the
  list.  Once you have installed lispdir.el and LCD-datafile, then you can
  use the "M-x lisp-dir-apropos" command to look things up in the database.
  For example, the command "M-x lisp-dir-apropos RET ange-ftp RET" produces
  this (outdated) output:
  
		    GNU Emacs Lisp Code Apropos -- "ange-ftp"
  
    ange-ftp (3.112)  91-08-12
      Andy Norman, <ange@@hplb.hpl.hp.com>
      archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:
        /pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/as-is/ange-ftp.el.Z
      transparent FTP Support for GNU Emacs
  
89:  Where can I get GNU Emacs Lisp packages that don't come with Emacs?
  
  First, check the Lisp Code Directory to find the name of the package you
  are looking for.  (See question 88).  Then check local archives and
  the Emacs Lisp Archive to find a copy of the relevant files.  Then, if
  you still haven't found it, you can send e-mail to the author asking for
  a copy.
  
  You can access the Emacs Lisp Archive via anonymous FTP:                   !
                                                                             !
    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:/pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/                !
  
  Fetch the file README first.
  
  NOTE: The archive maintainers do not have time to answer individual
  requests for packages or the list of packages in the archive.  If you
  cannot use FTP or UUCP to access the archive yourself, try to find a
  friend who can, but please don't ask the maintainers.
  
  NOTE: Any files with names ending in `.Z' are compressed, and you should
  use `binary' mode in FTP to retrieve them.  You should also use binary
  mode whenever you retrieve any files with names ending in `.elc'.
  
90:  How do I submit code to the Emacs Lisp Archive?
  
  Submissions should be mailed to elisp-archive@@cis.ohio-state.edu.  The
  lispdir.el package has a function named submit-lcd-entry which will help
  you with this.  Mail messages (submissions) are automatically saved and
  periodically archived.  Urgent mail may be sent directly to Dave Sill
  <de5@@ornl.gov> or Dave Brennan <brennan@@hal.com> or should contain the
  string `urgent' in the subject.  The incoming ftp directory is no longer
  available at the request of Ohio State.  {Is this still true?}
  
  However, if someone has a submission with multiple files (which would be
  archived as a tar file) or binary files, then FTP transfer is preferred
  and can be arranged via an anonymous FTP site.  This is faster than
  uudecoding, unsharing, etc., and re-packaging files.
  
  Before submitting anything, please read the file guidelines.Z, which is
  available in the archive.  Whenever possible, submissions should contain a
  complete LCD entry since this helps reduce administrative overhead for the
  maintainers.  You can include an entry in this format:
  
    ;; LCD Archive Entry:
    ;; package name|author's name|email address
    ;; |description
    ;; |date|version|archive path
  
  For example:
  
    ;; LCD Archive Entry:
    ;; tex-complete|Sebastian Kremer|sk@@thp.Uni-Koeln.DE
    ;; |Minibuffer name completion for editing [La]TeX.
    ;; |91-03-26|$Revision: 1.12 $|~/packages/tex-complete.el.Z
  
  Dave Brennan has software which automatically looks for data in this
  format.  The format is fairly flexible.  The entry ends when a line is
  reached with a different prefix or the seventh field terminator is
  seen.
  
  If you are submitting a multi-file submission you should include a file
  named "LCD-entry" which contains the archive entry, instead of placing
  it in one or more of the individual files.
  
91:  Where can I get other up-to-date GNU stuff?
  
  The most up-to-date official GNU stuff is normally kept on prep.ai.mit.edu
  and is available for anonymous FTP in the pub/gnu directory.  See the
  files etc/DISTRIB and etc/FTP for more information.  (To get copies of
  these files, see question 20.)
  
  The following sites are all mirror images of the GNU distribution area:
  
    /prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/                                                +
    /ftp.uu.net:packages/gnu/                                                +
    /src.doc.ic.ac.uk:gnu/ (available via FTP, NIFTP, FTAM)                  +
    /ftp.win.tue.nl:pub/gnu/                                                 !
    /utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp:ftpsync/prep/                                     +
    /nic.funet.fi:pub/gnu/                                                   +
  
  The directory at ftp.uu.net is a mirror of prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu,
  except that files larger than 1 megabyte {right?} are automatically
  split into multiple parts.  If you have trouble transferring large
  files, you should try here.  A file normally named `XXX' is split into
  files XXX-split/part[0-9][0-9], and there will be a file named
  XXX-split/README which contains the list of parts (especially helpful
  when FTP-ing by e-mail), their checksums, and reassembly instructions.
  Some of the other mirror sites may have the same property.  {Can someone
  check this out?  Thanks!}
  
  Information was provided by Lee McLoughlin <lmjm@@doc.ic.ac.uk>, Jonathan
  R. Ferro <jf41+@@ANDREW.CMU.EDU>, Arjan de Vet <devet@@win.tue.nl>, and      -
  Simon Marshall <S.Marshall@@sequent.cc.hull.ac.uk>.
  
92:  Where can I get an Emacs with better mouse and X window support?
  
  Emacs 18 has some limited X Window System support, but there are
  problems.  Emacs 19 will have amazing mouse and window support.  Right
  now, there are Epoch which is derived from GNU Emacs 18.58 and Lucid GNU
  Emacs which is derived from an early unreleased version of GNU Emacs 19,
  both of which have greatly improved mouse and window support.  See
  questions 120 and 121.
  
  The HP unofficial GNU Emacs also has nice mouse support.  See question
  95.
  
  There are numerous Emacs Lisp packages that have been written to extend
  Emacs 18's mouse handling capabilities.  Some of these packages also have
  patches to the C code to provide enhanced capabilities.  Look up `mouse'
  in the Lisp Code Directory (see question 88).
  
  There is a package called BAM (Born Again Menus) which provides menus for  +
  GNU Emacs via an external C program.  It does not provide mouse support in +
  the Emacs window such as scrollbars, cut-and-paste, etc.                   +
  
  NOTE: Epoch only works with the X Window System; it works on ordinary
  terminals by invoking regular GNU Emacs.  Lucid Emacs does not currently
  work on ordinary terminals, although there are plans to fix this.
  
93:  What is the difference between GNU Emacs and Epoch?
  
  Marc Andreessen <marca@@ncsa.uiuc.edu> writes:
  
    Epoch is GNU Emacs on steroids: an adaptation of GNU Emacs with lots of
    additional support for features made possible by the X11 windowing
    system.  These features include multiple editing windows, arbitrary
    colors and fonts (fixed-width and proportional), selectable zones per
    buffer with arbitrary display styles (font, color, underline, stipple,
    pixmap), an optional separate minibuffer window, improved keyboard and
    mouse handling, full 8-bit character set support, and more.
  
94:  What is the difference between GNU Emacs and Lucid GNU Emacs?
  
  This information is condensed from the release notice:
  
    Lucid GNU Emacs is based on an early version of GNU Emacs version 19
    with many enhancements.  It currently requires X Windows to run.  For
    information on where to get Lucid GNU Emacs see 121.  X Windows support
    is greatly enhanced over GNU Emacs version 18, including support for
    multiple X Windows (a.k.a. screens in Emacs), Zmacs/Lispm style region
    highlighting, a customizable, Motif-like menubar, more powerful keymap
    support (allowing different actions to be associated with Backspace,
    Control-h, etc.), flexible text attribute (e.g. font, color) support on
    regional and screen-local basis through X resources and/or lisp, and
    support for the X11 selection mechanism.  Some other features include
    run-time computation of the load-path, support for floating point
    numbers, native timer support, and sound file support on Sun
    SPARCstations.  To build Lucid GNU Emacs, an ANSI C compiler (e.g. gcc)
    is required.
  
95:  Where can I get the "unofficial HP GNU Emacs"?
  
  The unofficial HP GNU Emacs is available via anonymous FTP:                !
                                                                             !
    /me10.lbl.gov:pub/interex/HUGE/                                          !
    /ee.utah.edu:HUGE/  (PLEASE FTP DURING NON-WORK HOURS!!!)                !
  
  and takes about 35 megabytes of disk space to build.  It is useful for
  non-HP machines, but some of the added features will only work under
  HP-UX.
  
  You will need to get patches to work with HP-UX 8.0 or on 700 series
  machines via e-mail from Darryl Okahata <darrylo@@sr.hp.com>.
  
96:  Where can I get Emacs for my PC running MS-DOS?
  
  * Demacs
  
    For 386 or 486 PCs running MS-DOS, there is a version of GNU Emacs
    called Demacs.  To get Demacs see question 122.
  
    From the announcement message:
  
      Demacs is almost a full set of GNU Emacs but does not support some
      features: asynchronous process, locking a file, etc.
  
      Demacs provides following DOS specific features:
  
        * File type: text or binary file translation.
        * "8-bit clean" display mode.
        * 8086 software interrupt call by int86 lisp function.
        * Machine specific features such as function key support.
        * File name completion with drive name.
        * Child process (suspend-emacs, call-process).
        * Enhanced dired mode which can work without 'ls.exe'.
  
      To our regret `shell-mode' does not work, but `compile' command works
      properly.
  
    Demacs was developed using an MS-DOS version of gcc called djgpp by
    D. J. Delorie <dj@@ctron.com> which can compile and run large programs
    under MS-DOS, but not under MS Windows.  Demacs was derived from Nemacs
    rather than straight from GNU Emacs.
  
  There are a variety of other Emacses for MS-DOS including among them the
  following.
  
  * Freemacs
  
    Russ Nelson <nelson@@sun.soe.clarkson.edu>, the author, describes
    Freemacs:
  
      * Freemacs is free, and it was designed from the start to be
        programmable.
      * Freemacs is the only IBM-PC editor that tries to be like GNU Emacs.
      * Freemacs can only edit files less than 64K in length.
      * Freemacs doesn't have undo.
  
    Carl Witty <cwitty@@cs.stanford.edu> reviews Freemacs:
  
      Better is Freemacs, which follows the tradition of ITS and GNU Emacs
      by having an full, turing-complete extension language which is
      incompatible with everything else.  In fact, it's even closer to ITS
      Emacs than GNU Emacs is, because Mint (Freemacs' extension language)
      is absolutely illegible without weeks of study, much like TECO.
  
    To get Freemacs see question 123.
  
  * MicroEmacs
  
    MicroEmacs is a descendant of Microemacs {originally by Dave Conroy?}.
    It is programmable in a BASIC-like language.  Many of the keybindings
    are different from GNU Emacs.  It is rumored that MicroEmacs can not
    correctly edit files larger than memory.  The author is Daniel Lawrence
    <dan@@mdbs.uucp, dan@@midas.mgmt.purdue.edu, nwd@@j.cc.purdue.edu>.  The
    latest version is 3.10 and it is available via anonymous FTP:            !
                                                                             !
      /midas.mgmt.purdue.edu:  (non-working hours only)                      !
      /durer.cme.nist.gov:                                                   !
      /wuarchive.wustl.edu:/mirrors/msdos/memacs/                            !
  
    Version 3.11 is in beta test.
  
  * JOVE
  
    Another Emacs for small machines is JOVE (Jonathan's Own Version of
    Emacs).  The latest official version is 4.14.  There appears to be a
    newer version.  People rumored to be working on JOVE include Mark Moraes
    <moraes@@cs.toronto.edu> and Bill Marsh <bmarsh@@cod.nosc.mil>.  It is
    available via anonymous FTP:                                             !
                                                                             !
      /cs.rochester.edu:/pub/jove.tar.4.14.Z                                 !
      /cs.toronto.edu:/pub/moraes/jove4.14.3.tar.Z                           !
      /ftp.uu.net:                                                           !
  
  * MG
  
    MG is another descendant of Microemacs.  MG used to stand for
    MicroGNUEmacs, but now just stands for MG.  The look-and-feel of MG is
    intended to be close to that of GNU Emacs.  It is rumored that MG can
    not correctly edit files larger than memory.  The current version is
    rumored to be 2.  There is a version 3 in beta which works on the Amiga.
    It is also available via anonymous FTP:                                  !
                                                                             !
      /ftp.white.toronto.edu:pub/mg/                                         !
      /wuarchive.wustl.edu:/mirrors/unix-c/editors/                          !
      /procyon.cis.ksu.edu:  (source and executable)                         !
  
97:  Where can I get Emacs for my PC running Windows?
  
  I believe that no version of GNU Emacs runs under Windows.  Pierre Perret
  <pap@@myths.az05.bull.com> has ported MicroEMACS 3.11c to Windows.
  
  Anonymous FTP:
    /ftp.cica.indiana.edu:pub/pc/win3/util/mewin10.zip                       !
    /ftp.cica.indiana.edu:pub/pc/win3/util/mewin10s.zip                      !
    /ftp.cica.indiana.edu:pub/pc/win3/util/mewri.zip                         !
  
98:  Where can I get Emacs for my PC running OS/2?
  
  From the OS/2 Programmer's FAQ:                                            !
                                                                             !
    GNU Emacs 18.58 is available.  It requires you to have EMX installed     !
    on your machine, but it comes with all the EMX files you will need.      !
    Emacs is available on ftp-os2 in /pub/os2/2.0/gnu/emacs.  (If you want   !
    to recompile emacs, you will need the full EMX distribution see          !
    question 1.2.)                                                           !
                                                                             !
  The above quote may be out of date.  See the latest OS/2 Programmer's FAQ  !
  {perhaps in comp.os.os2.misc?} for the latest news.  Anonymous FTP info:   !
                                                                             !
    /ftp-os2.nmsu.edu:pub/os2/2.0/gnu/emacs/                                 !
      ("ftp-os2" was formerly named "hobbes")                                !
                                                                             !
  Thanks go to Stephen Simpson <simpson@@symcom.math.uiuc.edu>, Jonathan      !
  Miller <jem+@@andrew.cmu.edu>, Terry Kane <terryk@@cc.gatech.edu>, J. D.     !
  Baldwin <baldwin@@csservera.usna.navy.mil>, and Ken Bass                    !
  <kbass@@gmuvax2.gmu.edu>.                                                   !
  
99:  Where can I get Emacs for my Atari ST?
  
  Emacs 18.57 is the latest version for TOS.  Stefan Mueller-Pfeiffer
  <iff327@@zam001.zam.kfa-juelich.de> says:
  
    There is also a version for MiNT, the multitasking enhancement for
    ATARI's TOS, which behaves almost like EMACS on a "real computer".  This
    port was done by Erling Henanger <erlingh@@idt.unit.no>.
  
  Anonymous FTP:
    /atari.archive.umich.edu:atari/gnustuff/tos/  (TOS Emacs 18.57)          +
    /atari.archive.umich.edu:atari/new/mntemacs.zoo  (MiNT Emacs)            +
    /cs.uni-sb.de:/pub/atari/emacs/                                          +
  
100: Where can I get Emacs for my Amiga?
  
  All of the files are lharc-ed.
  
  Anonymous FTP:
    /oes.orst.edu:/pub/almanac/comp/amiga/software/gnuemacs-1.10/            !
  
  Via e-mail:
    To: almanac@@oes.orst.edu                                                 -
    body:
      mode uuencode
      send computer amiga software gnuemacs <file>
    <file> is replaced by one of the following:
      Required: d1.lzh d2.lzh
      Recommended: d3_info.lzh d3_infolisp.lzh
      Optional: d3_autoloaded.lzh d3_entertainmentetc.lzh
        d3_entertainmentlisp.lzh d4_src.lzh d5_languagelisp.lzh
        d5_viclone.lzh d6_gnulibsrc.lzh d6_mailpackage.lzh
        d6_mathpackage.lzh d6_misc.lzh d6_textformat.lzh
    The `d#' at the beginning of each file is its disk number, which is
    referred to by the documentation.
  
101: Where can I get Emacs for my Apple computer?
  
  The FSF is a participant in a boycott of Apple because of Apple's "look
  and feel" copyright suits.  See the file etc/APPLE for more details.
  Because of this boycott, the FSF doesn't include support in GNU software
  for Apple computers such as the Macintosh.
  
  Please don't help people port or develop software for Apple computers.
  
102: Where can I get Emacs with NeWS support?
  
  Chris Maio's NeWS support package for GNU Emacs is available via anonymous
  FTP:                                                                       !
                                                                             !
    /columbia.edu:pub/ps-emacs.tar.Z                                         !
    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/gnu/emacs/ps-emacs.tar.Z                 !
  
  and via e-mail:                                                            !
  
    To: archive-server@@columbia.edu
    body: send NeWS emacs-support                                            !
  
103: Where do I get Emacs that runs on VMS under DECwindows?
  
  Hal R. Brand <BRAND@@addvax.llnl.gov> is said to have a VMS save set with a
  ready-to-run VMS version of Emacs 18.55 for X Windows.  It is available
  via anonymous FTP (addvax.llnl.gov).  It is possible that the VMS versions
  of Emacs at other sites have X support compiled in.  See etc/FTP for
  locations.
  
  Johan Vromans <jv@@mh.nl> writes:
  
    Getting Emacs to run on VMS with DECwindows requires a number of changes
    to the sources. Fortunately this has been done already.  Joshua Marantz
    <josh@@viewlogic.com> did most of the work for Emacs 18.52, and the mods
    were ported to 18.55 by Johan Vromans <jv@@mh.nl>. Also included is the
    handling of DEC's LK201 keyboard.  You need to apply the changes to a
    fresh Emacs 18.55 distribution on a Unix system, and then you can copy
    the sources to VMS to perform the compile/link/build.
  
    The set of changes have been posted a number of times three times the
    last 12 months, so they should be widely available.
  
  Richard Levitte <levitte@@e.kth.se> tells us that there are patches for     +
  Emacs 18.57 and 18.58 available via e-mail:                                +
                                                                             +
    To: fileserv@@ttt.kth.se                                                  +
    body: SEND EMACS-1857-PATCHES                                            +
      or: SEND EMACS-1858-PATCHES                                            +
  
104: Where can I get modes for Lex, Yacc/Bison, Bourne Shell, Csh, C++,
 Objective C, Pascal, Awk?
  
  As usual, look in the Lisp Code Directory (see question 88).  For C++,
  if you use lisp-dir-apropos, you must specify the pattern like this:
  
    M-x lisp-dir-apropos RET c\+\+ RET
  
105: What is the IP address of XXX.YYY.ZZZ?
  
  If you are at a site with a deficient nameserver, you may need to know
  the IP address of a host to FTP files from it.  You can get this
  information in two ways:                                                   -
  
  * By telnet:
  
      telnet nic.ddn.mil hostnames (or `telnet 192.112.36.5 101')
      hname XXX.YYY.ZZZ                                                      -
  
  * By e-mail:
  
      To: service@@nic.ddn.mil
      Subject: host XXX.YYY.ZZZ
           or: whois XXX.YYY.ZZZ
           or: help
  
    or:                                                                      +
                                                                             +
      To: resolve@@cs.widener.edu                                             +
      body: site XXX.YYY.ZZZ                                                 +
                                                                             +
    Information from Brendan Kehoe <brendan@@cs.widener.edu>.                 +
  



Major Emacs Lisp Packages, Emacs Extensions, and Related Programs

  This section lists version numbers, FTP sites, mailing lists, newsgroups,
  and other information for many important packages, extensions, and related
  programs.  There is some overlap with the Lisp Code Directory, but these
  entries give more detailed information.
  
  If you know of any other packages that are so substantial that they
  deserve to be mentioned here, please tell me.  Having its own mailing list
  or newsgroup or more than half a megabyte of source code are good signs.
  
106: VM (View Mail) -- another mail reader within Emacs
  
  Author: Kyle Jones <kyle@@uunet.uu.net>
  Latest released version: 4.41
  Beta test version: 5.32
  Anonymous FTP:
    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/packages/vm-4.41.tar.Z !
    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/as-is/timer.shar.Z !
    /ftp.uu.net:mail/vm-4.41.tar.Z                                           !
    /ftp.uu.net:mail/vm-5.32beta.tar.Z                                       +
  Newsgroups and mailing lists:
    Info-VM:
      gnu.emacs.vm.info
      info-vm-request@@uunet.uu.net (for subscriptions)
      info-vm@@uunet.uu.net (for submissions)
    Bug-VM:
      gnu.emacs.vm.bug
      bug-vm-request@@uunet.uu.net (for subscriptions)
      bug-vm@@uunet.uu.net (for submissions)
  
107: Supercite -- mail and news citation package within Emacs
  
  Author: Barry Warsaw <bwarsaw@@cen.com>
  Mailing list: supercite-request@@anthem.nlm.nih.gov (for subscriptions)
                supercite@@anthem.nlm.nih.gov (for submissions)
  Latest version: 2.2
  Anonymous FTP:
    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/packages/sc-2.2.tar.Z !
    /ftp.cme.nist.gov:pub/gnu/sc2.2.tar.Z                                    +
  Via e-mail:
    To: library@@cme.nist.gov
    Subject: help
  NOTE: Superyank is an old version of Supercite.
  
108: GNUS -- news reader within Emacs
  
  Author: Masanobu Umeda <umerin@@mse.kyutech.ac.jp>
  Latest official version: 3.13
  Unofficial test version: 3.14.1
  Anonymous FTP:
    /cs.umn.edu:pub/gnu/emacs/gnus-3.14.1.tar.Z.                             +
    /aun.uninett.no:pub/gnus-3.14.1.tar.Z                                    +
    /wnoc-fuk.wide.ad.jp:pub/GNU/etc/gnus-3.14.1.tar.Z                       +
    /liasun3.epfl.ch:pub/gnu/emacs/gnus-3.14.1.tar.Z                         +
    /aix370.rrz.uni-koeln.de:/pub/gnu/emacs/gnus-3.14.1.tar.Z                +
    /funet.fi:/networking/news/gnus-3.14.1.tar.Z                             +
    /src.doc.ic.ac.uk:/gnu/EmacsBits/gnus/gnus-3.14.1.tar.Z                  +
    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/packages/gnus-3.13.tar.Z !
  Newsgroups and mailing lists:
    English-only:    
      gnu.emacs.gnus
      info-gnus-english-request@@cis.ohio-state.edu (for subscriptions)
      info-gnus-english@@cis.ohio-state.edu (for submissions)
    Japanese (and some English):
      info-gnus-request@@flab.fujitsu.co.jp (for subscriptions)
      info-gnus@@flab.fujitsu.co.jp (for submissions)
  
109: Calc -- poor man's Mathematica within Emacs
  
  Author: Dave Gillespie <daveg@@csvax.cs.caltech.edu>
  Latest released version: 2.02
  Anonymous FTP:
    /csvax.cs.caltech.edu:pub/calc-2.02.tar.Z                                +
    /prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/calc-2.02.tar.Z                                 +
  NOTE: Unlike Wolfram Research, Dave has never threatened to sue anyone
    for having a program with a similar command language to Calc.  :-)
  
110: Calendar/Diary -- calendar manager within Emacs
  
  Author: Edward M. Reingold <reingold@@cs.uiuc.edu>
  Latest version: 4.02
  Anonymous FTP:
    /emr.cs.uiuc.edu:pub/emacs/calendar {???}                                +
  Via e-mail:
    To: reingold@@cs.uiuc.edu
    Subject: send-emacs-cal
    Put your best internet e-mail address in the body.
  
111: Ange-FTP -- transparent FTP access for Emacs's file access routines
  
  Author: Andy Norman <ange@@hplb.hpl.hp.com>
  Latest official version: 4.20                                              !
  Anonymous FTP:
    /alpha.gnu.ai.mit.edu:ange-ftp/ange-ftp.tar.Z                            !
    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/packages/ange-ftp.tar.Z !
    ugle.unit.no:pub/gnu/emacs-lisp/ange-ftp.tar.Z                           -
  Mailing lists:
    ange-ftp-lovers-request@@anorman.hpl.hp.com (for subscriptions)
    Ange-FTP Lovers:
      ange-ftp-lovers@@anorman.hpl.hp.com (for submissions)
      /ftp.reed.edu:pub/mailing-lists/ange-ftp/ (archives)                   !
    Ange-FTP Announcements:
      ange-ftp-lovers-announce@@anorman.hpl.hp.com
  NOTE: now with support for accessing VMS, CMS, and MTS systems
  
112: VIP -- vi emulation for Emacs
  
  Author: Aamod Sane <sane@@cs.uiuc.edu>
  Latest released version: 4.3
  Anonymous FTP:
    /cs.uiuc.edu:pub/vip4.3.tar.Z                                            +
    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/modes/vip-mode.tar.Z !
  NOTE: This version much more closely emulates vi than the one
    distributed with Emacs.
  
113: Dired -- better directory editor for Emacs
  
  Author: Sebastian Kremer <sk@@thp.uni-koeln.de>
  Latest released version: 5.239
  Anonymous FTP: /ftp.cs.buffalo.edu:pub/Emacs/diredall.tar.Z                +
                 /ftp.uni-koeln.de:pub/gnu/emacs/diredall.tar.Z              +
  NOTE: This is a huge improvement over the Dired distributed with Emacs.
    This version will be in Emacs 19.
  
114: AUC TeX -- enhanced LaTeX mode with debugging facilities
  
  Author: Kresten Krab Thorup <krab@@iesd.auc.dk>
  Latest released version: 6.1 {???}                                         !
  Anonymous FTP:
    /iesd.auc.dk:pub/emacs-lisp/auctex_5_6e.tar.Z  {wrong}                   !
    /iesd.auc.dk:pub/emacs-lisp/auc-tex.tar.Z                                !
  Mailing list:
    auc-tex-request@@iesd.auc.dk (for subscriptions)
    auc-tex@@iesd.auc.dk (for submissions)
    auc-tex_mgr@@iesd.auc.dk (auc-tex development team)
  
115: Hyperbole -- extensible hypertext management system within Emacs
  
  Author: Bob Weiner <rsw@@cs.brown.edu>
  Anonymous FTP:
    /wilma.cs.brown.edu:pub/hyperbole/ h*.tar.Z                              +
  Mailing lists:
    hyperbole-announce -- Hyperbole release announcements only.
      Subscriptions:
        To: hyperbole-request@@cs.brown.edu
        Subject: Add <mailbox@@domain.name> to hyperbole-announce
    hyperbole -- Hyperbole discussion.
      Subscriptions:
        To: hyperbole-request@@cs.brown.edu
        Subject: Add <mailbox@@domain.name> to hyperbole
      Submissions:
        hyperbole@@cs.brown.edu
      NOTE: Any member of the hyperbole mailing list is automatically a
        member of the hyperbole-announce mailing list.
    NOTE: No .UUCP or ! addresses are allowed on these mailing lists.
  
116: Byte Compiler -- enhanced version of Emacs's byte compiler
  
  Author: Jamie Zawinski <jwz@@lucid.com>,
          Hallvard B. Furuseth <hallvard@@ifi.uio.no>
  Anonymous FTP:
    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/packages/bytecomp.tar.Z !
    /ftp.uu.net:languages/elisp/packages/bytecomp.tar.Z                      +
    /src.doc.ic.ac.uk:gnu/EmacsBits/elisp-archive/packages/bytecomp.tar.Z    +
  
117: comint -- hugely enhanced shell mode and other derived modes
  
  Author: Olin Shivers <Olin.Shivers@@cs.cmu.edu>
  Anonymous FTP:
    /cs.cmu.edu:/afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/shivers/lib/emacs/                      +
      {comint,cmu{tex,shell,scheme,lisp},ml}.el
      (anonymous password must contain `@@',
       cannot cd to intermediate directories)
  
118: BBDB -- personal info rolodex integrated with mail/news readers
  
  Author: Jamie Zawinski <jwz@@lucid.com>
  Latest released version: 1.47                                              !
  Anonymous FTP:
    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/packages/bbdb.tar.Z !
  Mailing list:
    info-bbdb-request@@lucid.com (for subscriptions)
    info-bbdb@@lucid.com                                                      -
    bbdb-announce-request@@lucid.com (to be informed of new releases)
  Note: BBDB does not work with VM 4.  It does work with VM 5, RMAIL, GNUS,  !
    and MH-E.                                                                !
  
119: Ispell -- spell checker in C with interface for Emacs
  
  Author: Geoff Kuenning <geoff@@itcorp.com>
  Latest released version: 2.0.02
  Beta test version: 3.0 (9 patches)
  Anonymous FTP:
    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:/pub/gnu/ispell/ (version 2.0.02)            !
    /ftp.cs.ucla.edu:/pub/ispell/ (version 3.0, patches, dictionaries)       !
    /argus.math.orst.edu:pub/ispell/ (version 3.0, patches, dictionaries)    !
    /ftp.th-darmstadt.de:pub/dicts/ispell/ (mirror of argus)                 !
  NOTE: Do not send mail to Geoff asking him to send you the latest
    version of Ispell.  He does not have free e-mail.
  
120: Epoch -- enhanced GNU Emacs with better X interface
  
  Latest released version: 4.2                                               !
  Anonymous FTP:
    /cs.uiuc.edu:pub/epoch-files/epoch/epoch-4.2.tar.Z                       !
    /cs.uiuc.edu:pub/epoch-files/epoch/epoch-diff-4.1-4.2.tar.Z              +
    /src.doc.ic.ac.uk:gnu/epoch/                                             +
    /aix370.rrz.uni-koeln.de:gnu/emacs/epoch/                                +
  Newsgroup and mailing lists:
    Epoch:
      gnu.emacs.epoch
      epoch-request@@cs.uiuc.edu (for subscriptions)
      epoch@@cs.uiuc.edu (for submissions)
    Epoch-Design:
      epoch-design-request@@cs.uiuc.edu (for subscriptions)
      epoch-design@@cs.uiuc.edu (for submissions)
  FAQ list:
    Maintainer: Marc Andreessen <marca@@ncsa.uiuc.edu>
    Anonymous FTP:
      /rtfm.mit.edu:pub/usenet/news.answers/epoch-faq                        +
      /ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu:outgoing/marca/epoch/Epoch.FAQ                      +
  
121: Lucid GNU Emacs -- alternative Emacs 19 with better X interface
  
  Primary Maintainer: Jamie Zawinski <jwz@@lucid.com>                         +
  Other Developers: Eric Benson <eb@@lucid.com>                               !
                    Matthieu Devin <devin@@lucid.com>                         !
                    Harlan Sexton <hbs@@lucid.com>                            !
  Latest released version: 19.3                                              !
  Anonymous FTP:
    /labrea.stanford.edu:pub/gnu/lucid/lemacs-19.3.tar.Z  (source)           !
    /labrea.stanford.edu:pub/gnu/lucid/lemacs-19.3-sun4.tar.Z (Sun4binaries) !
  Newsgroup and mailing lists:
    Bugs:
      bug-lucid-emacs-request@@lucid.com (for subscriptions)
      bug-lucid-emacs@@lucid.com (for submissions)
    Help:
      help-lucid-emacs-request@@lucid.com (for subscriptions)
      help-lucid-emacs@@lucid.com (for submissions)
  
122: Demacs -- GNU Emacs altered to run on MS-DOS on 386/486 machines
  
  Authors: Manabu Higashida <manabu@@sigmath.osaka-u.ac.jp>
           HIRANO Satoshi <hirano@@tkl.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp>
  Latest released version: 1.2.0
  Anonymous FTP:
    /utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp:GNU/demacs/ (nearest to U.S.A.)                   !
    /ftp.sigmath.osaka-u.ac.jp:pub/Msdos/Demacs/                             +
    /wnoc-fuk.wide.ad.jp:pub/msdos/Demacs/                                   !
    /ftp.3com.com:pub/gnu/msdos/demacs/                                      !
    /mindseye.berkeley.edu:pub/kanji/demacs/                                 !
    /ftp.hawaii.edu:pub/editors/demacs.tar.Z                                 !
    /ftp.math.ksu.edu:pub/pc/demacs/                                         +
    /wsmr-simtel20.army.mil:pd1:<msdos.demacs> {ange-ftp syntax?}            !
    /ftp.uni-koeln.de:msdos/gnuprogs/dem120e.zip (executables, lisp-code, doc) !
      (PLEASE USE ONLY OUTSIDE WORKING HOURS!)                               +
    /ftp.uni-koeln.de:msdos/gnuprogs/dem120s.zip (sources, diffs)            +
      (PLEASE USE ONLY OUTSIDE WORKING HOURS!)                               +
    /ftp.lysator.liu.se:pub/msdos/gnu/emacs/                                 +
    /mizar.docs.uu.se:pub/gnu/demacs/                                        !
    /iamsun.unibe.ch:PC/demacs/                                              !
    /flop.informatik.tu-muenchen.de:outgoing/demacs.tar                      !
    /ftp.funet.fi:pub/gnu/emacs/demacs/                                      +
    /garbo.uwasa.fi:pc/editor/dem120e.zip                                    !
    /garbo.uwasa.fi:pc/editor/dem120s.zip                                    !
    /ftp.win.tue.nl:pub/gnu/demacs/                                          !
    /ugle.unit.no:pub/gnu/Demacs/                                            !
    {Does anyone know which sites have the Kanji version?}
  Via e-mail:
    From garbo.uwasa.fi:
      To: mailserv@@garbo.uwasa.fi
      Subject: garbo-request
      Body: send pc/editor/dem120e.zip
            send pc/editor/dem120s.zip
            quit
  Downloading:
    EXEC-PC (Milwaukee, WI) 414-789-4210 (2400 bps)
      in the Mahoney MS-DOS file area in its Editors/wordprocessors
      library (F), named GNUEMACS.ZIP
    Channel 1 (Cambridge, MA) 617-345-8873 (9600 bps)
      in the New Uploads file area, named GNUEMACS.ZIP
  NOTE: Use the -d option of [pk]unzip for all .zip archives.  Some sites
    have Demacs lharc'ed.  If you need to find programs to unpack lharc and  -
    zip format archives, Chris Dean <ctdean@@talaris.com> points out that you
    should see the comp.compression FAQ, available for FTP:                  !
       /rtfm.mit.edu:pub/usenet/comp.compression/                            !
  Mailing list:
    NOTE: There is no mailing list for Demacs.  However, there is a list
      for DJGPP, which is the environment that Demacs runs in.  Many
      Demacs problems are actually issues with DJGPP.
    DJGPP:
      Subscriptions:
        To: listserv@@sun.soe.clarkson.edu
        body: add <your-address> djgpp
        or put `help' in the body.
        If this fails, mail to djgpp-request@@sun.soe.clarkson.edu.
      Submissions:
        djgpp@@sun.soe.clarkson.edu
  FAQ list:
    Maintainer: Dave Steibel <steibel@@cs.umbc.edu>
    Anonymous FTP: algol.cs.umbc.edu:pub/demacs/demacs.faq
  
123: Freemacs -- a small Emacs for MS-DOS
  
  Author: Russ Nelson <nelson@@sun.soe.clarkson.edu>
  Latest released version: 1.6a
  Anonymous FTP:
    /simtel20.army.mil:PD:<MSDOS.FREEMACS> {ange-ftp syntax?}                !
    /grape.ecs.clarkson.edu:pub/msdos/freemacs/                              !
  Via e-mail:
    To: archive-server@@sun.soe.clarkson.edu
    body: help
  Via snail mail:
    address: Russell Nelson, 11 Grant St., Potsdam, NY 13676
    Send $15 copying fee, and specify preferred floppy disk format:
      5.25", 360K, or 3.50", 720K
  Mailing lists: 
    Subscriptions:
      To: listserv@@sun.soe.clarkson.edu
      body: add <your-address> <name-of-list>
      or put `help' in the body.
    List distribution addresses:
      freemacs-announce@@sun.soe.clarkson.edu
      freemacs-help@@sun.soe.clarkson.edu
      freemacs-workers@@sun.soe.clarkson.edu (send bug reports here)
  
124: Patch -- program to apply "diffs" for updating files
  
  Author: Larry Wall <lwall@@netlabs.com>
  Latest version: 2.0 patchlevel 12u8                                        !
    (This is the version that supports the new unified diff format.)
  Anonymous FTP:
    /prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/patch-2.0.12u8.tar.Z                            !
    /prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/patch-2.0.12g8.tar.Z  (GNU version)             +

                    GNU Emacs FAQ: Keybindings/Output

If you are viewing this text in a GNU Emacs Buffer, you can type "M-2 C-x $" to
get an overview of just the questions.  Then, when you want to look at the text
of the answers, just type "C-x $".

To search for a question numbered XXX, type "M-C-s ^XXX:", followed by a C-r if
that doesn't work, then type ESC to end the search.

A `+' in the 78th column means something was inserted on the line.  A `-' means
something was deleted and a `!' means some combination of insertions and
deletions occurred.

Full instructions for getting the latest FAQ are in question 22.  Also see the
`Introduction to news.answers' posting in the `news.answers' newsgroup, or send
e-mail to `mail-server@@rtfm.mit.edu' with `help' on a body line, or use FTP,
WAIS, or Prospero to rtfm.mit.edu.



Changing Key Bindings and Handling Key Binding Problems

125: How do I bind keys (including function keys) to commands?
  
  1. Find out what character sequence is generated by the keystroke sequence
     you wish to bind to a command.  See question 129 for how to do this.
     Keep in mind that the character sequences generated by a keystroke
     sequence varies from one terminal to another.  You may also get
     different results depending on what type of machine you are running on
     (see question 128).  For example, these keystrokes may generate these
     character sequences:
  
       F1        ---> ESC [ 2 2 4 z
       Shift-R10 ---> ESC O t
       L7        ---> ESC [ 3 1 ~
       Remove    ---> C-@@
  
  2. Figure out what the Emacs Lisp syntax is for this character sequence.
     Inside an Emacs Lisp string, RET, LFD, DEL, ESC, SPC, and TAB are
     specified with `\r', `\n', `\C-?', `\e', ` ', and `\t'.  C-x is
     specified by `\C-x'.  M-x is specified the same was as "ESC x".
     (Control characters may also be specified as themselves, but I don't
     recommend it.)  An Emacs Lisp string begins and ends with the double
     quote character, `"'.  Here are some examples:
  
       ESC [ D       ---> "\e[D"
       ESC [ 2 2 7 z ---> "\e[227z"
       ESC [ 1 8 ~   ---> "\e[18~"
       C-M-r         ---> "\e\C-r"
  
  3. If some prefix of the character sequence is already bound, you must
     unbind it by binding it to `nil'.  For example:
  
       (global-set-key "\e[" nil)
  
  4. Pick a command to bind your key sequence to.  A command can be a
     "symbol" with a function definition, or a "lambda list", or a string
     (which is treated as a macro).  For example:
  
       (global-set-key "\e[D" 'backward-char)
       (global-set-key "\e[227~" "\exgoto-line\r") ; macro
  
  See `Key Bindings' and `Rebinding' in the online manual.
  
  In Emacs 19 (including Lucid Emacs), you can bind function key F24 like    +
  this:                                                                      +
                                                                             +
    (global-set-key 'f24 'some-command)                                      +
  
126: Why does Emacs say `Key sequence XXX uses invalid prefix characters'?
  
  A prefix of the character sequence you were trying to bind was already
  bound.  Usually, the sequence is "ESC [", in which case you should
  evaluate this form first:
  
    (define-key esc-map "[" nil)
  
  NOTE: By default, "ESC [" is bound to backward-paragraph, and if you do
  this you will lose this key binding.  For most people, this is not a
  problem.
  
  See question 125.
  
127: Why doesn't this [terminal or window-system setup] code work in my
 .emacs file, but it works just fine after Emacs starts up?
  
  This is because you're trying to do something in your .emacs file that
  needs to be postponed until after the terminal/window-system setup code
  is loaded.  This is a result of the order in which things are done
  during the startup of Emacs.  For more details see question 135.
  
  In order to postpone the execution of Emacs Lisp code until after the
  terminal/window-system setup, set the value of the variable
  term-setup-hook or window-setup-hook to be a function which does what
  you want.
  
  See etc/OPTIONS for a complete explanation of what Emacs does every time
  it is started.
  
  Here is a simple example of how to set term-setup-hook:
  
    (setq term-setup-hook
	  (function
	   (lambda ()
	     (cond ((string-match "\\`vt220" (or (getenv "TERM") ""))
		    ;; Make vt220's "Do" key behave like M-x:
		    (define-key CSI-map "29~" 'execute-extended-command))
		   ))))
  
128: How do I use function keys under X Windows?
  
  This depends on whether you are running Emacs inside a terminal emulator
  window, or whether you are allowing Emacs to create its own X window.
  You can tell which you are doing by noticing whether Emacs creates a new
  window when you start it.
  
  If you are running Emacs inside a terminal emulator window, then it
  behaves exactly as it does on any other tty.  In this case, for function
  keys to be useful, they must generate character sequences that are sent
  to the programs running inside the window as input.  The `xterm' program
  has two different sets of character sequences that it generates when
  function keys are pressed, depending on the sunFunctionKeys X resource
  and the -sf and +sf command line options.  (To find out what these key
  sequences are, see question 129.)  In addition, with xterm,
  you can override what key sequence a specific function key (or any other
  key) will generate with the `translations' resource.  This, for example:
  
    XTerm.VT100.Translations: #override \
      <KeyPress>F1: string(0x1b) string("[xyzzy")
  
  makes the function key F1 generate the character sequence "ESC [xyzzy".
  
  On the other hand, if Emacs is managing its own X window, the following
  description applies.  Emacs receives `KeyPress' events from the X server
  when a key is pressed while the keyboard focus is in its window.  The
  KeyPress event contains an X "keysym" code, which is simply an arbitrary
  number corresponding to the name of the keysym, and information on which
  "modifiers" such as `control' and `shift' are active.  For example, the
  `Tab' keysym is 0xff09.  (Generally, a key on the keyboard will generate a
  keysym whose name is the same as the label on the key, ie. the `Tab' key
  will normally generate the `Tab' keysym.  This can be changed with the
  xmodmap program.)  Emacs recognizes all the keysyms that correspond to
  standard ASCII characters and internally uses the ASCII character instead.
  
  (WARNING: I am about to describe a gross, disgusting hack to you, have
  your barf bag ready.)
  
  When Emacs receives the X keysym of one of the arrow keys, it behaves
  the same as if it had received a letter key with the control modifier
  down as follows (this is hard-coded):
  
    Up    becomes C-p
    Down  becomes C-n
    Right becomes C-f
    Left  becomes C-b
  
  The way Emacs treats other keysyms depends on what kind of machine it was
  compiled on.  The type of the display machine is irrelevant!  Function
  keys are mapped internally to escape sequences, while other keys are
  completely ignored.
  
  1. If compiled on a Sun, Emacs recognizes these X keysyms that
     are normally on a Sun keyboard:
  
       F1 through F9
       L1 through L10 (same as F11 through F20)
       R1 through R15 (same as F21 through F35)
	 (The keys labelled R8, R10, R12, and R14 usually are mapped to the
	  X keysyms Up, Left, Right, and Down.)
       Break (the `Alternate' key is given this keysym)
  
     These keys work like Sun function keys.  When Emacs recieves the
     keysym, it will internally use character sequences that look like "ESC
     [ ### z", where ### is replaced by a number.  The character sequences
     are identical to those generated by Sun's keyboard under SunView.  Any
     function key not listed above generates "ESC [ - 1 z".
  
     In order to use these key sequences, they should be bound to commands
     using the standard key binding methods, just as if Emacs were running
     on a regular terminal.
  
     WARNING: F11 and L1 are the same keysym in X, as are F12 and L2, etc.
     {Yes, this is stupid.  Complain to the X consortium.}
  
  2. If not compiled on a Sun, the function keys will appear to Emacs in a
     way remarkably similar to the keys of a DEC LK201 keyboard (used on
     some VT series terminals).  These X keysyms will be recognized:
  
       F1 through F20
       Help (treated same as F15)
       Menu (treated same as F16, is the LK201 `Do' key)
       Find
       Insert (LK201 `Insert Here' key)
       Select
       Prior (LK201 `Prev Screen' key *** ONLY IN 18.58 AND LATER ***)
       Next (LK201 `Next Screen' key *** ONLY IN 18.58 AND LATER ***)
  
     And finally, the LK201 key labelled `Remove' (or `Delete') is often
     mapped to the Delete keysym which generates the DEL character (C-?)
     instead of the key sequence given by the LK201 `Remove' key.  It may
     also be mapped to some other keysym, such as `_Remove', in which case
     you can't use it from within Emacs at all.
  
     Each function key will be internally converted to a character sequence
     that looks like "ESC [ ## ~", where ## is replaced by a number.  The
     character sequences are identical to those generated by a LK201
     keyboard.  Any function key not listed above generates "ESC [ - 1 ~".
  
  For the complete list of the numbers which are generated by the function
  keys, look in the file src/x11term.c at the definitions of the function
  stringFuncVal.
  
  If you are running Emacs on a Sun machine, even if your X display is
  running on a non-Sun machine (eg., an X terminal), you get the setup
  described above for Suns.  The determining factor is what type of
  machine Emacs is running (was compiled) on, not what type of machine
  your X display is on.
  
  If you have function keys not listed above on your keyboard, you can use
  `xmodmap' to change their keysym assignments to get keys that Emacs will
  recognize, but that may screw up other programs.
  
  X resources are not used by Emacs to affect the key sequences generated.
  In particular, there are no X key "translations" for Emacs.
  
  If you have function keys not listed above and you don't want to use
  xmodmap to change their names, you might want to make a modification to
  your Emacs.  Johan Vromans <jv@@mh.nl> has made available a patch for Emacs
  that adds the x-rebind-key function of Epoch to Emacs 18.58.  This allows
  another layer of key rebinding before Emacs even sees the keys, and in
  this layer you can rebind all of the keys and modifier combinations as
  well.
  
  Anonymous FTP:
    /ftp.eu.net:gnu/emacs/FP-Xfun.Z                                          +
    /ftp.urc.tue.nl:pub/tex/emacs/FP-Xfun                                    +
  
  Johan Vromans explains what this buys for you:
  
    After implementing this, all keyboard keys can be configured to send
    user definable sequences, eg.,
  
      (x-rebind-key "KP_F1" 0 "\033OP")
  
    This will have the keypad key PF1 send the sequence "ESC O P", just like
    an ordinary VT series terminal.
  
129: How do I tell what characters my function or arrow keys emit?
  
  Use this function by Randal L. Schwartz <merlyn@@iwarp.intel.com>:
  
    (defun see-chars ()
      "Displays characters typed, terminated by a 3-second timeout."
      (interactive)
      (let ((chars "")
	    (inhibit-quit t))
	(message "Enter characters, terminated by 3-second timeout.")
	(while (not (sit-for 3))
	  (setq chars (concat chars (list (read-char)))
		quit-flag nil))		; quit-flag maybe set by C-g
	(message "Characters entered: %s" (key-description chars))))
  
  Alternatively, use the "C-h l" view-lossage command, which will display
  the last 100 characters Emacs has seen in its input stream.  Kevin
  Gallagher <kgallagh@@digi.lonestar.org> suggests typing some unique string
  like "wxyz", typing the key in question, then typing "C-h l".  The
  characters that appear between "wxyz" and "C-h l" were generated by the
  key.
  
130: How do I set the X key "translations" for Emacs?
  
  Sorry, you can't; there are no "translations" to be set.  Emacs is not
  written using the Xt library.  The only way to affect the behavior of keys
  within Emacs is through `xmodmap' (outside Emacs) or `define-key' (inside
  Emacs).
  
131: How do I handle C-s and C-q being used for flow control?
  
  C-s and C-q are used in the XON/XOFF flow control protocol.  This screws
  up Emacs because it binds these characters to commands.  Also, by default
  Emacs will not honor them as flow control characters and may overwhelm
  output buffers.  Sometimes, intermediate software using XON/XOFF flow
  control will prevent Emacs from ever seeing C-s and C-q.
  
  Possible solutions:
  
  * Disable the use of C-s and C-q for flow control.
  
    You need to determine what is the cause of the flow control.
  
    * your terminal
  
      Your terminal may use XON/XOFF flow control to have time to display
      all the characters it receives.  For example, VT series terminals do
      this.  It may be possible to turn this off from a setup menu.  For
      example, on a VT220 you may select `No XOFF' in the setup menu.  This
      is also true for some terminal emulation programs on PCs.
  
      When you turn off flow control at the terminal, you will also need to
      turn it off at the other end, which might be at the computer you are
      logged in to or at some terminal server in between.
  
      If you turn off flow control, characters may be lost; using a printer
      connected to the terminal may fail.  You may be able to get around
      this problem by modifying the `termcap' entry for your terminal to
      include extra NUL padding characters. 
  
    * a modem
  
      If you are using a dialup connection, the modems may be using XON/XOFF
      flow control.  I don't know how to get around this.
  
    * a router or terminal server
  
      Some network box between the terminal and your computer may be using
      XON/XOFF flow control.  It may be possible to make it use some other
      kind of flow control.  You will probably have to ask your local
      network experts for help with this.
  
    * tty and/or pty devices
  
      If your connection to Emacs goes through multiple tty and/or pty
      devices, they may be using XON/XOFF flow control even when it is not
      necessary.
  
      Eirik Fuller <eirik@@theory.tn.cornell.edu> writes:
  
        Some versions of `rlogin' (and possibly telnet) do not pass flow
        control characters to the remote system to which they connect.  On
        such systems, Emacs on the remote system cannot disable flow control
        on the local system.  Sometimes `rlogin -8' will avoid this problem.
  
        One way to cure this is to disable flow control on the local host
        (the one running rlogin, not the one running rlogind) using the stty
        command, before starting the rlogin process.  On many systems, `stty
        start u stop u' will do this.
  
        Some versions of `tcsh' will prevent even this from working.  One
        way around this is to start another shell before starting rlogin,
        and issue the stty command to disable flow control from that shell.
  
      Use `stty -ixon' instead of `stty start u stop u' on some systems.
  
  * Make Emacs speak the XON/XOFF flow control protocol.
  
    You can make Emacs treat C-s and C-q as flow control characters by
    evaluating this form:
  
      (set-input-mode nil t)
  
    If you are fixing this for yourself, simply put the form in your .emacs
    file.  If you are fixing this for your entire site, the best place to
    put it is unclear.  I don't know if this has any effect when used in
    lisp/site-init.el when building Emacs; I've never tried that.  {Can
    someone tell me whether it works?}  Putting things in users' .emacs files
    has a number of problems.
  
    Putting this form in lisp/default.el has the problem that if the user's
    .emacs file has an error, this will prevent lisp/default.el from being
    loaded and Emacs may be unusable for the user, even for correcting their
    .emacs file (unless they're smart enough to move it to another name).  A
    possible solution is to initially disable C-s and C-q by setting
    keyboard-translate-table in lisp/site-init.el, either with swap-keys
    (see question 136) or with the following form:
  
      ;; by Roger Crew <crew@@cs.stanford.edu>:
      (setq keyboard-translate-table
            "\C-@@\C-a\C-b\C-c\C-d\C-e\C-f\C-g\C-h\C-i\C-j\C-k\C-l\C-m\C-n\C-o\C-p\C-^\C-r\C-\\\C-t\C-u\C-v\C-w\C-x\C-y\C-z\C-[\C-s\C-]\C-q\C-_")
  
    This will at least prevent Emacs from being confused by the flow control
    characters, even if lisp/default.el cannot be loaded.  Then, in
    lisp/default.el, enable XON/XOFF flow control with set-input-mode.
  
  For further discussion of this issue, read the file PROBLEMS in the
  Emacs distribution.
  
132: How do I use commands bound to C-s and C-q (or any key) if these keys
 are filtered out?
  
  I suggest swapping C-s with C-\ and C-q with C-^:
  
    (swap-keys ?\C-s ?\C-\\)
    (swap-keys ?\C-q ?\C-^)
  
  See question 136 for the implementation of swap-keys.  This method
  has the advantage that it simultaneously swaps the characters everywhere
  throughout Emacs, while just switching the keybindings will miss important
  places where the character codes are stored (eg., the search-repeat-char
  variable, major mode keymaps, etc.).
  
  To do this for an entire site, you may want to swap the keys in
  lisp/default.el.  If only some of your users are connecting through
  XON/XOFF flow-controlled connections, you will want to do this
  conditionally.  I suggest pre-swapping them in lisp/site-init.el when
  Emacs is built, and then in lisp/default.el, if it is determined to be
  safe, they can be reenabled (being careful not to screw up any other key
  mappings users might have established using keyboard-translate-table).
  See question 131 for an easy way to pre-swap these keys.
  
  WARNING: If you do this for an entire site, the users will be confused by
  the disparity between what the documentation says and how Emacs actually
  behaves.
  
133: Why does the `BackSpace' key invoke help?
  
  The BackSpace key (on every keyboard I've used) generates ASCII code 8.
  C-h sends the same code.  In Emacs by default C-h invokes help-command.
  This is intended to be easy to remember since the first letter of "help"
  is "h".  The easiest solution to this problem is to use C-h (and
  BackSpace) for help and DEL (the Delete key) for deleting the previous
  character.
  
  For many people this solution may be problematic:
  
  * They normally use BackSpace outside of Emacs for deleting the previous
    character typed.  This can be solved by making DEL be the command for
    deleting the previous character outside of Emacs.  This command will do
    this on many Unix systems:
  
      stty erase '^?'
  
  * The person may prefer using the BackSpace key for deleting the previous
    character because it is more conveniently located on their keyboard or
    because they don't even have a separate Delete key.  In this case, the
    BackSpace key should be made to behave like Delete.  There are several
    methods.
  
    * Under X Windows, the easiest solution is to change the BackSpace key
      into a Delete key like this:
  
        xmodmap -e "keysym BackSpace = Delete"
  
    * Some terminals (eg., VT3## terminals) allow the character generated by
      the BackSpace key to be changed from a setup menu.
  
    * You may be able to get a keyboard that is completely programmable.
  
    * Under X or on a dumb terminal, it is possible to swap the BackSpace
      and Delete keys inside Emacs:
  
        (swap-keys ?\C-h ?\C-?)
  
      See question 136 for the implementation of swap-keys.
  
    * Another approach is to switch keybindings and put help on "C-x h"
      instead:
  
        (global-set-key "\C-h" 'delete-backward-char)
        (global-set-key "\C-xh" 'help-command) ; override mark-whole-buffer
  
      Other popular key bindings for help are M-? and "C-x ?".
  
      WARNING: Don't try to bind DEL to help-command, because there are many
      modes that have local bindings of DEL that will interfere.             -
  
134: Why doesn't Emacs look at the stty settings for Backspace vs. Delete?
  
  Good question!
  
135: Why don't the arrow keys work?
  
  When Emacs starts up, it doesn't know anything about arrow keys at all
  (except when running under X, see question 128).  During the process of
  starting up, Emacs will load a terminal-specific initialization file for
  your terminal type (as determined by the environment variable TERM), if
  one exists.  This file has the responsibility for enabling the arrow keys.
  
  There are several things that can go wrong:
  
  1. There is no initialization file for your terminal.
  
     You can determine this by looking in the lisp/term directory.  If your
     terminal type (as determined by the TERM environment variable) is
     xxx-yy-z, then the first of these files in the lisp/term directory will
     be loaded as the terminal-specific initialization file: xxx-yy-z.el,
     xxx-yy.el, or xxx.el.
  
     There are two major cases of this problem:
  
     * Your terminal type is very similar to one that has an init file.
  
       In this case, there are several techniques suggested by Colin Jensen
       <cjensen@@ampex.com>, Ben Liblit <Liblit@@cs.psu.edu>, and Marc
       Auslander <marc@@watson.ibm.com>:
  
       A. Add a symbolic link in lisp/term for your terminal type that
          points to the similar type.  For example, you could make VT102
          terminals work with this command:
  
            ln -s vt100.el vt102.el
  
          This fixes things for everyone on the system who uses the terminal
          type.
  
       B. If you can't do the solution in part A, you can add code to your
          term-setup-hook that loads the correct file like this:
  
            (setq term-setup-hook
                  (function
                   (lambda ()
                     (cond ((equal "vt102" (or (getenv "TERM") ""))
                            (load (concat term-file-prefix "vt100")))
                           (;; Code for other terminal types goes here ...
                            )))))
  
       C. If you use `tset' to set your TERM environment variable when you
          login, you can use the `-m' switch to tell tset to use a terminal
          type known by Emacs instead of another similar one.  For example,
          specifying this:
  
            tset ... -m 'dec-vt220:vt220' ...
  
          will make tset say you are on a `vt220' instead of a `dec-vt220'.
  
       D. Interactively, you can type "M-x load-library RET term/vt100" to
          load the terminal-specific initialization files for VT100
          terminals.
  
     * Your terminal type is not similar to one that has an init file.
  
       One can be made for your terminal, or you can just add code to your
       own .emacs to handle this problem for yourself.  For example, if your
       terminal's arrow keys send these character sequences:
  
         Up:    ESC [ A
         Down:  ESC [ B
         Right: ESC [ C
         Left:  ESC [ D
  
       then you can bind these keys to the appropriate commands with code in
       your .emacs like this:
  
         (setq term-setup-hook
               (function
                (lambda ()
                  (cond ((string-match "\\`xyzzy" (or (getenv "TERM") ""))
                         ;; First, must unmap the binding for left bracket
                         (or (keymapp (lookup-key global-map "\e\["))
                             (define-key global-map "\e\[" nil))
                         ;; Enable terminal type xyzzy's arrow keys:
                         (define-key global-map "\e\[A" 'previous-line)
                         (define-key global-map "\e\[B" 'next-line)
                         (define-key global-map "\e\[C" 'forward-char)
                         (define-key global-map "\e\[D" 'backward-char))
                        ((string-match "\\`abcde" (or (getenv "TERM") ""))
                         ;; Do something different for terminal type abcde
                         ;; .....
                         )))))
  
     NOTE: You may have to restart Emacs to get changes to take effect.
  
     NOTE: Your arrow keys may send sequences beginning with "ESC O" when
     Emacs is running, even if they send sequences beginning with "ESC [" at
     all other times.  This is because Emacs uses any command there may be
     in your terminal's termcap entry for putting the terminal into
     "Application Keypad Mode".  Just map these sequences the same way as
     above.
  
  The next two cases are problems even if there is a initialization file for
  your terminal type.
  
  2. The initialization file for your terminal doesn't bind arrow keys.
  
     If your terminal type is `xterm', you will have to bind the arrow keys
     as in part 1 above, since the xterm.el file doesn't do anything useful.
     There may be other terminal types with the same problem.
  
  3. Your terminal's arrow keys send individual control characters.
  
     For example, the arrow keys on an ADM-3 send C-h, C-j, C-k, and C-l.
  
     There is not much Emacs can do in this situation, since all the control
     characters except for C-^ and C-\ are already used as Emacs commands.
     It may be possible to convince the terminal to send something else when
     you press the arrow keys; it is worth investigating.
  
     You have to make the hard choices of how to rebind keys to commands to
     make things work the way you want.  Another alternative is to start
     learning the standard Emacs keybindings for moving point around: C-b,
     C-f, C-p, and C-n.  Personally, I no longer use the arrow keys when
     editing because I have switched keyboards so many times.
  
  4. Your terminal's arrow keys send sequences beginning with "ESC [".
  
     Due to an extremely poor design decision (ie., these sequences are ANSI
     standard), none of the the terminal-specific initialization files that
     are distributed with Emacs will bind these character sequences to the
     appropriate commands by default.  (This also applies to any other
     function keys which generate character sequences starting with "ESC
     [".)  This is because it was deemed far more important to preserve the
     binding of M-[ to the backward-paragraph command.  It appears that this
     will change in Emacs 19.
  
     Some of the terminal-specific initialization files that come with Emacs
     provide a command enable-arrow-keys that will fix this problem.  To get
     this automatically invoked, put this in your .emacs:
  
       (setq term-setup-hook
	     (function
	      (lambda ()
		(if (fboundp 'enable-arrow-keys) (enable-arrow-keys)))))
  
     We put this in our lisp/default.el file, so users don't have to worry
     about it:
  
       ;; don't override a user's term-setup-hook
       (or term-setup-hook
	   (setq term-setup-hook
		 (function
		  (lambda ()
		    (and (fboundp 'enable-arrow-keys)
			 ;; don't override a user key mapping
			 (eq 'backward-paragraph (lookup-key esc-map "["))
			 (enable-arrow-keys))))))
  
     If your terminal type is `sun', you should put this in your .emacs
     instead (or in addition to the above):
  
       (setq sun-esc-bracket t)
  
     It is possible that the terminal-specific initialization file for your
     terminal type was written locally and does not follow the rule
     mentioned above.  In this case you may need to inspect it to find out
     how to enable the arrow keys.  (Actually, if it was written locally, it
     probably enables the arrow keys by default.)
  
136: How do I "swap" two keys?
  
  When Emacs receives a character, you can make Emacs behave as though it
  received another character by setting the value of
  keyboard-translate-table.  The following Emacs Lisp will do this for you,
  allowing you to "swap" keys.  After arranging for this Lisp to be
  evaluated by Emacs, you can evaluate `(swap-keys ?A ?B)' to swap A and B.
  
    (defun swap-keys (key1 key2)
      "Swap keys KEY1 and KEY2 using map-key."
      (map-key key1 key2)
      (map-key key2 key1))
  
    (defun map-key (from to)
      "Make key FROM behave as though key TO was typed instead."
      (setq keyboard-translate-table
	    (concat keyboard-translate-table
		    (let* ((i (length keyboard-translate-table))
			   (j from)
			   (k i)
			   (str (make-string (max 0 (- j (1- i))) ?X)))
		      (while (<= k j)
			(aset str (- k i) k)
			(setq k (1+ k)))
		      str)))
      (aset keyboard-translate-table from to)
      (let ((i (1- (length keyboard-translate-table))))
	(while (and (>= i 0) (eq (aref keyboard-translate-table i) i))
	  (setq i (1- i)))
	(setq keyboard-translate-table
	      (if (eq i -1)
		  nil
		(substring keyboard-translate-table 0 (1+ i))))))
  
  NOTE: You must evaluate the definition of these functions before calling
  them!  For example, list the function definitions before their use in your
  .emacs file.
  
  NOTE: These functions take two numbers as arguments.  The example above,
  `(swap-keys ?A ?B)' is actually `(swap-keys 65 66)', because `?A' is
  merely notation for 65, the ASCII value of `A'.
  
  NOTE: These functions only work for single characters.  You cannot swap
  two multi-character sequences.
  
137: How do I produce C-XXX with my keyboard?
  
  For C-@@ and C-^, often you can just type Control-2 and Control-6.  For
  C-_, you may have to hold down the shift key, typing Control-Shift-Hyphen.
  C-@@ can often be generated by typing Control-Space.  C-@@ is often called
  the NUL character, and has ASCII value 0.  C-_ can often be generated by
  typing Control-7 or Control-/.  C-? (aka DEL) may be generated by typing
  Shift-BackSpace or Control-BackSpace or a key labelled Delete or Del.
  
  Try Control with all of the digits on your keyboard to see what gets
  generated.
  
138: What if I don't have a Meta key?
  
  Instead of typing M-a, you can type "ESC a" instead.  In fact, Emacs
  converts M-a internally into "ESC a" anyway (depending on the value of
  meta-prefix-char).
  
139: What if I don't have an Escape key?
  
  Type C-[ instead.  This should send ASCII code 27 just like an Escape
  key would.  Try also C-;.
  
140: How do I type DEL on PC terminal emulators?
  
  Some IBM PC compatibles do not have a key labeled `Del' or `Delete' {is
  this true?}.  Those that do generally have it in an inconvenient location.
  (Also, in some terminal emulators, the `Del' key does not transmit DEL.)
  The result is the standard "BackSpace invoking help" problem (see question
  133).
  
  The usual solution, suggested by Michael Covington
  <mcovingt@@aisun1.ai.uga.edu>, is to somehow tell the terminal emulator
  program that BackSpace should transmit DEL.  Read the program's manual.
  Shift-BackSpace or Control-BackSpace may send DEL.  The `Del' key may only
  send DEL if the NumLock key hasn't been pressed.
  
141: Can I make my `Compose Character' key behave like a Meta key?
  
  On a dumb terminal such as a VT220, no.  It is rumored that certain VT220
  clones could have their Compose key configured this way.  If you're using
  X, you might be able to do this with the `xmodmap' program (this is
  what I do).
  
142: How do I bind a combination of modifier key and function key?
  
  Unless you're using Emacs under emacstool (or xvetool?), have a working    !
  version of x-rebind-key (see question 128), or are using Emacs 19 (Lucid   +
  Emacs), you can't do this with Emacs alone.                                +
  
  If you are using emacstool, Emacs sees different character sequences for
  the combination of a modifier and a function key from what it sees for the
  function key alone.  See etc/emacstool.1 for more information.  Since
  Emacs sees different character sequences, you can bind these different
  sequences to different commands.
  
  If you are running Emacs inside a terminal emulator window like xterm, you
  can modify its translation tables to make it generate different character
  sequences for the combination of a modifier and a function key.  For
  example, this X resource setting:
  
    XTerm.VT100.Translations: #override \
      Shift<KeyPress>F1: string(0x1b) string("[xyzzy")
  
  makes Shift-F1 generate the character sequence "ESC [ xyzzy".  You can
  bind these character sequences in Emacs as normal.  Nick Ruprecht
  <ruprecht@@informatik.uni-freiburg.de> has written an extensive X
  translation mapping for xterm that does this.  {Does this have an FTP
  site?}
  
  If you have x-rebind-key, you can have any arbitrary combination of        +
  modifiers with a key replaced by any sequence of "normal" characters.  For +
  example, this makes Shift-Return behave as though you had typed "C-x C-e"  +
  (example from Jerry Graves):                                               +
                                                                             +
    (x-rebind-key "Return" 'shift "\C-x\C-e")                                +
                                                                             +
  In Emacs 19 (Lucid Emacs), you can bind Meta-Left-Arrow like this (example +
  from Jamie Zawinski):                                                      +
                                                                             +
    (global-set-key '(meta left) 'backward-word)                             +
                                                                             +
  With the last two methods, use `xmodmap' and `xev' to discover the keysym  +
  and modifier names.                                                        +
  
143: Why doesn't my Meta key work in an xterm window?
  
  Try all of these methods before asking for further help:
  
  * You may have big problems using `mwm' as your window manager.  {Does
    anyone know a good generic solution to allow the use of the Meta key in
    Emacs with mwm?}
  
  * For X11R4: Make sure it really is a Meta key.  Use `xev' to find out
    what keysym your Meta key generates.  It should be either Meta_L or
    Meta_R.  If it isn't, use xmodmap to fix the situation.
  
  * Make sure the pty the xterm is using is passing 8 bit characters.
    `stty -a' (or `stty everything') should show `cs8' somewhere.  If it
    shows `cs7' instead, use `stty cs8 -istrip' (or `stty pass8') to fix
    it.
  
  * If there is an rlogin connection between the xterm and the Emacs, the
    `-8' argument may need to be given to rlogin to make it pass all 8
    bits of every character.
  
  * If the Emacs is running under Ultrix, it is reported that evaluating
    (set-input-mode t nil) helps.
  
  * If all else fails, you can make xterm generate "ESC W" when you type
    M-W, which is the same conversion Emacs would make if it got the M-W
    anyway.  In X11R4, the following resource specification will do this:
  
      XTerm.VT100.EightBitInput: false
  
    (This changes the behavior of the insert-eight-bit action.)
  
    With older xterms, you can specify this behavior with a translation:
  
      XTerm.VT100.Translations: #override \
        Meta<KeyPress>: string(0x1b) insert()
  
    You might have to replace `Meta' with `Alt'.
  
144: Why doesn't my ExtendChar key work as a Meta key under HP-UX 8.0?
  
  This is a result of an internationalization extension in X11R4 and the
  fact that HP is now using this extension.  Emacs assumes that
  XLookupString returns the same result regardless of the Meta key state
  which is no longer necessarily true.  Until Emacs is fixed, the temporary
  kludge is to run this command after each time the X server is started but
  preferably before any xterm clients are:
  
    xmodmap -e 'remove mod1 = Mode_switch'
  
  NOTE:  This will disable the use of the extra keysyms systemwide, which
  may be undesirable if you actually intend to use them.
  
145: Where can I get key bindings to make Emacs emulate WordStar?
  
  There is a package `wordstar' by Jim Frost <jimf@@saber.com> and
  `ws-mode.el' by Juergen Nickelsen <nickel@@cs.tu-berlin.de>.  Check in the
  Emacs Lisp Archive (see question 89).
  
146: Where can I get an XEDIT emulator for Emacs?
  
  This question comes up once every couple of months.  I have never seen a
  positive reply, so I presume no one has ever written one.
  


Using Emacs with Alternate Character Sets

147: How do I make Emacs display 8-bit characters?
  
  There is a patch called the `8-bit ctl-arrow patch' that allows Emacs to
  display characters with codes from 128 to 255.  {The original appears to
  have been by Kenneth Cline <cline@@proof.ergo.cs.cmu.edu>.} Partially based
  on Johan Widen's earlier work, Johan Vromans <jv@@mh.nl> has updated this
  patch for Emacs 18.58 along with some other 8-bit improvements.
  
  Anonymous FTP:
    /ftp.eu.net:gnu/emacs/FP-EightBit.Z                                      +
    /ftp.urc.tue.nl:pub/tex/emacs/FP-EightBit                                +
    /cs.purdue.edu:pub/ygz/cemacs.tar.Z:cemacs/8bit-patch-18.57              +
    /sics.se:archive/emacs-18.55-8bit-diff                                   +
    /laas.laas.fr:pub/emacs/patch-8bit-18.55                                 !
    /laas.laas.fr:pub/emacs/patch-8bit-18.57                                 !
  
  Via e-mail:
    To: mail-server@@sics.se
    body: send emacs-18.55-8bit-diff
  
  Anders Edenbrandt <anderse@@dna.lth.se> has produced a more comprehensive
  patch for Emacs 18.57 that allows for 8-bit input and output.
  
  Anonymous FTP:
    /sics.se:archive/emacs-8bit-diff-lth                                     +
    /gatekeeper.dec.com:pub/GNU/DS-emacs-18.57-8bit-diff-lth                 +
  
  The most comprehensive patches for 8-bit output are by Howard Gayle
  (originally for Emacs 18.55.  These patches allow displaying any arbitrary
  string for a given 8-bit character (except TAB and C-j).  Also supported
  is defining the sorting order and the uppercase and lowercase
  translations.  It is reported that the 8-bit character support in Emacs 19
  is largely based on these patches.  Thomas Bellman
  <Bellman@@lysator.liu.se> has updated these patches for Emacs 18.57.
  
  Anonymous FTP:
    /sics.se:archive/emacs-gayle.tar.Z  (patches for 18.55)                  +
    /ftp.lysator.liu.se:pub/emacs/gayle-18.57.diff.tar.Z  (patches)          +
    /ftp.lysator.liu.se:pub/emacs/emacs-18.57-gayle.tar.Z  (patched Emacs)   +
  
  I am not sure if Epoch can display 8-bit characters as is.  Lucid Emacs
  has the ctl-arrow patch installed.  Nemacs displays 8-bit characters, and
  it may be useful for displaying the 8-bit ISO-8859 alphabet, but I don't
  know for sure (see question 149).
  
148: How do I input 8-bit characters?
  
  Minor modes for ISO Latin-1 that allow one to easily input this character
  set have been written by several people.  Such modes have been written by
  Matthieu Herrb <matthieu@@laas.fr> (laas.laas.fr:pub/emacs/iso-latin-1.el),
  Johan Vromans <jv@@mh.nl> {FTP site??}, and Marc Shapiro
  <shapiro@@sor.inria.fr> {FTP site??}.
  
  These approaches differ from the one taken by Anders Edenbrandt in that
  his method uses direct 8-bit input, while these methods use a compose
  sequence for 8-bit characters.  {I have heard conflicting reports on
  whether this results in losing the Meta key.  Perhaps this depends on
  whether Emacs is running under X.  Can someone resolve this?}
  
  Karl Heuer <karl@@haddock.ima.isc.com> is said to have a patch to allow
  8-bit input.  Georg-Wilhelm Koltermann <gwk@@crmunich0.cray.com> also has a
  patch for either 18.57 or 18.58 that allows 8-bit input.
  
  Epoch comes with a patch that allows it to input 8-bit characters, but it
  is not enabled by default.  {Is this right?}
  
  Jamie Zawinski says:                                                       +
                                                                             +
    Lucid GNU Emacs allows the input of any ISO-8859/1 keysyms that your     +
    keyboard generates (see xmodmap), and contains a package that implements +
    a DEC/OpenWindows-like "Compose" key for systems which don't have one.   +
  
149: Where can I get an Emacs that can handle kanji characters?
  
  Nemacs 3.3.2 (Nihongo GNU Emacs) is a modified version of GNU Emacs 18.55
  that handles kanji characters.  It is available via anonymous FTP:         !
                                                                             !
    /crl.nmsu.edu:pub/misc/nemacs-3.3.2.tar.Z                                !
    /uhccux.uhcc.hawaii.edu:editors/Nemacs-3.3.2/                            !
    /miki.cs.titech.ac.jp:JAPAN/nemacs/nemacs-3.3.2.tar.Z                    !
  
  You might also need files for "wnn", a kanji input method
  (wnn-4.0.3{-README,.tar.Z} {on which machine?}).  You need a terminal (or
  terminal emulator) that can display text encoded in JIS, Shift-JIS, or EUC
  (Extended Unix Code), or the ability to run Nemacs as a direct X Window
  client.
  
150: Where can I get an Emacs that can handle Chinese?
  
  `cemacs' by Stephen G. Simpson <simpson@@math.psu.edu> is a patch to Emacs
  18.57 (the ctl-arrow patch) and some Emacs Lisp code that combined with
  Cxterm allows using Chinese characters.  It is available via anonymous
  FTP:                                                                       !
                                                                             !
    /crl.nmsu.edu:pub/chinese/cemacs.tar.Z                                   !
    /cs.purdue.edu:pub/ygz/cemacs.tar.Z                                      !
  
  Cxterm is available from the same place:                                   !
                                                                             !
    /cs.purdue.edu:pub/ygz/cxterm-11.5.1.tar.Z                               !
  
151: Where is an Emacs that can handle Semitic (right-to-left) alphabets?
  
  Joel M. Hoffman <joel@@wam.umd.edu> writes:
  
    A couple of years ago a wrote a hebrew.el file that allows right-to-left
    editing of Hebrew.  I relied on the hardware to display the Hebrew
    letters, given the right codes, but not for any right-to-left support;
    the hardware also doesn't have to send any specific char. codes.  Emacs
    keeps track of when the user is typing Hebrew vs. English.  (The VT-*
    terminals in Israel contain built-in support for Hebrew.)
  
    To get it to work I had to modify only a few lines of GNU Emacs's source
    code --- just enough to make it 8-bit clean.
  
    [and in a separate message:]
  
    It doesn't produce time-order ["sefer" format] (I wouldn't recommend
    trying that with emacs, because converting time-order to screen-order
    with arbitrarily long lines is a bit tricky), but I also concocted a
    quick filter to convert screen-order into time-order.  I'll be happy to
    send you the requisite files if you want them.  If you're using it for
    anything large, however, you'll want something that works better.
  
  Joel Hoffman has also written a "bi-directional bi-lingual Emacs-like"
  editor for MS-DOS named Ibelbe (Itty Bitty Emacs-Like Bidirectional
  Editor).  Ibelbe is written in Turbo Pascal and comes with source code.
  Here is the description:
  
    Ibelbe looks like emacs (it even has a minibuffer and filename
    completion), and fully supports both right-to-left and left-to-right
    editing.  Other than an EGA monitor or better, no special hardware is
    required.  You will need an EGA Hebrew font to use Ibelbe with Hebrew.
  
  Anonymous FTP:
    /israel.nysernet.org:israel/msdos/ibelbe.zip                             !
    /israel.nysernet.org:israel/msdos/hebfont.zip                            !
  
  Joseph Friedman <yossi@@deshaw.com, yossi@@Neon.Stanford.EDU> has written
  patches for Emacs 18.55 and 18.58 that provide Semitic language support
  under X Windows.
  
  Warren Burstein <warren@@itex.jct.ac.il> says he has mapped 7-bit keys by
  modifying self-insert-command "for Hebrew input on 7-bit keyboards".
  
  A good suggestion is to query archie for files named with `hebrew'.
  

                       GNU Emacs FAQ: Mail and News

This portion of the GNU Emacs FAQ list is cross-posted to `gnu.emacs.gnus'
because many of the questions herein deal with GNUS.  See `gnu.emacs.help' for
the rest of the FAQ list.

If you are viewing this text in a GNU Emacs Buffer, you can type "M-2 C-x $" to
get an overview of just the questions.  Then, when you want to look at the text
of the answers, just type "C-x $".

To search for a question numbered XXX, type "M-C-s ^XXX:", followed by a C-r if
that doesn't work, then type ESC to end the search.

A `+' in the 78th column means something was inserted on the line.  A `-' means
something was deleted and a `!' means some combination of insertions and
deletions occurred.

Full instructions for getting the latest FAQ are in question 22.  Also see the
`Introduction to news.answers' posting in the `news.answers' newsgroup, or send
e-mail to `mail-server@@rtfm.mit.edu' with `help' on a body line, or use FTP,
WAIS, or Prospero to rtfm.mit.edu.



Mail and News

152: How do I change the included text prefix in mail/news followups?
  
  Many people want Emacs to prefix included text with something like ` > '
  instead of with three spaces.  One way is to change the code of the
  function `mail-yank-original' in lisp/sendmail.el that prefixes with
  spaces.  A more flexible solution is to use Supercite, which provides wide
  configurability in how you format included text in replies.  See question
  107.  Both of these solutions work for RMAIL and GNUS.
  
  A related problem is how to prevent Emacs from including various headers
  of the replied-to message.  For this, you should set the value of
  mail-yank-ignored-headers, which takes a regexp value.
  
153: How do I save a copy of outgoing mail?
  
  Two methods:
  
  1. (setq mail-self-blind t) will result in a `BCC:' header line with your
     address being added to mail composition buffers.  This will cause the
     mail system to send a copy of the mail back to you.
  
  2. (setq mail-archive-file-name (expand-file-name "~/outgoing")) will
     result in an `FCC:' header line with the pathname of ~/outgoing being
     added to mail composition buffers.  When you send the mail, Emacs will
     save a copy of the mail in the file ~/outgoing and then strip off the
     `FCC:' line before actually sending.
  
     WARNING: There is a bug in Emacs 18.58 that prevents mail readers such
     as RMAIL from reading the saved mail messages individually.  See
     question 155.
  
     WARNING: If you are visiting the file ~/outgoing at the time you send
     the mail, this can cause a variety of horrible problems.  Jamie         +
     Zawinski has written a solution for this.                               +
  
  It does not work to put `set record filename' in the .mailrc file.
  
154: Why doesn't Emacs expand my aliases when sending mail?
  
  * You must separate multiple addresses in the headers of the mail buffer
    with commas.  This is because Emacs supports RFC822 standard addresses
    like this one:
  
      To: Willy Smith <wks@@xpnsv.lwyrs.com>
  
    However, you do not need to separate addresses with commas in your
    .mailrc file.
  
    WARNING: Emacs breaks up aliases in the .mailrc file into multiple
    addresses both on commas and on whitespace, regardless of any use of
    quotes.  This is probably a bug.  You can get around this by directly
    setting the value of mail-aliases.
  
  * Emacs normally only reads the `.mailrc' file once per session, when you
    start to compose your first mail message.  If you edit .mailrc, you can
    type "M-ESC (build-mail-aliases) RET" to make Emacs reread .mailrc.
    (You have to include the parentheses where they are shown!)
  
  * Emacs does not interpret vendor-specific additions to the format of the
    .mailrc file such as the `source' command.  It also ignores any `set'
    commands.  The only commands it looks at are `alias' and `group'
    commands.
  
155: Why does RMAIL think all my saved messages are one big message?
  
  There is a bug for FCC-ed messages in Emacs 18.58 where it adds a timezone
  on the "From " line after the year instead of before the year.  (Before it
  didn't add the timezone at all.)  This is incompatible with the standard
  format for the "From " line, and RMAIL in particular can no longer
  distinguish between the messages.  Karl Berry <karl@@cs.umb.edu>, Felix Lee
  <flee@@cs.psu.edu>, Nick Gianniotis <nico@@japan.sbi.com> and many
  others have all posted patches for this.  Karl's is the simplest and just
  stops Emacs from adding the timezone:
  
    >*** ./ORIG/sendmail.el	Tue Jan 28 16:22:56 1992
    >--- ./sendmail.el	Thu May 14 18:23:48 1992
    >***************
    >*** 285,287 ****
    >        (insert "\nFrom " (user-login-name) " "
    >! 	      (current-time-string) " " timezone "\n")
    >        (insert-buffer-substring rmailbuf)
    >--- 285,287 ----
    >        (insert "\nFrom " (user-login-name) " "
    >! 	      (current-time-string) "\n")
    >        (insert-buffer-substring rmailbuf)
  
156: How can I sort the messages in my RMAIL folder?
  
  Use rmailsort.el by Masanobu Umeda.
  
157: Why does RMAIL need to write to /usr/spool/mail?
  
  This is the behavior of the `movemail' program which RMAIL uses.  This
  indicates that movemail is configured to use lock files.
  
  RMS writes:
  
    Certain systems require lock files to interlock access to mail files.
    On these systems, movemail must write lock files, or you risk losing
    mail.  You simply must arrange to let movemail write them.
  
    Other systems use the flock system call to interlock access.  On these
    systems, you should configure movemail to use flock.
  
158: How do I recover my mail files after RMAIL munges their format?
  
  Users who just want to try RMAIL out to see how it works end up trapped
  using it because saved mail in their `mbox' file has been converted into
  an incompatible format (BABYL) that only RMAIL understands.  RMAIL
  provides no obvious way to reverse this transformation.  Kyle Jones has    +
  aptly named this "the great Emacs Mail Eating Monster".  To convert a mail +
  file back to standard Unix format, there are several methods:
  
  * Use the rmail-output ("C-o") command within RMAIL on each message in the
    file.  First use M-x rmail or M-x rmail-input to visit the RMAIL file in
    Rmail mode.  Type "1 j" to go to the first message.  Use the C-o command
    to output the message to a Unix format file.  Type "n" to go to the next
    message.  Repeat.
  
  * If the file contains hundreds of messages, you may not want to repeat
    this for all of them.  Instead of the above, after getting to the first
    message type this (where "mbox" is the file you want to put the messages
    in):
  
      C-x ( C-o mbox RET M-s ^From: RET M-0 C-x )
  
    (The rmail-search command ("M-s") is used instead of just "n" because it
    is the only command which will cause an error when it reaches the last
    message in the file, which is necessary to terminate the keyboard macro.
    This will fail if there are messages in the file that don't have a
    `From:' header.  This assumes rmail-delete-after-output is nil.)
  
    It is wise to save a copy of the RMAIL file first, in case you make a
    mistake.
  
  * There are software packages available for converting files or even
    entire directories of BABYL files to standard Unix format.  These are
    helpful in this situation, but are intended mainly for people who have
    used RMAIL for a long time and are converting to some other mail reader.
    Lookup `rmail', `vm', and `babyl' in the Emacs Lisp Archive (see
    question 89).
  
  You may wish to disable RMAIL to avoid accidentally destroying your mbox
  file (I have this in my .emacs):
  
    (put 'rmail 'disabled t)		; avoid mbox destruction
  
159: How do I make Emacs automatically start my mail/news reader?
  
  Example:
  
    emacs -f gnus
  
  Also:
  
    alias gnus 'emacs -f gnus'
  
  It is probably unwise to automatically start your mail or news reader from
  your .emacs file.  This would cause problems if you needed to run two
  copies of Emacs at one time.  Also, this would make it difficult for you
  to start Emacs quickly when you needed to.
  
160: How do I read news under Emacs?
  
  There are at least three news reading packages that operate inside Emacs.
  `rnews' comes with Emacs.  GNUS and Gnews come separately.  rnews will
  be replaced by GNUS in Emacs 19.
  
  rnews works only with a local news spool directory.  Both GNUS and Gnews
  handle reading news remotely via NNTP in addition to reading from a local
  news spool.  GNUS supports reading mail stored in MH folders or articles
  saved by GNUS.
  
  Gnews is styled after `rn' and seems to work like RMAIL.  GNUS feels more
  like VM.  People have complained that GNUS uses a lot of CPU time (it
  does).  Some people have complained that Gnews is slower than GNUS.
  
  For more information about GNUS, see question 108.
  
  Gnews was written by Matthew P. Wiener <weemba@@libra.wistar.upenn.edu>.
  The latest version seems to be 2.0, posted October 3, 1988.  Matthew
  posted some fixes on October 26, 1988.  Gnews does not appear to have been
  supported after this date.  In particular, it has been reported that Gnews
  does not work with Emacs 18.57.  There is a newsgroup for Gnews called
  gnu.emacs.gnews.
  
161: Why does `rnews' say "No News is good news" when there is news?
  
  rnews doesn't speak NNTP.  You may need to use GNUS or Gnews.
  
162: Why doesn't GNUS work anymore via NNTP?
  
  There is a bug in NNTP version 1.5.10, such that when multiple requests
  are sent to the NNTP server, the server only handles the first one before
  blocking waiting for more input which never comes.  NNTP version 1.5.11
  claims to fix this.
  
  You can work around the bug inside Emacs like this:
  
    (setq nntp-maximum-request 1)
  
  I also have a patch for NNTP 1.5.10 by Mike Pelletier
  <stealth@@engin.umich.edu> that is based on the timeout code that was in
  1.5.9.  However, please try to upgrade to 1.5.11 first.
  
  You can find out what version of NNTP your news server is running by
  telnetting to the NNTP port (usually 119) on the news server machine (ie.,
  `telnet server-machine 119').  The server should give its version number
  in the welcome message.  Type `quit' to get out.
  
163: How do I view text with embedded underlining (eg., ClariNews)?
  
  Underlining appears like this:
  
    _^Hu_^Hn_^Hd_^He_^Hr_^Hl_^Hi_^Hn_^Hi_^Hn_^Hg
  
  You can destructively remove underlining with M-x ununderline-region.
  
  For ClariNews articles, clari-clean.el by David N. Blank-Edelman
  <dnb@@meshugge.media.mit.edu> will remove both underlining and overstriking
  automatically.
  
164: When I try to post a long article in GNUS (about 10K or longer), I get
 the error, "Writing to process: no more processes, nntpd"
  
  Upgrade to Emacs 18.58.
  
165: How do I save all the items of a multi-part posting in GNUS?
  
  Use gnus-mark.el by Jamie Zawinski <jwz@@lucid.com>.
  
166: Why does GNUS put the subjects in replies beyond the 80th column?
  
  This is a feature.  If you set gnus-thread-hide-subject to non-nil, GNUS
  will only display the subject of the first posting in a thread, even if
  some of the replies use different subjects.  It hides the subjects by
  putting them past the edge of the window and setting truncate lines to t.
  
  If your screen looks messed up, then for some reason truncate-lines in
  your `*Subject*' buffer has been set to nil.  It should be set to t.
  
  (I have an enhancement to GNUS 3.13 that will make it only hide the subject
  of a posting when it is unchanged from the followed-up-to posting.  Thus,
  you can use the subject hiding feature and still know when someone changes
  the subject.  (I have forgotten who originally gave me the idea for this.))
  
167: Why is GNUS so slow to start up?
  
  GNUS does several things that take quadratic time of the number of
  newsgroups that are listed in .newsrc.  The quick fix for this is to
  remove all the newsgroups in which you have no interest from your .newrc
  file by using GNUS's C-k command in the `*Newsgroup*' buffer after
  displaying all newsgroups with the L command.  If you were to directly
  edit your .newsrc to remove the newsgroups, GNUS would add them back.
  
  GNUS uses a quadratic algorithm to check for duplicates when the .newsrc
  file is newer than the .newsrc.el file (ie., you edited your .newsrc).
  GNUS uses a quadratic algorithm to check for new newsgroups every time it
  connects to the news server.  {There may be other quadratic algorithms
  that I am not aware of.}
  
  You can speed up GNUS by using the C-k command in the *Newsgroup* buffer
  to remove newsgroups from your .newsrc file.
  
  Of course, GNUS will run faster if you make sure it is byte-compiled.
  
  Felix Lee wrote some enhancements called `gnus-speedups.el' that fix some  +
  of the problems.  See the Emacs Lisp Archive.                              +
  
168: How do I catch up all newsgroups in GNUS?
  
  In the `*Newsgroup*' buffer, type the following magical incantation:
  
    M-< C-x ( C-@@ c y C-u C-@@ C-e C-f C-f M-0 C-x )
  
  Leave off the "M-<" if you only want to catch up from point to the end of
  the `*Newsgroup' buffer.
  
169: Why can't I kill in GNUS on the Newsgroups/Keywords/Control line?
  
  GNUS 3.14.1 will complain that the `Newsgroups:', `Keywords:', and
  `Control:' headers are `Unknown header field's.
  
  For the `Newsgroups:' header, there is an easy workaround: kill on the
  `Xref' header instead, which will be present on any cross-posted article.
  
  If you really want to kill on one of these headers, you can do it like
  this:
  
    (gnus-kill nil "^Newsgroups: .*\\(bad\\.group\\|worse\\.group\\)")
  
  Various people (eg., Greg Holley <holley@@acuson.com>) have posted
  solutions to allow more efficient killing on these headers than the
  preceding solution.  Masanobu Umeda plans to fix this problem.
  
170: How do I get rid of flashing messages in GNUS for slow connections?
  
  GNUS outputs "NNTP: Reading..." message and then clears them, over and
  over.  In version 3.14.1 there is a variable named nntp-debug-read that
  can help.  Johan Vromans <jv@@mh.nl> wrote a fix.  Others have also written
  fixes.
  
171: Why is catch up slow in Gnews/GNUS?
  
  Because GNUS is marking crosspostings read.  {I think it should do this at
  the time the article is read to spread out the load.  Maybe someone will
  write the code to do this.}
  
172: Why does GNUS hang for a long time when posting?
  
  David Lawrence <tale@@uunet.uu.net> explains:                               !
                                                                             !
    The problem is almost always interaction between NNTP and C News.  NNTP  !
    POST asks C News's inews to not background itself but rather hang around !
    and give its exit status so it knows whether the post was successful.    !
    (That wait will on some systems not return the exit status of the        !
    waited for job is a different sort of problem.)  It ends up taking a     !
    long time because inews is calling relaynews, which often waits for      !
    another relaynews to free the lock on the news system so it can file the !
    article.                                                                 !
                                                                             !
    My preferred solution is to change inews to not call relaynews, but      !
    rather use newsspool.  This loses some error-catching functionality, but !
    is for the most part safe as inews will detect a lot of the errors on    !
    its own.  The C News folks have sped up inews, too, so speed should look !
    better to most folks as that update propagates around.                   !
  
173: Why don't my news postings in GNUS get past the local machine?
  
  Three possible reasons: local distribution, C News date problem (see
  question 174, and the path problem.  This piece of code may fix the path   !
  problem for you:                                                           !
                                                                             !
    (setq gnus-use-generic-path t)                                           !
  
174: Why is the GNUS-generated `Date:' header invalid?
  
  GNUS generates `Date:' headers without time zones.  C-News's `inews'
  doesn't replace it with a valid header, but will generate it if not
  already there.  If it is invalid, the article will not be forwarded
  properly.  Quick fix:
  
    (defun gnus-inews-date () nil)
  
  I think this is fixed in GNUS 3.14.1 if you set gnus-news-system {?} to    +
  Cnews.                                                                     +
  
175: Why doesn't GNUS generate the `Lines:' header?
  
  GNUS was written for B news, which would generate the `Lines:' header.  C
  news doesn't.  There is a comment in C news's `inews' that you can
  uncomment to enable this functionality.  Or you can have GNUS generate the
  header, for example:
  
    ;; idea by jbryans@@beach.csulb.edu (Jack Bryans)
    (defun add-lines-header ()
      ;; Count the number of lines in the current posting and insert the
      ;; header line Lines into the message.
      (save-excursion
        (goto-char (point-min))
        (if (search-forward "\n\n") ;; ***** I suspect this is wrong *****
          (let ((lines (count-lines (point) (point-max))))
            (forward-line -1)
            (insert-string "Lines: " lines "\n")))))
  
  Mike Williams <mike-w@@cs.aukuni.ac.nz> has written something similar.
  
  Ronald Florence <ron@@mlfarm.com> has a patch for GNUS that makes it
  calculate the `Lines:' header for incoming articles when necessary that
  works for sites with local news spools.
  
  David Lawrence <tale@@uunet.uu.net> says that GNUS 3.14.1 generates Lines   +
  if gnus-news-system is Cnews.                                              +
  
176: Why do I get "Cannot open load file" "nntp" when compiling GNUS?
  
  Specifically, the error message is this:
  
    Error occurred processing gnus.el: File error (("Cannot open load file" "nntp"))
  
  This means that nntp.el is not in Emacs's load-path, which is easy to
  happen when compiling using the Makefile.
  
  Easiest solution: set EMACSLOADPATH in Makefile (idea from Glenn Gribble
  <glenn@@netcom.com>):
  
    EMACSLOADPATH=/usr/local/emacs/lisp:.
    ELC= env EMACSLOADPATH=$(EMACSLOADPATH) emacs -batch -f batch-byte-compile
  
  Another solution, in hack.el put this:
  
    (defun gross-hack () (setq load-path (cons "/directory" load-path)))
  
  Then in Makefile:
  
    ELC= emacs -batch -l hack.el -f gross-hack -f batch-byte-compile
  
177: How do I kill all articles in GNUS but those matching a pattern?
  
  Example:
  
    ;; kill everything
    (gnus-kill "subject" "" nil nil)
    ;; then restore stuff by our favorite poster
    (gnus-kill "from" "good-guy"
               (function
                (lambda ()
                  (if (eq ?X (char-after (save-excursion
                                           (beginning-of-line 1)
                                           (point))))
                      (gnus-Subject-clear-mark-forward 1))))
               t)
  

@


1.1.1.1
log
@import emacs-18.59
@
text
@@


1.1.1.2
log
@import emacs-19.7
@
text
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[To find what has changed, see the "Changes" posting.]
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[The FAQ post date slipped big-time this time.  Now that school is over
 with and I can get on with the rest of my life, posting should become a
 lot more regular. - sbyrnes]
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Steven Byrnes <sbyrnes@@rice.edu> (and Joe Wells <jbw@@cs.bu.edu>)
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E-mail lpf@@uunet.uu.net for details about the League for Programming Freedom.
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  happy to talk with you about the LPF.}  Here is the contact information:
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    Phone number: (617) 243-4091
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  Papers describing the LPF's views are available on the internet and also
  from the LPF:
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      /prep.ai.mit.edu:/pub/lpf/
      /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/lpf/
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      osu-cis!~/lpf/*
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      /prep.ai.mit.edu:/pub/gnu/MailingListArchives/
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  There is a WAIS database named `comp.emacs' on wais.oit.unc.edu that
  makes available the last few days of articles in comp.emacs.
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  E-mail address: gnu@@prep.ai.mit.edu
  Phone number: (617) 876-3296
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    Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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  $20.  For 6 or more manuals the price is $13 each.  The price may be
  tax-deductible as a business expense.
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  can get a PostScript version via anonymous FTP:
  
    /cs.ubc.ca:pub/archive/gnu/manuals_ps/emacs-18.57.ps.Z                   !
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  version is also available via FTP:
  
    /prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/emacs-manual-6.0.dvi.Z
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  anonymous FTP:
  
    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/gnu/texi2roff/texi2roff.shar.Z
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  Texinfo source for the Emacs Lisp manual via anonymous FTP:
  
    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/gnu/emacs/
    /prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/elisp-manual-1.03.tar.Z
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  program.  makeinfo is available as part of the latest Texinfo package:
  
    /prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/texinfo-2.14.tar.Z
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      /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:modes/info.el.Z
      /ftp.uu.net:languages/emacs-lisp/modes/info.el.Z                       !
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  17).  xinfo is available separately:
  
    /prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/xinfo-1.01.01.tar.Z
    /export.lcs.mit.edu:
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  A collection of past GNU's Bulletins is available via anonymous FTP:
  
    /ftp.funet.fi:pub/gnu/Bulletins/
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      <GNU-Emacs-FAQ-0.1993.05.04.025218@@rice.edu>                           !
      <GNU-Emacs-FAQ-1.1993.05.04.025218@@rice.edu>                           !
      <GNU-Emacs-FAQ-2.1993.05.04.025218@@rice.edu>                           !
      <GNU-Emacs-FAQ-3.1993.05.04.025218@@rice.edu>                           !
      <GNU-Emacs-FAQ-4.1993.05.04.025218@@rice.edu>                           !
      <GNU-Emacs-FAQ-5.1993.05.04.025218@@rice.edu>                           !
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    July 3, 1993.                                                            !
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      /rtfm.mit.edu:pub/usenet/news.answers/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/ part*
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    GNU Emacs distribution as file etc/FAQ.  18.59 is the latest version,
    and it was released in October 1992.
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  * There is an old version of the FAQ list available for FTP in the GNU
    archives at MIT:
  
      /prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/GNUinfo/FAQ.emacs
  
  * As the very last resort, you can e-mail a request to
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   implementation in Emacs Lisp.  It would be an interesting project to run
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  GNU Emacs 18.59 is the current version.  Fixes from 18.57 include better
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  Richard Stallman recently (February 19, 1993) posted in gnu.emacs.help     !
  the following:                                                             !
                                                                             !
    People should keep in mind that the successor of Emacs 18 does not       !
    come from Lucid.  Its is GNU Emacs 19.  I still can't say exactly when   !
    public release is going to be, but we are about to start testing at a    !
    number of sites.                                                         !
                                                                             !
    GNU Emacs 19 will support a broad spectrum of machines, like Emacs       !
    18.  Ensuring this is the purpose of the testing we are about to do.     !
                                                                             !
    (Please don't volunteer; we have enough pretesters, and if more people   !
    offer, dealing with those messages will slow things down.)               !
                                                                             !
    Once we make sure it is indeed working reliably on various different     !
    systems, we will have a public beta test release.                        !
                                                                             !
    Emacs 19 does support adding properties to ranges of text, and using     !
    these to switch fonts.  In the future, the Epoch people will help        !
    merge support for variable-width fonts.                                  !
                                                                             !
    Meanwhile, I have almost finished updating the Emacs Lisp manual.  Its   !
    next edition will describe Emacs 19.  There will be an announcement      !
    when we know when this edition will be available.                        !

  Lucid has released Lucid GNU Emacs 19.6, which is based on an early        !
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  * Nemacs (Nihongo Emacs), which can handle Japanese text, is derived from
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  * Nepoch (Nihongo Epoch), which can handle Japanese text, is derived from
    Epoch.
  
  * Mule (the MULtilingual Enhancement of GNU Emacs) can handle many
    character sets simultaneously.  It is derived from Emacs 18.58.  It is
    available for FTP:
  
      /sh.wide.ad.jp:/JAPAN/mule/
      /etlport.etl.go.jp:/pub/mule/
  
  * Lucid GNU Emacs is derived from an early unreleased version of GNU Emacs
a1033 2
  

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  Emacs 18.59, but either they require patching the C code of Emacs and
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  <matthieu@@laas.fr>), which is available for FTP:
  
    /laas.laas.fr:pub/emacs/patch-X11-18.55
    /laas.laas.fr:pub/emacs/patch-X11-18.57
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  GNU Emacs 19 may not be able to just temporarily highlight a region.
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  Trinkle.  A more recent version is available via FTP:
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    /arthur.cs.purdue.edu:pub/trinkle/detex-2.4.tar
  
  Raphael Cerf <cerf@@clipper.ens.fr> recently released a program for this
  named `xetal':
  
    /spi.ens.fr:pub/unix/tex/
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  Available via FTP:
  
    /cs.utk.edu:readonly/aixcc.lex
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  There is no completely correct way of doing this that does not involve
  rewriting all commands or writing your own top-level command loop (not a
  completely bad idea).  Wayne Mesard <wmesard@@pescadero.stanford.edu> has
  written a particularly advanced kludge called `hscroll.el' that checks
  once a second to make sure point is visible.
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  and difficult to turn off.  So upgrading to 18.58 or higher will reduce
  the volume.  If you want to turn it off completely, use `xset'.  There is
  no way to turn the bell off just for Emacs without affecting all other
  programs.
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    /csi.jpl.nasa.gov:pub/emax.patch1  (Matt Wette)
    /ftp.eu.net:gnu/emacs/FP-Xfun.Z  (Johan Vromans)
    /ftp.urc.tue.nl:/pub/tex/emacs/FP-Xfun  (Johan Vromans)
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  anonymous FTP:
  
    /ireq-robot.hydro.qc.ca:pub/emacs/lisp/compile.el.Z
    /ireq-robot.hydro.qc.ca:pub/emacs/lisp/global-replace.el.Z
    /ireq-robot.hydro.qc.ca:pub/emacs/lisp/query.el.Z
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  manual (if any) may be useful.  Eoin Woods, in comp.emacs, writes the      !
  following:                                                                 !
                                                                             !
    From reading the source (!) the way I use it is:                         !
                                                                             !
      for f in `find <args>`                                                 !
      do                                                                     !
         etags -at -f ETAGS $f                                               !
      done                                                                   !
                                                                             !
    The "-t" option means to create tags for typedefs as well as functions.  !
    The "-a" option tells it to append to the output file. If you have a     !
    small number of files (up to a few hundred I think) you can use it       !
    direct as:                                                               !
                                                                             !
      etags -f ETAGS file1 file2 file3 ... filen                             !
                                                                             !
    The option list is:                                                      !
                                                                             !
            -f file -  Specify the output file name (Default is "TAGS")      !
            -a      -  Append to the output file. (Default is to rewrite it) !
            -t      -  Create tags for typedefs (default is just functions)  !
            -u      -  Update the output file. Do not re-create it.          !
            -w      -  Suppress warnings                                     !
            -v      -  Create vgrind style indexed output (What is vgrind??) !
            -x      -  Create cxref style output (default is Emacs Tags)     !
            -e      -  Emacs tags style output (the default the way I        !
                       compile it)                                           !
                                                                             !
    Having got it working, it works fine!                                    !
a1678 3
  The PWD bug has been fixed as of GNU Emacs 18.59.  Read on if you are
  running an older version of Emacs.

d1685 2
a1686 3
  will have the wrong value but Emacs will use this value.  An invalid
  setting for PWD can also be a problem if you use X Windows and csh on an
  RS/6000.  See the etc/OPTIONS file for more details.
d1785 1
a1785 1
  intermediary.
d2008 3
a2010 3
  anonymous FTP:

    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/gnu/ispell/patch2.Z
d2094 2
a2095 2
    Lucid GNU Emacs does not accept synthetic X events unless you set a
    variable.
d2128 7
a2134 4
85:  Why does linking Emacs with -lX11 fail?
  
  Emacs needs to be linked with the static version of the X11 library,
  libX11.a.  This may be missing.
d2136 1
a2136 4
  Under OpenWindows, you may need to use `add_services' to add the
  `OpenWindows Programmers' optional software category from the CD-ROM.
  
  Under HP-UX 8.0, you may need to run `update' again to load the
d2141 5
a2145 5
  If you are building the MIT X11 sources, you may need to modify your
  `site.cf' file to get static versions of the libraries.  (Info from David
  Zuhn <zoo@@cygnus.com>.)
  
  Other systems may have similar problems.  You can always define
d2148 2
a2149 2
  To get the Xmenu stuff to work, you need to find a copy of MIT's
  liboldX.a.
d2160 1
a2160 3
  `#define SYSTEM_MALLOC' in src/config.h.
  

d2190 3
a2192 3
  The latest version is always available via anonymous FTP at MIT:
  
    /prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/emacs-18.59.tar.Z
d2227 3
a2229 3
  You can access the Emacs Lisp Archive via anonymous FTP:
  
    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:/pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/
d2272 1
a2272 1
    ;; |91-03-26|$Revision: 1.4 $|~/packages/tex-complete.el.Z              !
d2292 6
a2297 6
    /prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/
    /ftp.uu.net:packages/gnu/
    /src.doc.ic.ac.uk:gnu/ (available via FTP, NIFTP, FTAM)
    /ftp.win.tue.nl:pub/gnu/
    /utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp:ftpsync/prep/
    /nic.funet.fi:pub/gnu/
d2310 1
a2310 1
  R. Ferro <jf41+@@ANDREW.CMU.EDU>, Arjan de Vet <devet@@win.tue.nl>, and
d2330 3
a2332 3
  There is a package called BAM (Born Again Menus) which provides menus for
  GNU Emacs via an external C program.  It does not provide mouse support in
  the Emacs window such as scrollbars, cut-and-paste, etc.
d2371 4
a2374 3
  The unofficial HP GNU Emacs is available via anonymous FTP:
  
    /ee.utah.edu:HUGE/  (PLEASE FTP DURING NON-WORK HOURS!!!)
d2441 10
a2450 3
    are different from GNU Emacs.  The author is Daniel Lawrence             -
    <dan@@mdbs.uucp, mdbs!dan@@ee.ecn.purdue.edu>.  The latest version is 3.12 !
    and it is available via anonymous FTP:
a2451 5
      /midas.mgmt.purdue.edu:dist/uemacs312/   (outside business hours)      !
                                                                             !
    Version 3.12 includes Windows and Windows NT versions and a DOS          !
    protected mode (DMPI) version.                                           !

d2458 5
a2462 3
    available via anonymous FTP:
  
      /cs.toronto.edu:/pub/moraes/jove4.14.7.tar.Z
d2471 5
a2475 5
    It is also available via anonymous FTP:
  
      /ftp.white.toronto.edu:pub/mg/
      /wuarchive.wustl.edu:/mirrors/unix-c/editors/
      /procyon.cis.ksu.edu:  (source and executable)
d2483 3
a2485 3
    /ftp.cica.indiana.edu:pub/pc/win3/util/mewin10.zip
    /ftp.cica.indiana.edu:pub/pc/win3/util/mewin10s.zip
    /ftp.cica.indiana.edu:pub/pc/win3/util/mewri.zip
d2489 18
a2506 18
  From the OS/2 Programmer's FAQ:
  
    GNU Emacs 18.58 is available.  It requires you to have EMX installed
    on your machine, but it comes with all the EMX files you will need.
    Emacs is available on ftp-os2 in /pub/os2/2.0/gnu/emacs.  (If you want
    to recompile emacs, you will need the full EMX distribution see
    question 1.2.)
  
  The above quote may be out of date.  See the latest OS/2 Programmer's FAQ
  {perhaps in comp.os.os2.misc?} for the latest news.  Anonymous FTP info:
  
    /ftp-os2.nmsu.edu:pub/os2/2.0/gnu/emacs/
      ("ftp-os2" was formerly named "hobbes")
  
  Thanks go to Stephen Simpson <simpson@@symcom.math.uiuc.edu>, Jonathan
  Miller <jem+@@andrew.cmu.edu>, Terry Kane <terryk@@cc.gatech.edu>, J. D.
  Baldwin <baldwin@@csservera.usna.navy.mil>, and Ken Bass
  <kbass@@gmuvax2.gmu.edu>.
d2518 3
a2520 3
    /atari.archive.umich.edu:atari/gnustuff/tos/  (TOS Emacs 18.57)
    /atari.archive.umich.edu:atari/new/mntemacs.zoo  (MiNT Emacs)
    /cs.uni-sb.de:/pub/atari/emacs/
d2527 1
a2527 1
    /oes.orst.edu:/pub/almanac/comp/amiga/software/gnuemacs-1.10/
d2530 1
a2530 1
    To: almanac@@oes.orst.edu
d2556 4
a2559 4
  FTP:
  
    /columbia.edu:pub/ps-emacs.tar.Z
    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/gnu/emacs/ps-emacs.tar.Z
d2561 1
a2561 1
  and via e-mail:
d2564 1
a2564 1
    body: send NeWS emacs-support
d2587 6
a2592 2
  Richard Levitte <levitte@@e.kth.se> tells us that there are patches for
  Emacs 18.57, 18.58, and 18.59 available via e-mail:                        !
a2593 11
    To: EMACS-FILESERV@@e.kth.se                                              !
    body: SEND EMACS-1857-PATCHES
      or: SEND EMACS-1858-PATCHES
      or: SEND EMACS-1859-PATCHES                                            +
                                                                             +
  or via anonymous ftp at:                                                   +
                                                                             +
      /lucy.merrimack.edu:emacs-1859-patches.share                           +
                                                                             +
  The set of patches weighs in at around 2.7 MB.                             +

d2606 1
a2606 1
  information in two ways:
d2611 1
a2611 1
      hname XXX.YYY.ZZZ
d2620 6
a2625 6
    or:
  
      To: resolve@@cs.widener.edu
      body: site XXX.YYY.ZZZ
  
    Information from Brendan Kehoe <brendan@@cs.widener.edu>.
d2647 4
a2650 4
    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/packages/vm-4.41.tar.Z
    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/as-is/timer.shar.Z
    /ftp.uu.net:mail/vm-4.41.tar.Z
    /ftp.uu.net:mail/vm-5.32beta.tar.Z
d2666 1
a2666 1
  Latest version: 2.3                                                        !
d2668 2
a2669 2
    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/packages/sc-2.3.tar.Z !
    /ftp.cme.nist.gov:pub/gnu/sc2.3.tar.Z                                    !
d2681 8
a2688 7
    /aun.uninett.no:pub/gnus-3.14.1.tar.Z                                    -
    /wnoc-fuk.wide.ad.jp:pub/GNU/etc/gnus-3.14.1.tar.Z
    /liasun3.epfl.ch:pub/gnu/emacs/gnus-3.14.1.tar.Z
    /aix370.rrz.uni-koeln.de:/pub/gnu/emacs/gnus-3.14.1.tar.Z
    /funet.fi:/networking/news/gnus-3.14.1.tar.Z
    /src.doc.ic.ac.uk:/gnu/EmacsBits/gnus/gnus-3.14.1.tar.Z
    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/packages/gnus-3.13.tar.Z
d2703 2
a2704 2
    /csvax.cs.caltech.edu:pub/calc-2.02.tar.Z
    /prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/calc-2.02.tar.Z
d2713 1
a2713 1
    /emr.cs.uiuc.edu:pub/emacs/calendar {???}
d2722 1
a2722 1
  Latest official version: 4.20
d2724 3
a2726 3
    /alpha.gnu.ai.mit.edu:ange-ftp/ange-ftp.tar.Z
    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/packages/ange-ftp.tar.Z
    /ugle.unit.no:pub/gnu/emacs-lisp/ange-ftp.tar.Z
d2731 1
a2731 1
      /ftp.reed.edu:pub/mailing-lists/ange-ftp/ (archives)
d2741 2
a2742 2
    /cs.uiuc.edu:pub/vip4.3.tar.Z
    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/modes/vip-mode.tar.Z
d2750 2
a2751 2
  Anonymous FTP: /ftp.cs.buffalo.edu:pub/Emacs/diredall.tar.Z
                 /ftp.uni-koeln.de:pub/gnu/emacs/diredall.tar.Z
d2758 1
a2758 1
  Latest released version: 6.1 {???}
d2760 2
a2761 2
    /iesd.auc.dk:pub/emacs-lisp/auctex_6_1d.tar.Z
    /iesd.auc.dk:pub/emacs-lisp/auctex.tar.Z
d2771 1
a2771 1
    /wilma.cs.brown.edu:pub/hyperbole/ h*.tar.Z
d2792 3
a2794 3
    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/packages/bytecomp.tar.Z
    /ftp.uu.net:languages/elisp/packages/bytecomp.tar.Z
    /src.doc.ic.ac.uk:gnu/EmacsBits/elisp-archive/packages/bytecomp.tar.Z
d2800 1
a2800 1
    /cs.cmu.edu:/afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/shivers/lib/emacs/
d2808 1
a2808 1
  Latest released version: 1.47
d2810 1
a2810 1
    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/packages/bbdb.tar.Z
d2813 1
a2813 1
    info-bbdb@@lucid.com
d2815 2
a2816 2
  Note: BBDB does not work with VM 4.  It does work with VM 5, RMAIL, GNUS,
    and MH-E.
d2824 4
a2827 4
    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:/pub/gnu/ispell/ (version 2.0.02)
    /ftp.cs.ucla.edu:/pub/ispell/ (version 3.0, patches, dictionaries)
    /argus.math.orst.edu:pub/ispell/ (version 3.0, patches, dictionaries) 
    /ftp.th-darmstadt.de:pub/dicts/ispell/ (mirror of argus)
d2833 1
a2833 1
  Latest released version: 4.2
d2835 4
a2838 4
    /cs.uiuc.edu:pub/epoch-files/epoch/epoch-4.2.tar.Z
    /cs.uiuc.edu:pub/epoch-files/epoch/epoch-diff-4.1-4.2.tar.Z
    /src.doc.ic.ac.uk:gnu/epoch/
    /aix370.rrz.uni-koeln.de:gnu/emacs/epoch/
d2850 2
a2851 2
      /rtfm.mit.edu:pub/usenet/news.answers/epoch-faq
      /ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu:outgoing/marca/epoch/Epoch.FAQ
d2855 5
a2859 5
  Primary Maintainer: Jamie Zawinski <jwz@@lucid.com>
  Other Developers: Eric Benson <eb@@lucid.com>
                    Matthieu Devin <devin@@lucid.com>
                    Harlan Sexton <hbs@@lucid.com>
  Latest released version: 19.6                                              !
d2861 2
a2862 2
    /labrea.stanford.edu:pub/gnu/lucid/lemacs-19.6.tar.Z  (source)           !
    /labrea.stanford.edu:pub/gnu/lucid/lemacs-19.6-sun4.tar.Z (Sun4binaries) !
a2864 1
      alt.lucid-emacs.bug                                                    +
a2867 1
      alt.lucid-emacs.help                                                   +
d2877 21
a2897 21
    /utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp:GNU/demacs/ (nearest to U.S.A.)
    /ftp.sigmath.osaka-u.ac.jp:pub/Msdos/Demacs/
    /wnoc-fuk.wide.ad.jp:pub/msdos/Demacs/
    /ftp.3com.com:pub/gnu/msdos/demacs/
    /mindseye.berkeley.edu:pub/kanji/demacs/
    /ftp.hawaii.edu:pub/editors/demacs.tar.Z
    /ftp.math.ksu.edu:pub/pc/demacs/
    /wsmr-simtel20.army.mil:pd1:<msdos.demacs> {ange-ftp syntax?}
    /ftp.uni-koeln.de:msdos/gnuprogs/dem120e.zip (executables, lisp-code, doc)
      (PLEASE USE ONLY OUTSIDE WORKING HOURS!)
    /ftp.uni-koeln.de:msdos/gnuprogs/dem120s.zip (sources, diffs)
      (PLEASE USE ONLY OUTSIDE WORKING HOURS!)
    /ftp.lysator.liu.se:pub/msdos/gnu/emacs/
    /mizar.docs.uu.se:pub/gnu/demacs/
    /iamsun.unibe.ch:PC/demacs/
    /flop.informatik.tu-muenchen.de:outgoing/demacs.tar
    /ftp.funet.fi:pub/gnu/emacs/demacs/
    /garbo.uwasa.fi:pc/editor/dem120e.zip
    /garbo.uwasa.fi:pc/editor/dem120s.zip
    /ftp.win.tue.nl:pub/gnu/demacs/
    /ugle.unit.no:pub/gnu/Demacs/
d2913 1
a2913 1
    have Demacs lharc'ed.  If you need to find programs to unpack lharc and
d2915 2
a2916 2
    should see the comp.compression FAQ, available for FTP:
       /rtfm.mit.edu:pub/usenet/comp.compression/
d2938 2
a2939 2
    /simtel20.army.mil:PD:<MSDOS.FREEMACS> {ange-ftp syntax?}
    /grape.ecs.clarkson.edu:pub/msdos/freemacs/
d2960 1
a2960 1
  Latest version: 2.0 patchlevel 12u8
d2963 2
a2964 4
    /prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/patch-2.0.12u8.tar.Z
    /prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/patch-2.0.12g8.tar.Z  (GNU version)
  

d3030 4
a3033 4
  In Emacs 19 (including Lucid Emacs), you can bind function key F24 like
  this:
  
    (global-set-key 'f24 'some-command)
d3200 2
a3201 2
    /ftp.eu.net:gnu/emacs/FP-Xfun.Z
    /ftp.urc.tue.nl:pub/tex/emacs/FP-Xfun
d3419 1
a3419 1
      modes that have local bindings of DEL that will interfere.
d3683 3
a3685 3
  Unless you're using Emacs under emacstool (or xvetool?), have a working
  version of x-rebind-key (see question 128), or are using Emacs 19 (Lucid
  Emacs), you can't do this with Emacs alone.
d3707 14
a3720 14
  If you have x-rebind-key, you can have any arbitrary combination of
  modifiers with a key replaced by any sequence of "normal" characters.  For
  example, this makes Shift-Return behave as though you had typed "C-x C-e"
  (example from Jerry Graves):
  
    (x-rebind-key "Return" 'shift "\C-x\C-e")
  
  In Emacs 19 (Lucid Emacs), you can bind Meta-Left-Arrow like this (example
  from Jamie Zawinski):
  
    (global-set-key '(meta left) 'backward-word)
  
  With the last two methods, use `xmodmap' and `xev' to discover the keysym
  and modifier names.
d3799 6
a3804 6
    /ftp.eu.net:gnu/emacs/FP-EightBit.Z
    /ftp.urc.tue.nl:/pub/tex/emacs/FP-EightBit
    /cs.purdue.edu:pub/ygz/cemacs.tar.Z:cemacs/8bit-patch-18.57
    /sics.se:archive/emacs-18.55-8bit-diff
    /laas.laas.fr:pub/emacs/patch-8bit-18.55
    /laas.laas.fr:pub/emacs/patch-8bit-18.57
d3811 1
a3811 1
  patch for Emacs 18.59 that allows for 8-bit input and output.
d3814 3
a3816 18
    /ftp.efd.lth.se:pub/gnu/emacs_8-bit.patch

  In the words of the author:

    With these patches, Emacs becomes fully 8-bit operational.  There is
    support for displaying 8-bit characters, as well as for entering such
    characters from the keyboard.  In addition, upcase/lowcase tranlatsion
    is supported, accented characters are recognized as "letters" (important
    when doing 'forward-word', for example), and text with 8-bit characters
    can be sorted correctly.

    A Meta-shift key can still be used, provided that you run in an
    environment where it is possible to distinguish between a character
    entered using the Meta-shift key and one entered directly. The diffs
    include patches to make this work under SunView (with emacstool) as
    well as under X.  If you can't use a Meta-shift key, you have to enter
    Meta-commands with the ESC-prefix.

d3823 1
a3823 1
  <Bellman@@lysator.liu.se> has updated these patches for Emacs 18.59.
d3826 8
a3833 8
    /sics.se:archive/emacs-gayle.tar.Z  (patches for 18.55)
    /ftp.lysator.liu.se:pub/emacs/gayle-18.58.diff.tar.Z  (patches)
    /ftp.lysator.liu.se:pub/emacs/emacs-18.59-gayle.tar.Z  (patched Emacs)
  
  Epoch's 8-bit character support is based on Anders Edenbrandt's patches.
  Lucid Emacs has the ctl-arrow patch installed.  Nemacs displays 8-bit
  characters, and it may be useful for displaying the 8-bit ISO-8859
  alphabet, but I don't know for sure (see question 149).
d3856 5
a3860 5
  Jamie Zawinski says:
  
    Lucid GNU Emacs allows the input of any ISO-8859/1 keysyms that your
    keyboard generates (see xmodmap), and contains a package that implements
    a DEC/OpenWindows-like "Compose" key for systems which don't have one.
d3865 5
a3869 4
  that handles kanji characters.  It is available via anonymous FTP:
  
    /crl.nmsu.edu:pub/misc/nemacs-3.3.2.tar.Z
    /miki.cs.titech.ac.jp:JAPAN/nemacs/nemacs-3.3.2.tar.Z
d3882 4
a3885 1
  FTP:
d3887 3
a3889 6
    /crl.nmsu.edu:pub/chinese/cemacs.tar.Z
    /cs.purdue.edu:pub/ygz/cemacs.tar.Z
  
  Cxterm is available from the same place:
  
    /cs.purdue.edu:pub/ygz/cxterm-11.5.1.tar.Z
d3925 2
a3926 2
    /israel.nysernet.org:israel/msdos/ibelbe.zip
    /israel.nysernet.org:israel/msdos/hebfont.zip
d3937 1
d3996 2
a3997 2
     the mail, this can cause a variety of horrible problems.  Jamie
     Zawinski has written a solution for this.
d4073 2
a4074 2
  provides no obvious way to reverse this transformation.  Kyle Jones has
  aptly named this "the great Emacs Mail Eating Monster".  To convert a mail
d4189 1
a4189 1
  Upgrade to Emacs 18.58 or higher.
d4230 2
a4231 2
  Felix Lee wrote some enhancements called `gnus-speedups.el' that fix some
  of the problems.  See the Emacs Lisp Archive.
d4274 16
a4289 16
  David Lawrence <tale@@uunet.uu.net> explains:
  
    The problem is almost always interaction between NNTP and C News.  NNTP
    POST asks C News's inews to not background itself but rather hang around
    and give its exit status so it knows whether the post was successful.
    (That wait will on some systems not return the exit status of the
    waited for job is a different sort of problem.)  It ends up taking a
    long time because inews is calling relaynews, which often waits for
    another relaynews to free the lock on the news system so it can file the
    article.
  
    My preferred solution is to change inews to not call relaynews, but
    rather use newsspool.  This loses some error-catching functionality, but
    is for the most part safe as inews will detect a lot of the errors on
    its own.  The C News folks have sped up inews, too, so speed should look
    better to most folks as that update propagates around.
d4294 4
a4297 4
  question 174, and the path problem.  This piece of code may fix the path
  problem for you:
  
    (setq gnus-use-generic-path t)
d4308 2
a4309 1
  This is not fixed as of GNUS 3.14.1.
d4335 2
a4336 2
  David Lawrence <tale@@uunet.uu.net> says that GNUS 3.14.1 generates Lines
  if gnus-news-system is Cnews.
a4377 16

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992 Joseph Brian Wells
Copyright (C) 1992, 1993 Steven Byrnes

This list of frequently asked questions about GNU Emacs with answers
("FAQ") may be translated into other languages, transformed into other
formats (e.g. Texinfo, Info, WWW, WAIS, etc.), and updated with new
information.  The same conditions apply to any derivative of the FAQ as
apply to the FAQ itself.  Every copy of the FAQ must include this notice
or an approved translation, information on who is currently maintaining
the FAQ and how to contact them (including their e-mail address), and
information on where the latest version of the FAQ is archived (including
FTP information).  The FAQ may be copied and redistributed under these
conditions, except that the FAQ may not be embedded in a larger literary
work unless that work itself allows free copying and redistribution.
@


1.1.1.3
log
@import emacs-19.14
@
text
@d437 1
a437 1
  infringement case involving the GPL to set any precedents.  Please take any
d528 1
a528 1
  not listed on the main mailing list, but instead receive the mail from a
d2090 1
a2090 1
    hole was created and users could get root privileges.
d2135 2
a2136 2
    connections to your X workstation can make your Emacs process do
    anything, including run other processes with your privileges.
d2331 1
a2331 1
    ;; |91-03-26|$Revision: 1.5 $|~/packages/tex-complete.el.Z              !
d3201 1
a3201 1
     These keys work like Sun function keys.  When Emacs receives the
d3884 1
a3884 1
    characters from the keyboard.  In addition, upcase/lowcase translation
@


1.1.1.4
log
@import emacs-19.29
@
text
@d3 1
a3 2
This is the introduction to a list of frequently asked questions (FAQ)
about GNU Emacs with answers.
d5 15
a19 8
The FAQ is posted to reduce the noise level in the `gnu.emacs.help'
newsgroup (which is also the `help-gnu-emacs' mailing list) which results
from the repetition of frequently asked questions, wrong answers to these
questions, corrections to the wrong answers, corrections to the
corrections, debate, name calling, etc.  Also, it serves as a repository of
the canonical "best" answers to these questions.  However, if you know a
better answer or even a slight change that improves an answer, please tell
us!
d21 1
a21 1
If you know the answer to a question in the FAQ list, please reply to the
d24 2
a25 2
The FAQ is crossposted to `comp.emacs' because some sites do not receive
the `gnu.*' newsgroups.  The FAQ is also crossposted to `news.answers'.
d27 3
a29 1
Full instructions for getting the latest FAQ are in question 22.
d31 20
a50 27
It has been so long since the FAQ was last edited and released that the
maintainers decided to take a two-step approach.  This edition corrects
many basic inaccuracies in the old FAQ, most of them having to do with ftp
sites and version numbers.  In addition, we have deleted a number of
questions that are no longer relevant with the release of GNU Emacs 19.

Many questions specific to recent releases of GNU Emacs 19 remain
unanswered in this version of the FAQ; the maintainers will spend time over
the next month or two adding new questions (and answers), based in no small
part on the questions that have come across help-gnu-emacs in recent
months.

There is no diff file for this version of the FAQ, as many things have
changed since it was last updated.

Please suggest new questions, answers, wording changes, deletions, etc.
The most helpful form for suggestions is a context diff (i.e., the output
of `diff -c').  Include `FAQ' in the subject of messages sent to us about
the FAQ list.

Please do not send questions to us just because you do not want to disturb
a lot of people and you think we would know the answer.  We do not have
time to answer questions individually.  :-(

--
Reuven M. Lerner <reuven@@the-tech.mit.edu> and the FAQ team (a full list is
at the bottom of the FAQ).
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6:   What is the LPF?
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25:  What is different about GNU Emacs 19?

Common Things People Want To Do 

26:  How do I set up a .emacs file properly?
27:  How do I debug a .emacs file?
28:  How do I make Emacs display the current line (or column) number?
29:  How do I turn on abbrevs by default just in mode XXX?
30:  How do I turn on auto-fill mode by default?
31:  How do I make Emacs use a certain major mode for certain files?
32:  How do I search for, delete, or replace unprintable (8-bit or control)
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33:  How can I highlight a region of text in Emacs?
34:  How do I control Emacs's case-sensitivity when searching/replacing?
35:  How do I make Emacs wrap words for me?
36:  Where can I get a better spelling checker for Emacs?
37:  How can I spell-check TeX or *roff documents?
38:  How do I change load-path?
39:  How do I use an already running Emacs from another window?
40:  How do I make Emacs recognize my compiler's funny error messages?
41:  How do I indent switch statements like this?
42:  How can I make Emacs automatically scroll horizontally?
43:  How do I make Emacs "typeover" or "overwrite" instead of inserting?
44:  How do I stop Emacs from beeping on a terminal?
45:  How do I turn down the bell volume in Emacs running under X Windows?
46:  How do I tell Emacs to automatically indent a new line to the
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47:  How do I show which parenthesis matches the one I'm looking at?
48:  In C mode, can I show just the lines that will be left after #ifdef
d124 6
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49:  Is there an equivalent to the `.' (dot) command of vi?
50:  What are the valid X resource settings (i.e., stuff in .Xdefaults)?
51:  How do I execute a piece of Emacs Lisp code?
52:  How do I change Emacs's idea of the tab character's length?
53:  How do I insert `>' at the beginning of every line?
54:  How do I insert `_^H' before each character in a paragraph to get an
d131 2
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55:  How do I repeat a command as many times as possible?
56:  How do I make Emacs behave like this: when I go up or down, the cursor
d134 4
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57:  How do I tell Emacs to iconify itself?
58:  How do I use regexps (regular expressions) in Emacs?
59:  How do I perform a replace operation across more than one file?
60:  Where is the documentation for `etags'?
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61:  Does Emacs have problems with files larger than 8 megabytes?
62:  How do I get rid of the ^M junk in my shell buffer?
63:  Why do I get `Process shell exited abnormally with code 1'?
64:  Where is the termcap/terminfo entry for terminal type `emacs'?
65:  Why does Emacs spontaneously start displaying `I-search:' and beeping?
66:  Why can't Emacs talk to certain hosts (or certain hostnames)?
67:  Why does Emacs say `Error in init file'?
68:  Why does Emacs ignore my X resources (my .Xdefaults file)?
69:  Why does Emacs take 20 seconds to visit a file?
70:  How do I edit a file with a `$' in its name?
71:  Why does shell mode lose track of the shell's current directory?
72:  Are there any security risks in GNU Emacs?
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73:  What should I do if I have trouble building Emacs?
74:  How do I stop Emacs from failing when the executable is stripped?
75:  Why does linking Emacs with -lX11 fail?
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76:  Where can I get GNU Emacs on the net (or by snail mail)?
77:  How do I find a GNU Emacs Lisp package that does XXX?
78:  Where can I get GNU Emacs Lisp packages that don't come with Emacs?
79:  How do I submit code to the Emacs Lisp Archive?
80:  Where can I get other up-to-date GNU stuff?
81:  What is the difference between GNU Emacs and Epoch?
82:  What is the difference between GNU Emacs and XEmacs (formerly "Lucid
     Emacs")? 
83:  Where can I get Emacs for my PC running MS-DOS?
84:  Where can I get Emacs for my PC running Microsoft Windows?
85:  Where can I get Emacs for my PC running OS/2?
86:  Where can I get Emacs for my Atari ST?
87:  Where can I get Emacs for my Amiga?
88:  Where can I get Emacs for my Apple computer?
89:  Where do I get Emacs that runs on VMS under DECwindows?
90:  Where can I get modes for Lex, Yacc/Bison, Bourne shell, Csh, C++,
     Objective C, Pascal, and Awk?
91:  What is the IP address of XXX.YYY.ZZZ?
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92:  VM (View Mail) -- another mail reader within Emacs
93:  Supercite -- mail and news citation package within Emacs
94:  Gnus -- news reader within Emacs
95:  Calc -- poor man's Mathematica within Emacs
96:  Ange-FTP -- transparent FTP access for Emacs's file access routines
97:  VIP -- vi emulation for Emacs
98:  AUC TeX -- enhanced LaTeX mode with debugging facilities
99:  Hyperbole -- extensible hypertext management system within Emacs
100: BBDB -- personal Info Rolodex integrated with mail/news readers
101: Ispell -- spell checker in C with interface for Emacs
102: XEmacs -- alternative Emacs 19 with better X interface; formerly
               known as Lucid Emacs or lemacs.
103: Patch -- program to apply "diffs" for updating files
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104: How do I bind keys (including function keys) to commands?
105: Why does Emacs say `Key sequence XXX uses invalid prefix characters'?
106: Why doesn't this [terminal or window-system setup] code work in my
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107: How do I use function keys under X Windows?
108: How do I tell what characters or symbols my function or arrow keys
     emit?
109: How do I set the X key "translations" for Emacs?
110: How do I handle C-s and C-q being used for flow control?
111: How do I bind `C-s' and `C-q' (or any key) if these keys are filtered
     out?
112: Why does the `Backspace' key invoke help?
113: Why doesn't Emacs look at the stty settings for Backspace vs. Delete?
114: How do I "swap" two keys?
115: How do I produce C-XXX with my keyboard?
116: What if I don't have a Meta key?
117: What if I don't have an Escape key?
118: Can I make my `Compose Character' key behave like a Meta key?
119: How do I bind a combination of modifier key and function key?
120: Why doesn't my Meta key work in an xterm window?
121: Why doesn't my ExtendChar key work as a Meta key under HP-UX 8.0?
122: Where can I get key bindings to make Emacs emulate WordStar?
123: Where can I get an XEDIT emulator for Emacs?
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124: How do I make Emacs display 8-bit characters?
125: How do I input 8-bit characters?
126: Where can I get an Emacs that can handle kanji characters?
127: Where can I get an Emacs that can handle Chinese?
128: Where is an Emacs that can handle Semitic (right-to-left) alphabets?
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129: How do I change the included text prefix in mail/news followups?
130: How do I save a copy of outgoing mail?
131: Why doesn't Emacs expand my aliases when sending mail?
132: Why does Rmail think all my saved messages are one big message?
133: How can I sort the messages in my Rmail folder?
134: Why does Rmail need to write to /usr/spool/mail?
135: How do I recover my mail files after Rmail munges their format?
136: How do I make Emacs automatically start my mail/news reader?
137: How do I read news under Emacs?
138: Why doesn't Gnus work via NNTP?
139: How do I view text with embedded underlining (e.g., ClariNews)?
140: How do I save all the items of a multi-part posting in Gnus?
141: Why does Gnus put the subjects in replies beyond the 80th column?
142: How do I make Gnus start up faster?
143: How do I catch up all newsgroups in Gnus?
144: Why can't I kill in Gnus on the Newsgroups/Keywords/Control line?
145: How do I get rid of flashing messages in Gnus for slow connections?
146: Why is catch up slow in Gnus?
147: Why does Gnus hang for a long time when posting?
148: Why don't my news postings in Gnus get past the local machine?
149: Why doesn't Gnus generate the `Lines:' header?
150: How do I kill all articles in Gnus but those matching a pattern?

------------------------------------------------------------

If you are viewing this text in a GNU Emacs Buffer, you can type "M-2 C-x
$" to get an overview of just the questions.  Then, when you want to look
at the text of the answers, just type "C-x $".
a299 2
To search for a question numbered XXX, type "M-C-s ^XXX:", followed by a
C-r if that doesn't work, then type ESC to end the search.
a300 2
Full instructions for getting the latest FAQ are in question 22, or use
anonymous FTP to the-tech.mit.edu.
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a321 14

  C-x means press the `x' key while holding down the Control key.  M-x
  means press the `x' key while holding down the Meta key.  M-C-x means
  press the `x' key while holding down both the Control key and the Meta
  key.  C-M-a is a synonym for M-C-a.  RET, LFD, DEL, ESC, and TAB
  respectively refer to pressing the Return, Linefeed (aka Newline),
  Delete, Escape, and Tab keys and are equivalent to C-m, C-j, C-?, C-[,
  and C-i.  SPC means press the Space bar.

  Key sequences longer than one key (and some single-key sequences) are
  inside double quotes or on lines by themselves.  Any real spaces in such
  a key sequence should be ignored; only SPC really means press the space
  key.

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  For further information, see `Characters' and `Keys' in the on-line
  manual.

  NOTE: C-? (aka DEL) is ASCII code 127.  It is a misnomer to call C-?  a
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a335 1

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a338 1

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  TAB and SPC for completion, "?" for a list of possibilities, and M-p and
  M-n to see previous commands entered.  An Emacs "command" is any
  "interactive" Emacs function.

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  To run non-interactive Emacs functions, see question 51.

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a353 2

  When we refer you to topic XXX in the on-line manual, you can read this
d355 1
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  This invokes Info, the GNU hypertext documentation browser.  If you don't
  already know how to use Info, type "?" from within Info.

  If we refer to topic XXX:YYY, type this:

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  or may have installed them improperly.  In this case you should complain.

d369 1
a369 1

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  start Emacs, then type "C-h v data-directory RET".  The directory name
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  Some of these files are available individually via FTP or e-mail; see
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  WARNING: Your system administrator may have removed the src directory and
  many files from the etc directory.

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  quality free software available for everyone.  The OSF is a consortium of
  computer vendors which develops commercial software for Unix systems.

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  to "freedom," not "zero dollars."  Anyone can charge any price for
  GPL-covered software that they want to.  However, in practice, the
  freedom enforced by the GPL leads to low prices, because you can always
  get the software for less money from someone else, because everyone has
  the right to resell or give away GPL-covered software.
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6:   What is the LPF?

  The LPF opposes the expanding danger of software patents and
  look-and-feel copyrights.  To get more information, feel free to contact
  the LPF via e-mail or otherwise.  You may also contact Joe Wells
  <jbw@@cs.bu.edu>; he will be happy to talk with you about the LPF.

  You can find more information about the LPF in the file etc/LPF.  More
  papers describing the LPF's views are available on the Internet and also
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      /prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/lpf/
d432 1
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  The real legal meaning of the GNU General Public Licence (copyleft) will
  only be known if and when a judge rules on its validity and scope.  There
  has never been a copyright infringement case involving the GPL to set any
  precedents.  Please take any discussion regarding this issue to the
  newsgroup gnu.misc.discuss, which was created to hold the extensive flame
  wars on the subject.

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    The legal meaning of the GNU copyleft is less important than the
    spirit, which is that Emacs is a free software project and that work
    pertaining to Emacs should also be free software.  "Free" means that
    all users have the freedom to study, share, change and improve Emacs.
    To make sure everyone has this freedom, pass along source code when you
    distribute any version of Emacs or a related program, and give the
    recipients the same freedom that you enjoyed.

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     comp.emacs, etc.?

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  comp.emacs is for discussion of Emacs programs in general.  This includes
  GNU Emacs along with various other implementations like JOVE, MicroEmacs,
  Freemacs, MG, Unipress, CCA, and Epsilon..

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  Messages advocating "non-free" software are considered unacceptable on
  any of the gnu.* newsgroups except for gnu.misc.discuss, which was
  created to hold the extensive flame-wars on the subject.  "non-free"
  software includes any software for which the end user can't freely modify
  the source code and exchange enhancements.  Be careful to remove the
  gnu.* groups from the `Newsgroups:' line when posting a followup that
  recommends such software.

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  reports to this newsgroup (see question 10).

d480 1
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  postings from, but pretty much everything is there.  The archive is
  available via anonymous ftp at

    /prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/MailingListArchives/

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a501 1

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    If you have reported a bug and you don't hear about a possible fix,
    then after a suitable delay (such as a week) it is okay to post on
d515 1
a515 1

d517 1
a517 1

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    while building, that is a bug.  If Emacs crashes while building, that
    is a bug.  If Lisp code does not do what the documentation says it
    does, that is a bug.

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  If you are receiving a GNU mailing list named `XXX', you might be able to
  unsubscribe to it by sending a request to the address
d530 2
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  distribution point you are listed.  Inspecting the `Received:' headers on
  the mail messages may help, along with liberal use of the `EXPN' or
d534 1
a534 1

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  For details on how to order, see the file etc/ORDERS.
d549 16
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  Type "C-h t" to invoke the self-paced tutorial.  Typing just C-h is how
  to enter the help system.

  WARNING: Your system administrator may have changed C-h to act like DEL
  to deal with local keyboards.  You can use M-x help-for-help instead to
  invoke help.  To discover what key (if any) invokes help on your system,
  type "M-x where-is RET help-for-help RET".  This will print a
  comma-separated list of key sequences in the echo area.  Ignore the last
  character in each key sequence listed.  Each of the resulting key
  sequences invokes help.

  NOTE: Emacs help works best if it is invoked by a single key whose value
  should be stored in the variable help-char.  Andrew Arensburger
  <arensb@@kong.gsfc.nasa.gov> wrote a patch that allows the help facility
  to work properly when invoked by multiple character sequences.

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  * The complete text of the Emacs manual is available on-line via the Info
d571 1
a571 1

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  * You can get a printed reference card listing commands and keys to
    invoke them.  You can order one from the FSF for $1 (or 10 for $5), or
    you can print your own from the etc/refcard.tex or etc/refcard.ps files
    in the Emacs distribution.

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    (actually which match a regular expression) using "C-h a" (M-x
    command-apropos).

d585 9
a593 4

  * There are many other commands in Emacs for getting help and
    information.  To get a list of these commands, type "C-h C-h C-h".

d595 5
a599 4

  You can order a printed copy of the GNU Emacs manual from the FSF.  For
  details see the file etc/ORDERS.

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  420 page manual yourself (see question 18).

  If you absolutely have to print your own copy, and you don't have TeX,
  you can get a PostScript version via anonymous FTP:

    /ftp.cs.ubc.ca:pub/archive/gnu/manuals_ps/emacs-19.21.ps.gz

  This site requests that you please CONFINE ANY MAJOR FTPING TO LATE
  EVENINGS OR EARLY MORNINGS OUR TIME (Pacific time zone, GMT-8).  A DVI
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    /prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/emacs-manual-6.0.dvi.gz

  and all prep mirrors (See question 80 for a list).

  A WWW version of the Emacs manual is available on the World-Wide Web at
  URL

    http://asis01.cern.ch/infohtml/emacs/emacs.html

  See also question 14 for how to view the manual on-line.

d624 1
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a645 25

  For more information, obtain the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
  Details on ordering it from FSF are in file etc/ORDERS.

  For on-line use, a set of pregenerated Info files is available with the
  Texinfo source for the Emacs Lisp manual via anonymous FTP at

    /prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/elisp-manual-19-2.3.tar.gz

  and all prep mirrors (See question 80 for a list).

  You can also create the Info files from the Texinfo source.  See question
  17 for details on how to install these files on-line.

  A WWW version of the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual is available at

    http://www.cs.indiana.edu/usr/local/www/elisp/lispref/elisp_toc.html

  An introduction to Emacs Lisp is available at

    http://www.cs.indiana.edu/usr/local/www/elisp/elisp-intro.html

  Of course, you can also print this 760-page manual yourself.  For
  instructions on how to do this, see question 18.

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a652 10

  First, you must turn the Texinfo files into Info files.  You may do this
  within Emacs, using "M-x texinfo-format-buffer", or with the standalone
  `makeinfo' program, available as part of the latest Texinfo package via
  anonymous ftp from:

    /prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/texinfo-3.1.tar.gz

  and all prep mirrors (See question 80 for a list).

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  comes with Emacs.  This manual also comes installed in Info format, so
  you can read it on-line.

  Neither texinfo-format-buffer nor makeinfo installs the resulting Info
  files in Emacs's Info tree.  To install Info files:

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     distribution.  See question 4 if you don't know where that is.

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     installing.  Follow the examples already in this file.  The format is:

d670 1
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d673 1
a673 1

d679 1
a679 1

d681 1
a681 1

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a707 15
    Info directory is by adding its pathname to the value of the variable
    Info-default-directory-list.  For example, to use a private Info
    directory which is a subdirectory of your home directory named `Info',
    you could put this in your .emacs file:

      (setq Info-default-directory-list 
            (cons "~/Info" Info-default-directory-list))

    You will need a top-level Info file named `dir' in this directory which
    has everything the system dir file has in it, except it should list
    only entries for Info files in that directory.  You might not need it
    if all files in this directory were referenced by other `dir' files.
    The node lists from all dir files in Info-default-directory-list are
    merged by the Info system.

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a731 4

  5. Print the DVI file XXX.dvi in the normal way for printing DVI files at
     your site.

d734 1
a734 1

d736 9
a744 10

  Yes, the `info', `xinfo', `tkinfo', and `ivinfo' programs do this.  Info
  uses curses, xinfo uses standard X11 libraries, tkinfo uses Tk/Tcl and
  ivinfo uses InterViews.  You can get Info as part of the latest Texinfo
  package (see question 17).  xinfo is available separately:

    /prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/xinfo-1.01.01.tar.gz

  and all prep mirrors (See question 80 for a list).

d746 3
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  <tom@@ssd.csd.harris.com>.  tkinfo is available by anonymous ftp from:

    /ptolemy.eecs.berkeley.edu:pub/misc/tkinfo-0.6.tar.Z
    /ftp.aud.alcatel.com:tcl/code/tkinfo-0.6.tar.gz

  For ivinfo, you need Stanford's InterViews C++ X library, available via
  anonymous ftp from interviews.stanford.edu.  (A FAQ on InterViews is
  available at that site in pub/FAQ.)

d750 1
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  The following files are available in the `etc' directory of the GNU Emacs
  distribution, and also the latest versions are available individually via
  anonymous FTP (prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/GNUinfo/):

    APPLE -- Why the FSF doesn't support GNU Emacs on Apple computers
d765 2
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                 UNIX-compatible software system with BYTE editors
d771 1
a771 1

d774 4
a777 1

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    NEWS -- GNU Emacs news, a history of user-visible changes
d782 4
a785 3

  These files are available via anonymous FTP (prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/):

d788 1
a788 1

d790 3
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  via e-mail.  Of course, please try to get them from a local source first
  (See question 80 for a list).

d794 31
a824 34

  * GNU's Bulletin, January 1994
        GNU's Who
        GNU's Bulletin
        What Is the Free Software Foundation?
        What Is Copyleft?
        Donations Translate Into Free Software
        Cygnus Matches Donations!
        GNUs Flashes
        What Is the LPF?
        News from the LPF
        Free Software Support
        Project GNU Wish List
        Towards a New Strategy of OS Design
           Part 1: A More Usable Approach to OS Design
           Part 2: A Look at Some of the Hurd's Beasts
        Second Annual GNU Seminar in Japan
        GNU and other Free Software in Japan
        Freely Available Texts
        OCEAN Integrated-Circuit Design System
        Hundred Acre Consulting Expands
        Project GNU Status Report
        GNU Documentation
        GNU Software Available Now
        Source Code CD-ROM
        Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM
        Tape & CD-ROM Subscription Service
        How to Get GNU Software
        The Deluxe Distribution
        MS-DOS Distribution
        Free Software for Microcomputers
        FSF T-shirt
        Thank GNUs
        Free Software Foundation Order Form
d827 3
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  A collection of past GNU's Bulletins is available via anonymous FTP from:

a831 4
  The latest bulletin is available on the World-Wide Web at URL:

    http://info.desy.de/gnu/www/gnu_bulletin_9401/gnu_bulletin_9401_toc.html

d833 1
a833 1

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  You might also try the help-gnu-emacs mailing list, which is also known
  as the gnu.emacs.help newsgroup, although many installation questions can
  easily be answered by looking at the PROBLEMS file (in the top-level
  directory when you unpack the Emacs source).

d839 1
a839 1

d841 1
a841 1

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    news spool, in both the gnu.emacs.help and comp.emacs newsgroups.
    Every news reader should allow you to read any news article that is
    still in the news spool, even if you have read the article before.  You
    may need to read the instructions for your news reader to discover how
    to do this.  In `rn', this command will do this for you at the article
    selection level:

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    In Gnus, you should type "C-u c-x c-s" from the *Summary* buffer or
    "C-u SPC" from the *Newsgroup* buffer to view all articles in a
    newsgroup.

d872 3
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    administrator, because the most recent FAQ should not expire before for
    a while.

d876 25
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    from the-tech.mit.edu, in ~ftp/pub/GNU-Emacs/.

d902 14
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    available version of the FAQ at the time of release has been part of
    the GNU Emacs distribution as file etc/FAQ.
a916 18
  * Via the World-Wide Web.  Point your favorite Web browser (Mosaic, Lynx,
    w3-mode) to one of the following URLs:

    http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/top.html
    http://scwww.ucs.indiana.edu/FAQ/Emacs/

  * If all goes well, this FAQ should also be available via anonymous ftp
    and e-mail from rtfm.mit.edu, the main repository for FAQs and other
    items posted to news.answers.  However, we are omitting explicit
    directions on how to retrieve the FAQ from rtfm.mit.edu, since it's
    possible that it won't end up there right away.  (We're new at this
    FAQ-posting business.)  Instructions on how to retrieve the FAQ from
    rtfm.mit.edu should be in the next version of the FAQ.

  * As the very last resort, you can e-mail a request to
    gnu-emacs-faq-maintainers@@bigbird.bu.edu.  Don't do this unless you
    have made a serious effort to obtain the FAQ list via one of the
    methods listed above.
d921 1
a921 1

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  the time."  The first Emacs was a set of macros written in 1976 at MIT by
  RMS for the editor TECO (Text Editor and COrrector (originally Tape
  Editor and COrrector)) under ITS on a PDP-10.  RMS had already extended
  TECO with a "real-time" full screen mode with active keys.  Emacs was
  started by Guy Steele <gls@@think.com> as a project to unify the many
  divergent TECO command sets and key bindings at MIT.

  Many people have said that TECO code looks a lot like line noise.  See
  alt.lang.teco if you are interested.  Someone has written a TECO
  implementation in Emacs Lisp; it would be an interesting project to run
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24:  What is the latest version of GNU Emacs?
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  GNU Emacs 19.27 is the current version as of 6 September, 1994.
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25:  What is different about GNU Emacs 19?
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  To find out what has changed in recent versions, type C-h n (M-x
  view-emacs-news).  The oldest changes are at the bottom of the file, so
  you might want to read it starting there, rather than at the top.

  The most obvious changes have to do with the user interface -- GNU Emacs
  19 is fully X-aware, and provides pull-down menus and scroll bars.  Emacs
  19 also supports fonts and colors, including context-specific
  highlighting of source code and other types of buffers.

  Other changes include a line number mode, which displays the current line
  number in the mode line, and default bindings for arrow and paging keys
  that work.

  Lower-level changes include a smarter memory allocation scheme (Emacs now
  returns memory to the operating system when you kill buffers), a better
  byte-compiler, and a source-level Emacs Lisp debugger.

  There are also a number of new Lisp packages, ranging from dunnet (an
  Adventure-like program) to mldrag (allows you to drag the mode line up
  and down with the mouse buttons) to gud (Grand Unified Debugger mode, for
  many flavors of debuggers).  A number of popular Lisp packages, such as
  SuperCite and the calendar/diary, are also included.
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26:  How do I set up a .emacs file properly?

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  WARNING: In general, new Emacs users should not have .emacs files,
  because it causes confusing non-standard behavior.  Then they send
  questions to help-gnu-emacs asking why Emacs isn't behaving as
  documented.  :-)

27:  How do I debug a .emacs file?

  First start Emacs with the `-debug-init' command-line option.  This
  option enables the Emacs Lisp debugger before evaluating your .emacs
  file, and places you in the debugger if something goes wrong.  The top
  line in the trace-back buffer will be the error message, and the second
  or third line of that buffer will display the Lisp code from your .emacs
  that caused the problem.

  You can also evaluate an individual function or argument to a function in
  your .emacs file by moving the cursor to the end of the function or
  argument and typing "C-x C-e" (M-x eval-last-sexp).

  Use "C-h v" (M-x describe-variable) to check the value of variables which
  you are trying to set or use.

28:  How do I make Emacs display the current line (or column) number?

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  If you use these commands often, you might want to bind them to a key.
  See question 104 for instructions on how to do that.

  Typing "C-x l" (or M-x count-lines-page) will also tell you what line you
  are on, provided the buffer isn't separated into "pages" with C-l
  characters.  In that case, it will only tell you what line of the current
  "page" you are on.

  To have Emacs automatically display the current line number of the point
  in the mode line, do "M-x line-number-mode".  You can also put the form

    (setq line-number-mode t) 

  in your .emacs file to achieve this whenever you start Emacs.  Note that
  Emacs will not display the line number if the buffer is larger than the
  value of the variable line-number-display-limit.

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  (as far as we know).

29:  How do I turn on abbrevs by default just in mode XXX?

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       (quietly-read-abbrev-file)
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    (add-hook 'XXX-mode-hook
              (function
                (lambda ()
                 (setq abbrev-mode t))))

30:  How do I turn on auto-fill mode by default?

  To turn on auto-fill mode just once for one buffer, use "M-x
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    (add-hook 'text-mode-hook 'turn-on-auto-fill)

  If you want auto-fill mode on in all major modes, do this:

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31:  How do I make Emacs use a certain major mode for certain files?

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  Emacs 19 also includes a new variable, interpreter-mode-alist, that
  specifies which mode to use when loading a shell script.  (Emacs
  determines which interpreter you're using by examining the first line of
  the file.)  This feature only applies when the file name doesn't indicate
  which mode to use.  Use "C-h v" (or M-x describe-variable) to learn more
  about this variable.

32:  How do I search for, delete, or replace unprintable (8-bit or control)
     characters?

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  example, `\237', you can type "C-s C-q 2 3 7".  (This assumes the value
  of search-quote-char is 17 (i.e., C-q).)  Searching for ALL unprintable
  characters is best done with a "regexp" search.  The easiest regexp to
  use for the unprintable chars is the complement of the regexp for the
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  To delete all unprintable characters, simply use replace-regexp:

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  Replacing is similar to the above.  To replace all unprintable characters
  with a colon, use:

    M-x replace-regexp RET [^ TAB C-q LFD C-q RET C-q C-l SPC -~] RET : RET

  NOTE:  * You don't need to quote TAB with either isearch or typing
           something in the minibuffer.

33:  How can I highlight a region of text in Emacs?

  If you are using a windowing system such as X, you can cause the region
  to be highlighted when the mark is active by including

        (transient-mark-mode t)

  in your .emacs.  There are also the following packages for content- based
  highlighting:

        hilit19.el
        font-lock.el

34:  How do I control Emacs's case-sensitivity when searching/replacing?

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    (add-hook 'XXX-mode-hook
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           (lambda ()
             (setq case-fold-search nil))))

35:  How do I make Emacs wrap words for me?

  Use auto-fill mode, activated by typing "M-x auto-fill-mode".  The
  default maximum line width is 70, determined by the variable fill-column.
  To learn how to turn this on automatically, see question 30.

36:  Where can I get a better spelling checker for Emacs?

  Use Ispell.  See question 101.

37:  How can I spell-check TeX or *roff documents?

  Use Ispell.  See question 101.  Ispell can handle TeX and *roff
  documents.

38:  How do I change load-path?

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    (setq load-path (cons "/XXX/YYY/" load-path))

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    (setq load-path (cons "~/YYY/" load-path)

39:  How do I use an already running Emacs from another window?

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  request to the already running Emacs, which must be expecting the
  request.

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      EDITOR=emacsclient ; export EDITOR

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    file, the user can type "C-x #" (or M-x server-edit) to indicate this.
    If there is another buffer requested by emacsclient, Emacs will switch
    to it; otherwise emacsclient will exit, signaling the calling program
    to continue.

    NOTE: `emacsclient' and `server' must be running on machines which
    share the same filesystem for this to work.  The pathnames that
    emacsclient specifies should be correct for the filesystem that the
    Emacs process sees.  The Emacs process should not be suspended at the
    time emacsclient is invoked.  emacsclient should either be invoked from
    another X window or from a shell window inside Emacs itself.

    There is an enhanced version of emacsclient/server called `gnuserv' by
    Andy Norman <ange@@hplb.hpl.hp.com> which is available in the Emacs Lisp
    Archive.  gnuserv uses Internet domain sockets, so it can work across
    most network connections.  It also supports the execution of arbitrary
    Emacs Lisp forms and also does not require the client program to wait
    for completion.  It is available via anonymous FTP (Emacs Lisp Archive:
    packages/gnuserv.shar).

40:  How do I make Emacs recognize my compiler's funny error messages?

  The variable compilation-error-regexp-alist helps control how Emacs
  parses your compiler output.  It is a list of triples of the form:

        (REGEXP FILE-IDX LINE-IDX)

  where REGEXP, FILE-IDX and LINE-IDX are strings.  To help determine what
  the constituent elements should be, load compile.el and then use

        C-h v compilation-error-regexp-alist RET

  to see the current value.  A good idea is to look at compile.el itself as
  the comments included for this variable are quite useful -- the regular
  expressions required for your compiler's output may be very close to one
  already provided.  Once you have determined the proper regexps, use the
  following to inform Emacs of your changes:

        (setq compilation-error-regexp-alist
              (cons '(REGEXP FILE-IDX LINE-IDX)
                 compilation-error-regexp-alist))

41:  How do I indent switch statements like this?

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  The solution at first appears to be: set c-indent-level to 4 and
  c-label-offset to -2.  However, this will give you an indentation spacing
  of four instead of two.

  The solution is to use cc-mode (available from the Emacs Lisp Archive)
  and add the following line:

    (c-set-offset 'case-label '+)

    There appears to be no way to do this with the old c-mode.

42:  How can I make Emacs automatically scroll horizontally?

  Use hscroll.el by Wayne Mesard <wmesard@@esd.sgi.com>.

43:  How do I make Emacs "typeover" or "overwrite" instead of inserting?

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  On some workstations, the "Insert" key toggles insert and overwrite
  modes.

44:  How do I stop Emacs from beeping on a terminal?

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    Tell Emacs to use the `visible bell' instead of the audible bell, and
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45:  How do I turn down the bell volume in Emacs running under X Windows?

  You can adjust the bell volume and duration for all programs with the
  shell command xset.
    
  Invoking xset without any arguments produces some basic information,
  including the following:

      usage:  xset [-display host:dpy] option ...
        To turn bell off:
            -b                b off               b 0
        To set bell volume, pitch and duration:
             b [vol [pitch [dur]]]          b on

46:  How do I tell Emacs to automatically indent a new line to the
     indentation of the previous line?

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  If you have auto-fill mode on (a minor mode, see question 30), you can
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  "fill prefix."  Type the prefix at the beginning of a line, position
  point after it, and then type "C-x ." (set-fill-prefix) to set the fill
  prefix.  Thereafter, auto-filling will automatically put the fill prefix
  at the beginning of new lines, and M-q (fill-paragraph) will maintain any
  fill prefix when refilling the paragraph.

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  available from the Emacs Lisp Archive.  Look up `fill' and `indent' in
  the Lisp Code Directory for guidance.

47:  How do I show which parenthesis matches the one I'm looking at?

  GNU Emacs 19 comes with paren.el, which (when loaded) will automatically
  highlight matching parentheses whenever point (i.e., the cursor) is
  located over one.  To load paren automatically, include the line

    (require 'paren)

  in your .emacs file.

  Alternatives to paren include:

  * If you're looking at a right parenthesis (or brace or bracket) you can
    delete it and reinsert it.  Emacs will blink the cursor on the matching
    parenthesis.

  * M-C-f (forward-sexp) and M-C-b (backward-sexp) will skip over one set
    of balanced parentheses, so you can see which parentheses match.  (You
    can train it to skip over balanced brackets and braces at the same time
    by modifying the syntax table.)

  * Here is some Emacs Lisp that will make the % key show the matching
    parenthesis, like in vi.  In addition, if the cursor isn't over a
    parenthesis, it simply inserts a % like normal.

      ;; By an unknown contributor

      (global-set-key "%" 'match-paren)

      (defun match-paren (arg)
        "Go to the matching parenthesis if on parenthesis otherwise insert %."
        (interactive "p")
        (cond ((looking-at "\\s\(") (forward-list 1) (backward-char 1))
              ((looking-at "\\s\)") (forward-char 1) (backward-list 1))
              (t (self-insert-command (or arg 1)))))

48:  In C mode, can I show just the lines that will be left after #ifdef
     commands are handled by the compiler?

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49:  Is there an equivalent to the `.' (dot) command of vi?

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  You can type "C-x ESC ESC" (repeat-complex-command) to reinvoke commands
  that used the minibuffer to get arguments.  In repeat-complex-command you
  can type M-p and M-n to scan through all the different complex commands
  you've typed.

  To repeat something on each line, use keyboard macros.  (See `Keyboard
  Macros' in the on-line manual.)

50:  What are the valid X resource settings (i.e., stuff in .Xdefaults)?

  See Emacs man page, or "Resources X" in the on-line manual.   

  You can also use a resource editor, such as editres (for X11R5 and
  onwards), to look at the resource names for the menu bar, assuming Emacs
  was compiled with the X toolkit.

51:  How do I execute a piece of Emacs Lisp code?

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52:  How do I change Emacs's idea of the tab character's length?

  Set the variable default-tab-width.  For example, to set tab stops every
  10 characters, insert the following in your .emacs file:

    (setq default-tab-width 10)

53:  How do I insert `>' at the beginning of every line?

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  To do this only in the region, type "C-x n n M-x replace-regexp RET ^ RET
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  WARNING: The command narrow-to-region (C-x n n) is disabled by default
  because it can be very confusing (i.e., "Oh no!  Where did my file go?").

54:  How do I insert `_^H' before each character in a paragraph to get an
     underlined paragraph?

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55:  How do I repeat a command as many times as possible?

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56:  How do I make Emacs behave like this: when I go up or down, the cursor
     should stay in the same column even if the line is too short?

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57:  How do I tell Emacs to iconify itself?

  "C-z" iconifies Emacs when running in X and suspends Emacs otherwise.
  See `Misc X' in the on-line manual.

58:  How do I use regexps (regular expressions) in Emacs?

  See `Regexps' in the on-line manual.

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  WARNING: The character syntax regexps (e.g., `\sw') are not meaningful
  inside character set regexps (e.g., `[aeiou]').  (This is actually
  typical for regexp syntax.)

59:  How do I perform a replace operation across more than one file?

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  See `Tags:Tags Search' in the on-line manual.

  In addition, Martin Boyer has written a package named global-replace
  which will perform a query-replace across all the files mentioned in the
  *compilation* buffer (usually done after a `grep'), which is available
  via anonymous FTP:

    /ireq-robot.hydro.qc.ca:pub/emacs/lisp/compile.el.z
    /ireq-robot.hydro.qc.ca:pub/emacs/lisp/global-replace.el.z
    /ireq-robot.hydro.qc.ca:pub/emacs/lisp/query.el.z

  NOTE: These files are compressed using GNU zip ("gzip"); you can get a
  copy from gzip from prep and its mirrors (see question 80).

60:  Where is the documentation for `etags'?

  The `etags' man page should be in the same place as the `emacs' man page.

  Quick command-line switch descriptions are also available.  For example,
  `etags -H'.
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61:  Does Emacs have problems with files larger than 8 megabytes?
[This problem has been solved better in Emacs 19.29 because the buffer
size limit is now 16 times as large.]

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    carry a "tag" along with it identifying what kind of thing it is, e.g.,
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    bits for the tag and the bottom 24 bits for the value.  So integers
    (and pointers) are somewhat restricted compared to true C integers and
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62:  How do I get rid of the ^M junk in my shell buffer?

  Try typing "M-x shell-strip-ctrl-m RET" while in shell-mode to make them
  go away.  If that doesn't work, you have several options:

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            if ($?tcsh) unset edit
            stty nl
        endif
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  Alternatively, use csh in your shell buffers instead of tcsh.  One way
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63:  Why do I get `Process shell exited abnormally with code 1'?

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  properly installed.  Compile this program for your architecture, and
  install it with a+x permission in the architecture-dependent Emacs
  program directory.  (You can find what this directory is at your site by
  inspecting the value of the variable exec-directory by typing "C-h v
  exec-directory RET".)

  You should also check for other programs named `env' in your path (e.g.,
  SunOS has a program named /usr/bin/env).  We don't understand why this
  can cause a failure and don't know a general solution for working around
  the problem in this case.

  The `make clean' command will remove `env' and other vital programs, so
  be careful when using it.

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  as an X client from an xterm window (i.e., had a controlling tty) but the
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  See also PROBLEMS (in the top-level directory when you unpack the Emacs
  source) for other possible causes of this message.

64:  Where is the termcap/terminfo entry for terminal type `emacs'?

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  situations (e.g., using rlogin from shell buffer) to add an entry for
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65:  Why does Emacs spontaneously start displaying `I-search:' and beeping?

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  characters and interpreting them as commands.  (The C-s character
  normally invokes the isearch-forward command.)  For possible solutions,
  see question 110.

66:  Why can't Emacs talk to certain hosts (or certain hostnames)?

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  gethostbyname than the rest of the programs on the machine.  This is
  often manifested as a message on startup of `X server not responding.
  Check your DISPLAY environment variable.' or a message of `Unknown host'
  from open-network-stream.

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  look in /etc/hosts and the NIS (YP) maps, while the version in the
  dynamic C library may be smart enough to check DNS in addition to or
  instead of NIS.  On a Motorola Delta running System V R3.6, the version
  of gethostbyname in the standard library works, but the one that works
  with NIS doesn't (the one you get with -linet).  Other operating systems
  have similar problems.

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  * Use tcp.el and tcp.c from Gnus.  This has the additional advantage that
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67:  Why does Emacs say `Error in init file'?

  An error occurred while loading either your .emacs file or the
  system-wide lisp/default.el file.  For information on how to debug your
  .emacs file, see question 27.

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  hook that will be evaluated after the package is loaded.  A common case
  of this is explained in question 106.

68:  Why does Emacs ignore my X resources (my .Xdefaults file)?

  As of version 19, Emacs searches for X resources in the files specified
  by the XFILESEARCHPATH, XUSERFILESEARCHPATH, and XAPPLRESDIR environment
  variables, emulating the functionality provided by programs written using
  Xt.

  XFILESEARCHPATH and XUSERFILESEARCHPATH should be a list of file names
  separated by colons; XAPPLRESDIR should be a list of directory names
  separated by colons.

  Emacs searches for X resources
  
    + specified on the command line, with the `-xrm RESOURCESTRING'
      option,
    + then in the value of the XENVIRONMENT environment variable,
      - or if that is unset, in the file named ~/.Xdefaults-HOSTNAME if it
        exists
        (where HOSTNAME is the hostname of the machine Emacs is running on),
    + then in the screen-specific and server-wide resource properties
      provided by the server,
      - or if those properties are unset, in the file named ~/.Xdefaults
        if it exists,
    + then in the files listed in XUSERFILESEARCHPATH,
      - or in files named LANG/Emacs in directories listed in XAPPLRESDIR
        (where LANG is the value of the LANG environment variable), if
        the LANG environment variable is set,
      - or in files named Emacs in the directories listed in XAPPLRESDIR
      - or in ~/LANG/Emacs (if the LANG environment variable is set),
      - or in ~/Emacs,
    + then in the files listed in XFILESEARCHPATH.

69:  Why does Emacs take 20 seconds to visit a file?

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70:  How do I edit a file with a `$' in its name?

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71:  Why does shell mode lose track of the shell's current directory?

  Emacs has no way of knowing when the shell actually changes its
  directory.  This is an intrinsic limitation of Unix.  So it tries to
  guess by recognizing `cd' commands.  If you type `cd' followed by a
  directory name with a variable reference (`cd $HOME/bin') or with a shell
  metacharacter (`cd ../lib*'), Emacs will fail to correctly guess the
  shell's new current directory.  A huge variety of fixes and enhancements
  to shell mode for this problem have been written to handle this problem.
  Check the Lisp Code Directory (see question 77).

  You can tell Emacs the shell's current directory with the command "M-x
  dirs".

72:  Are there any security risks in GNU Emacs?

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    In his book "The Cuckoo's Egg," Cliff Stoll describes this in chapter
    4.  The site at LBL had installed the `etc/movemail' program setuid
    root.  (As of version 19, movemail is in your architecture-specific
    directory; type "C-h v directory RET" to see what it is.)  Since
    `movemail' had not been designed for this situation, a security hole
    was created and users could get root privileges.

    `movemail' has since been changed so that even if it is installed
    setuid root this security hole will not be a result.

    We have heard unverified reports that the Internet worm took advantage
    of this configuration problem.

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    variables when editing a file by including specially formatted text
    near the end of the file.  This feature also includes the ability to
    have arbitrary Emacs Lisp code evaluated when the file is visited.
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    lisp/default.el instead, or an individual can put it in their own
    .emacs file.

    The ability to exploit this feature by sending e-mail to an Rmail user
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    For more information, see `File Variables' in the on-line manual
    (which, incidentally, does not describe how to disable the feature).

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    narrowing the time window when hostile users would have access, but
    DOES NOT ELIMINATE THE RISK.
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73:  What should I do if I have trouble building Emacs?

  First look in the file PROBLEMS (in the top-level directory when you
  unpack the Emacs source) to see if there is already a solution for your
  problem.  Next check the FAQ (you're reading it).  If you don't find a
  solution, then report your problem via e-mail to
  bug-gnu-emacs@@prep.ai.mit.edu.  Please do not post it to gnu.emacs.help
  or e-mail it to help-gnu-emacs@@prep.ai.mit.edu.  For further guidelines,
  see question 8.

74:  How do I stop Emacs from failing when the executable is stripped?

d2180 1
a2180 1

d2184 3
a2186 3

75:  Why does linking Emacs with -lX11 fail?

d2189 1
a2189 1

d2192 6
a2197 6

  Under HP-UX 8.0, you may need to run `update' again to load the X11-PRG
  `fileset'.  This may be missing even if you specified `all filesets' the
  first time.  If libcurses.a is missing, you may need to load the
  `Berkeley Development Option' {???}.

d2201 1
a2201 1

d2204 1
a2204 1

d2207 12
d2221 1
a2221 1
Finding/Getting Emacs and Related Packages
d2223 15
a2237 1
76:  Where can I get GNU Emacs on the net (or by snail mail)?
a2238 3
  Look in the files etc/DISTRIB and etc/FTP for information on nearby
  archive sites and etc/ORDERS for mail orders.  If you don't already have
  GNU Emacs, see question 20 for how to get these files.
a2239 1
  The latest version is always available via anonymous FTP at MIT:
d2241 1
a2241 36
    /prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/emacs-19.27.tar.gz

  See question 80 for information on where to get other GNU software.

77:  How do I find a GNU Emacs Lisp package that does XXX?

  A listing of Emacs Lisp packages, called the Lisp Code Directory, is
  being maintained by Dave Brennan <brennan@@hal.com>.  You can search
  through this list to learn if someone has written something that fits
  your needs.

  This list is file LCD-datafile.Z in the Emacs Lisp Archive (see the next
  question for retrieval instructions).  The files lispdir.el.Z and
  lispdir.doc in the archive contain Lisp code and information to help you
  use the list.  Once you have installed lispdir.el and LCD-datafile, then
  you can use the `M-x lisp-dir-apropos' command to search the listing.
  For example, the command `M-x lisp-dir-apropos RET ange-ftp RET' produces
  this output:

              GNU Emacs Lisp Code Directory Apropos -- "ange-ftp"
     "~/" refers to archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/

          ange-ftp (4.18)       15-Jul-1992
               Andy Norman, <ange@@hplb.hpl.hp.com>
               ~/packages/ange-ftp.tar.Z
               transparent FTP Support for GNU Emacs
          auto-save (1.19)      01-May-1992
               Sebastian Kremer, <sk@@thp.uni-koeln.de>
               ~/misc/auto-save.el.Z
               Safer autosaving with support for ange-ftp and /tmp
          ftp-quik (1.0)        28-Jul-1993
               Terrence Brannon, <tb06@@pl122f.eecs.lehigh.edu>
               ~/modes/ftp-quik.el.Z
               Quik access to dired'ing of ange-ftp and normal paths

78:  Where can I get GNU Emacs Lisp packages that don't come with Emacs?
d2243 37
d2281 68
a2348 48
  are looking for (see question 77).  Next, check local archives and the
  Emacs Lisp Archive to find a copy of the relevant files.  If you still
  haven't found it, you can send e-mail to the author asking for a copy.

   You can access the Emacs Lisp Archive via anonymous FTP:

    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/
    /ftp.cs.umn.edu:pub/elisp-archive/
    /calypso-2.oit.unc.edu:pub/gnu/elisp-archive/
    /ftp.uu.net:packages/gnu/emacs-lisp/
    /gatekeeper.dec.com:pub/GNU/elisp-archive/
    /nic.switch.ch:mirror/elisp-archive/
    /ftp.diku.dk:pub/elisp-archive/
    /quepasa.cs.tu-berlin.de:pub/gnu/elisp/
    /faui43.informatik.uni-erlangen.de:pub/gnu/elisp-archive/
    /ftp.uni-mainz.de:pub/gnu/elisp-archive/
    /nic.funet.fi:pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/
    /src.doc.ic.ac.uk:gnu/EmacsBits/elisp-archive/

  Retrieve and read the file README first.

  NOTE: * The archive maintainers do not have time to answer individual
          requests for packages or the list of packages in the archive.  If
          you cannot use FTP or UUCP to access the archive yourself, try to
          find a friend who can, but please don't ask the maintainers.

        * Any files with names ending in `.Z', `.z', or `.gz' are
          compressed, so you should use `binary' mode in FTP to retrieve
          them.  You should also use binary mode whenever you retrieve any
          files with names ending in `.elc'.

79:  How do I submit code to the Emacs Lisp Archive?

  Guidelines and procedures for submission to the archive can be found in
  the file GUIDELINES in the archive directory (see question 78).  It
  covers documentation, copyrights, packaging, submission, and the Lisp
  Code Directory Record.  Anonymous FTP uploads are not permitted.
  Instead, all submissions are mailed to elisp-archive@@cis.ohio-state.edu.
  The lispdir.el package has a function named submit-lcd-entry which will
  help you with this.

80:  Where can I get other up-to-date GNU stuff?

  The most up-to-date official GNU stuff is normally kept on
  prep.ai.mit.edu and is available for anonymous FTP in the pub/gnu
  directory.  Read the files etc/DISTRIB and etc/FTP for more information
  (see question 20 for retrieval instructions).

d2350 2
a2351 2

    /col.hp.com:mirrors/gnu/
d2353 1
d2355 1
a2355 1
    /gatekeeper.dec.com:pub/GNU/
d2357 1
a2357 4
    /src.doc.ic.ac.uk:gnu/ (available via FTP, NIFTP, FTAM)
    /utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp:ftpsync/prep/
    /wuarchive.wustl.edu:systems/gnu/

d2359 148
a2506 129
  except that files larger than one megabyte are split into multiple parts.
  If you have trouble transferring large files, you should try here.  A
  file normally named `XXX' is split into files XXX-split/part[0-9][0-9],
  and there will be a file named XXX-split/README which contains the list
  of parts (especially helpful when FTP-ing by e-mail), their checksums,
  and reassembly instructions.

81:  What is the difference between Emacs and Epoch?

  Epoch was a modified version of GNU Emacs.  It was merged
  into XEmacs (formerly "Lucid Emacs"), and the Epoch redisplay, now
  being totally rewritten, is slated to be merged into Emacs when the
  rewrite is done.

82:  What is the difference between Emacs and XEmacs (formerly "Lucid
     Emacs")? 

   XEmacs is a modified version of GNU Emacs.

   A comparison between the two versions, written by the XEmacs
   maintainers, had been included here.  Richard Stallman removed it
   from this copy of the FAQ because it was unfair.  It was (1)
   one-sided, listing only advantages of XEmacs and not advantages of
   the principal version of Emacs, (2) biased, stating the opinions
   of the XEmacs maintainers, and (3) out of date, listing as advantages of
   XEmacs features which in fact both versions have.

83:  Where can I get Emacs for my PC running MS-DOS?

  Recent releases of GNU Emacs 19 should compile right out of the box on
  PCs with a 386 or better, running MS-DOS 3.0 or later. You will need the
  following:
   
  Compiler: djgpp version 1,11 maint 4 or later.  You can get the latest
            version by grabbing everything in the following directory
            (using anonymous ftp):

            oak.oakland.edu:pub/msdos/djdpp  

  Tar:  One DOS version of tar is available via anonymous ftp from

        ftp.urc.tue.nl:pub/unixtools/dos 

        However, not all DOS versions of tar work equally well, so you
        might have to try others if this one gives you trouble.

  Utilities: chmod, make, mv, sed, rm.  

             All of these utilities are available via anonymous ftp from
             the site

             ftp.iro.umontreal.ca:pub/Internet/gnuish

             You should grab the files futil4ax.zoo (contains chmod.exe,
             mv.exe, and rm.exe), sed106ax.zoo (contains sed.exe), and
             gzip07ax.zoo (contains gzip.exe).

  The file etc/MSDOS contains some information on the differences between
  the Unix and MS-DOS versions of GNU Emacs.

  If you would prefer not to compile Emacs by yourself, you can get
  binaries for Emacs 19.24 via anonymous ftp from the following two sites:

      ftp.demon.co.uk:pub/ibmpc/editors/emacs19.24
      ftp.imada.ou.dk:pub/mirrors/msdos/emacs-19.24

  You might also be interested in Demacs, which runs under MS-DOS (*not*
  Microsoft Windows; see question 84) on 386- and 486-based PCs.  Demacs is
  a port of Nemacs (see question 126), rather than a straight port of GNU
  Emacs 18 or 19.

  Demacs was developed using an MS-DOS version of gcc called djgpp by
  D. J. Delorie <dj@@ctron.com> which can compile and run large programs
  under MS-DOS, but not under MS Windows.  Demacs was derived from Nemacs
  rather than straight from GNU Emacs.  You can get the most recent version
  of Demacs via anonymous ftp from ftp.sigmath.osaka-u.ac.jp in
  pub/Msdos/Demacs/*.

  For a list of other MS-DOS implementations of Emacs (and Emacs
  look-alikes), consult the list of "Emacs implementations and literature,"
  available via anonymous ftp from rtfm.mit.edu in pub/usenet/comp.emacs.

84:  Where can I get Emacs for my PC running Microsoft Windows?

  There are currently two ports of Emacs that runs under Microsoft Windows:

  * Oemacs 

    Current version of Oemacs4.1 is based on Emacs-19.19 and runs in either
    MS-DOS or Microsoft Windows.  There is rumor that the author Darryl
    Okahata <darrylo@@sr.hp.com> would not update unless there is
    demonstrated interest.  It is nearly a full porting of GNU Emacs except
    that shell-mode does not work due to the limitation of MS-DOS.
    Anonymous ftp information:

      /oak.oakland.edu:pub/msdos/oemacs/

  * The other uses a proprietary X Windows emulator and therefore
    the FSF does not think it deserves publicity.

85:  Where can I get Emacs for my PC running OS/2?

  Emacs 19.27 is ported for emx on OS/2 2.0 or 2.1.  

  Anonymous FTP info:

    hobbes.nmsu.edu:os2/2_x/unix/emacs27

86:  Where can I get Emacs for my Atari ST?

    (does anyone know?)

87:  Where can I get Emacs for my Amiga?

  Amiga software is available through Aminet, a set of interconnected FTP
  sites and other file accessing services for Amiga software.  The primary
  sites for Aminet are ftp.wustl.edu (128.252.135.4) and ftp.cdrom.com
  (192.153.46.2).  In the directory pub/aminet/util/gnu, there are

        a1.26-emacs-bin.lha -- Amiga GNU Emacs V1.26, binaries
        a1.26-emacs-src.lha -- Amiga GNU Emacs V1.26, sources

  There are also quite a few Emacs related files/programs.  Please search
  the index of Aminet.

  We have no access to an Amiga, so please send in your experience and
  comments on the implementation.

88:  Where can I get Emacs for my Apple computer?
d2508 92
d2604 1
a2604 1

d2606 48
d2655 6
a2660 24
89:  Where do I get Emacs that runs on VMS under DECwindows?

  Version 19.27 has a VMS directory containing installation instructions, a
  makefile, and various .com files.  But according to Richard Levitte
  <levitte@@e.kth.se>, it does not run out of the box.  Even if it does, the
  VMSNOTES indicates that the Emacs on VMS is going to have much more
  limited functionality.  Richard Levitte has a patched 19.22 that
  supposedly has subprocess and networking functionality just as on Unix,
  with virtually the same lisp interface.  The source is available via
  anonymous ftp at

    ftp.vms.stacken.kth.se:GNU-VMS/Beta/EMACS-19_22-********.TAR-GZ

  where ******** is the release date of the kit.  You should also read
  http://www.e.kth.se/elev/levitte/gnu/emacs.html for more information.

90:  Where can I get modes for Lex, Yacc/Bison, Bourne shell, Csh, C++,
     Objective C, Pascal, and Awk?

  Most of these modes are now available in standard Emacs distribution.  To
  get additional modes, look in the Lisp Code Directory (see question 77).
  For C++, if you use lisp-dir-apropos, you must specify the pattern like
  this:

d2662 3
a2664 7

  Note that Barry Warsaw's cc-mode now works for C, C++, and Objective-C
  code.  You can get the latest version (4.85, as of this writing) from the
  Emacs Lisp Archive.

91:  What is the IP address of XXX.YYY.ZZZ?

d2668 1
a2668 1

d2670 1
a2670 1

d2672 2
a2673 3
      @@ whois
      Whois: host XXX.YYY.ZZZ

d2675 1
a2675 1

d2680 1
a2680 1

d2682 1
a2682 1

d2685 3
a2688 1
    Information from Brendan Kehoe <brendan@@cs.widener.edu>.
d2694 4
a2697 4
  and other information for many important packages, extensions, and
  related programs.  There is some overlap with the Lisp Code Directory,
  but these entries give more detailed information.

d2699 5
a2703 6
  deserve to be mentioned here, please let us know.  Having its own mailing
  list or newsgroup or more than half a megabyte of source code are good
  signs.

92:  VM (View Mail) -- another mail reader within Emacs

d2705 2
a2706 1
  Latest version: 5.72 (beta)
d2708 4
a2711 1
    /ftp.uu.net:networking/mail/vm-5.72beta.tar.gz
d2714 1
a2714 1
      gnu.emacs.vm.info (newsgroup)
d2718 1
a2718 1
      gnu.emacs.vm.bug (newsgroup)
d2721 3
a2723 3

93:  Supercite -- mail and news citation package within Emacs

a2724 4
  Latest version: 3.54 (comes with GNU Emacs 19)
                  3.1  (available from the Emacs Lisp Archive)
  Anonymous FTP:
    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/packages/sc3.1.tar.Z
d2727 7
d2735 3
a2737 3

94:  Gnus -- news reader within Emacs

d2739 2
a2740 1
  Latest version: 4.1 (comes with GNU Emacs 19)
d2742 7
a2748 2
    /src.doc.ic.ac.uk:gnu/EmacsBits/elisp-archive/packages/gnus-4.1.tar.Z
    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/packages/gnus-4.1.tar.Z
d2751 1
a2751 1
      gnu.emacs.gnus (newsgroup)
d2757 3
a2759 3

95:  Calc -- poor man's Mathematica within Emacs

d2761 11
a2771 1
  Latest version: 2.02c
d2773 8
a2780 7
    /prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/calc-2.02c.tar.gz
  NOTE: Unlike Wolfram Research, Dave has never threatened to sue
        anyone for having a program with a similar command language to
        Calc.  :-)

96:  Ange-FTP -- transparent FTP access for Emacs's file access routines

d2782 1
a2782 1
  Latest version: 1.56 (comes with GNU Emacs 19)
d2784 1
d2786 1
d2788 1
a2789 1
      ange-ftp-lovers-request@@anorman.hpl.hp.com (for subscriptions)
d2794 4
a2797 4
  NOTE: now supports VMS, CMS, and MTS ftp servers

97:  VIP -- vi emulation for Emacs

d2799 1
a2799 1
  Latest version: 4.3
d2804 13
a2816 4
  distributed with Emacs.

98:  AUC TeX -- enhanced LaTeX mode with debugging facilities

d2818 1
a2818 1
  Latest version: 9.1i
d2820 2
a2821 1
    /iesd.auc.dk:pub/emacs-lisp/auctex-9.1i.tar.gz
d2826 3
a2828 3

99:  Hyperbole -- extensible hypertext management system within Emacs

a2829 1
  Latest version: 3.15
d2831 1
a2831 1
    /wilma.cs.brown.edu:pub/hyperbole/h3.15.tar.Z
d2843 2
a2844 2
    NOTE: Any member of the hyperbole mailing list is automatically a
          member of the hyperbole-announce mailing list.
d2846 21
a2866 3

100: BBDB -- personal Info Rolodex integrated with mail/news readers

d2868 1
a2868 1
  Latest released version: 1.50
d2870 10
a2879 10
    /archive.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/packages/bbdb-1.50.tar.Z
  Mailing lists:
    info-bbdb-request@@cs.uiuc.edu (for subscriptions)
    info-bbdb@@cs.uiuc.edu (for submissions)
    bbdb-announce-request@@cs.uiuc.edu (to be informed of new releases)
    NOTE: BBDB does not work with VM 4.  It does work with VM 5,
          Rmail, Gnus, and MH-E.

101: Ispell -- spell checker in C with interface for Emacs

d2881 118
a2998 1
  Latest released version: 3.1.08
d3000 21
a3020 37
   Master Sites:
     /ftp.cs.ucla.edu:pub/ispell/ispell-3.1.08.tar.gz
     /ftp.math.orst.edu:pub/ispell/ispell-3.1.08.tar.gz
   Known Mirror Sites: (only directory names shown)
     /ftp.th-darmstadt.de:pub/dicts/ispell/
     /ftp.nl.net:pub/textproc/ispell/

  NOTE: * Do not ask Geoff to send you the latest version of Ispell.
          He does not have free e-mail.
         
        * This Ispell program is distinct from GNU Ispell 4.0. GNU
          Ispell 4.0 is no longer a supported product.

102: XEmacs -- alternative Emacs 19 with better X interface; formerly
               known as Lucid Emacs or lemacs.

  Primary Maintainer: Chuck Thompson <cthomp@@cs.uiuc.edu>
  Other Developers: Ben Wing <wing@@netcom.com>
                    Richard Mlynarik <mly@@adoc.xerox.com>
                    Jamie Zawinski <jwz@@mcom.com>
  Latest released version: 19.11
  Anonymous FTP:
    /ftp.cs.uiuc.edu:pub/xemacs/xemacs-19.11.tar.gz
   Newsgroup and mailing lists:
   Bugs:
    alt.lucid-emacs.bug
    bug-lucid-emacs-request@@cs.uiuc.edu (for subscriptions)
    bug-lucid-emacs@@cs.uiuc.edu (for submissions)
   Help:
    alt.lucid-emacs.help
    help-lucid-emacs-request@@cs.uiuc.edu (for subscriptions)
    help-lucid-emacs@@cs.uiuc.edu (for submissions)
  NOTE: The XEmacs FAQ is available via the World-Wide Web at URL 
        http://xemacs.cs.uiuc.edu/.

103: Patch -- program to apply "diffs" for updating files

d3022 6
a3027 6
  Latest version: 2.1
    Anonymous FTP:
      /prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/patch-2.1.tar.gz
      /ftp.funet.fi:pub/gnu/patch-2.1.tar.gz
      /ftp.uni-stuttgart.de:pub/unix/gnu/patch-2.1.tar.gz
  NOTE: See question 80 for other GNU distribution sites.
d3030 1
a3030 1
Changing Key Bindings and Handling Key Binding Problems
d3032 15
a3046 1
104: How do I bind keys (including function keys) to commands?
a3047 53
  Keys can be bound to commands either interactively or by predefinition
  (e.g. in the .emacs file).  To interactively bind keys for all modes,
  type `M-x global-set-key RET KEY CMD RET'; for the current major mode
  only, type `M-x local-set-key RET KEY CMD RET' (see the Emacs on-line
  documentation for further details).

  To bind keys on starting Emacs or on starting any given mode, you can use
  the following "trick."  First bind the key interactively, then
  immediately afterwards type `C-x ESC ESC C-a C-k C-g'.  Now, the command
  needed to bind the key is in the kill ring and can be yanked into the
  .emacs file.  If the key binding is global, no changes to the command are
  required.  For example,

             (global-set-key (quote [f1]) (quote help-for-help))

  can be place directly into the .emacs file.  If the key binding is local,
  the command is used in conjunction with the `add-hook' command.  For
  example, in tex-mode, a local binding might be

        (add-hook 'tex-mode-hook
          (function (lambda ()
            (local-set-key (quote [f1]) (quote help-for-help))))

  NOTE: * Control characters in key sequence position of the form yanked
          from the kill ring are given in their graphic form - i.e. CTRL is
          shown as `^', TAB as a set of spaces (usually 8), etc.  You may
          want to convert these into their vector or string forms.

        * If some prefix key of the character sequence to be bound is
          already bound as a complete key, then you must unbind it before
          the new binding.  For example, if `ESC {' is previously bound:

                    (global-unset-key [?\e ?{])   ;;   or
                     (local-unset-key [?\e ?{])

        * Aside from commands and "lambda lists," a vector or string also
          can be bound to a key and thus treated as a macro.  For example:

           (global-set-key [f10] [?\C-x?\e?\e?\C-a?\C-k?\C-g])  ;;  or
           (global-set-key [f10] "\C-x\e\e\C-a\C-k\C-g")

  See `Key Bindings' in the Emacs on-line documentation for further
  details.

105: Why does Emacs say `Key sequence XXX uses invalid prefix characters'?

  Usually one of two things has happened.  In one case, the control
  character in the key sequence has been misspecified (e.g. `C-f' used
  instead of `\C-f' within a Lisp expression).  In the other case, a
  "prefix key" in the keystroke sequence you were trying to bind was
  already bound as a "complete key."  Historically, the `ESC [' prefix was
  usually the problem, in which case you should evaluate either of these
  forms before attempting to bind the key sequence:
a3048 2
                     (global-unset-key [?\e ?[])  ;;  or
                     (global-unset-key "\e[")
d3050 1
a3050 13
106: Why doesn't this [terminal or window-system setup] code work in my
     .emacs file, but it works just fine after Emacs starts up?

  During startup, Emacs initializes itself according to a given code/file
  order.  If some of the code executed in your .emacs file needs to be
  postponed until the initial terminal or window-system setup code has been
  executed but is not, then you will experience this problem (this
  code/file execution order is not enforced after startup).

  To postpone the execution of Emacs Lisp code until after terminal or
  window-system setup, treat the code as a "lambda list" and set the value
  of either the `term-setup-hook' or `window-setup-hook' variable to this
  "lambda function."  For example,
d3052 79
d3132 169
a3300 42
          (function
           (lambda ()
             (cond ((string-match "\\`vt220" (or (getenv "TERM") ""))
                    ;; Make vt220's "Do" key behave like M-x:
                    (global-set-key [do] 'execute-extended-command))
                   ))))

  For information on what Emacs does every time it is started, see the
  lisp/startup.el file.

107: How do I use function keys under X Windows?

  With Emacs 19, functions keys under X are bound like any other key.  See
  question 104 for details.

108: How do I tell what characters or symbols my function or arrow keys
     emit?

  Put the following in your .emacs file and type `M-x see-chars' to use:

  (defun see-chars ()
    "Display events received, terminated by a 3-second timeout."
    (interactive)
    (let (chars
          (inhibit-quit t))
      (message "Enter characters or other events, terminated by a 3-second
  timeout.")
      (while (not (sit-for 3))
        (setq chars (nconc chars (list (read-event)))
              quit-flag nil)              ; quit-flag might be set by C-g.
        (if (not (input-pending-p))
            (message "Events received until now: %s..."
                     (key-description chars))))
      (message "Events received: %s" (key-description chars))))

  Alternatively, type "C-h c" then the function or arrow keys.  The command
  will return either a function key symbol or character sequence (see the
  Emacs on-line documentation for an explanation).  This works for other
  keys as well.

109: How do I set the X key "translations" for Emacs?

d3302 6
a3307 11
  written using the Xt library.  The only way to affect the behavior of
  keys within Emacs is through `xmodmap' (outside Emacs) or `define-key'
  (inside Emacs).  The `define-key' command should be used in conjunction
  with the `function-key-map' map.  For instance,

     (define-key function-key-map [M-tab] [?\M-\t])

  defines the `META TAB' key sequence.

110: How do I handle C-s and C-q being used for flow control?

d3313 1
a3313 1

d3315 1
a3315 1

d3317 3
a3319 3

    You need to determine the cause of the flow control.

d3321 1
a3321 1

d3327 1
a3327 1

d3331 1
a3331 1

d3335 2
a3336 2
      include extra NUL padding characters.

d3338 4
a3341 4

      If you are using a dialup connection, the modems may be using
      XON/XOFF flow control.  It's not clear how to get around this.

d3343 1
a3343 1

d3348 1
a3348 1

d3350 1
a3350 1

d3354 1
a3354 1

d3356 1
a3356 1

d3359 3
a3361 4
        such systems, Emacs on the remote system cannot disable flow
        control on the local system.  Sometimes `rlogin -8' will avoid this
        problem.

d3363 4
a3366 4
        (the one running rlogin, not the one running rlogind) using the
        stty command, before starting the rlogin process.  On many systems,
        `stty start u stop u' will do this.

d3370 1
a3370 1

d3372 1
a3372 1

d3374 1
a3374 1

d3376 4
a3379 13
    evaluating the form

      (enable-flow-control)

    to unconditionally enable flow control or

      (enable-flow-control-on "vt100" "h19")

    (using your terminal names instead of "vt100" or "h19") to enable
    selectively.  These commands will automatically swap `C-s' and `C-q' to
    `C-\' and `C-^'.  Variables can be used to change the default swap keys
    (`flow-control-c-s-replacement' and `flow-control-c-q-replacement').

d3382 55
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    put it is in the lisp/site-start.el file.  Putting this form in
    lisp/default.el has the problem that if the user's .emacs file has an
    error, this will prevent lisp/default.el from being loaded and Emacs
    may be unusable for the user, even for correcting their .emacs file
    (unless they're smart enough to move it to another name).

    For further discussion of this issue, read the file PROBLEMS (in the
    top-level directory when you unpack the Emacs source).

111: How do I bind `C-s' and `C-q' (or any key) if these keys are filtered
     out?

  To bind `C-s' and `C-q', use either `enable-flow-control' or
  `enable-flow-control-on'.  See question 110 for usage and implementation
  details.

  To bind other keys, use `keyboard-translate'.  See question 114 for usage
  details.  To do this for an entire site, you should swap the keys in
  lisp/site-start.el.  See question 110 for an explanation of why
  lisp/default.el should not be used.

  NOTE: * If you do this for an entire site, the users will be confused by
          the disparity between what the documentation says and how Emacs
          actually behaves.

112: Why does the `Backspace' key invoke help?

  The `Backspace' key (on most keyboards) generates ASCII code 8.  `C-h'
  sends the same code.  In Emacs by default `C-h' invokes help-command.
d3438 2
a3439 2
  is "h."  The easiest solution to this problem is to use `C-h' (and
  Backspace) for help and DEL (the Delete key) for deleting the previous
d3441 1
a3441 1

d3443 2
a3444 2

  * They normally use Backspace outside of Emacs for deleting the previous
d3448 1
a3448 1

d3450 2
a3451 2

  * The person may prefer using the Backspace key for deleting the previous
d3454 1
a3454 1
    Backspace key should be made to behave like Delete.  There are several
d3456 31
a3486 27

  * Some terminals (e.g., VT3## terminals) allow the character generated by
    the Backspace key to be changed from a setup menu.

  * You may be able to get a keyboard that is completely programmable.

  * Under X or on a dumb terminal, it is possible to swap the Backspace and
    Delete keys inside Emacs:

      (keyboard-translate ?\C-h ?\C-?)

    See question 114 for further details of `keyboard-translate'.

  * Another approach is to switch key bindings and put help on "C-x h"
    instead:

      (global-set-key [?\C-h] 'delete-backward-char)
      (global-set-key [?\C-x ?h] 'help-command)
                               ;; overrides mark-whole-buffer

    Other popular key bindings for help are M-? and "C-x ?".

    NOTE: * Don't try to bind DEL to help-command, because there are many
            modes that have local bindings of DEL that will interfere.

113: Why doesn't Emacs look at the stty settings for Backspace vs. Delete?

d3488 252
a3739 57

114: How do I "swap" two keys?

  In Emacs 19, you can swap two keys (or key sequences) by using the
  `keyboard-translate' function.  For example, to turn `C-h' into DEL and
  DEL to `C-h', use

        (keyboard-translate ?\C-h ?\C-?)  ; translate `C-h' to DEL
        (keyboard-translate ?\C-? ?\C-h)  ; translate DEL to `C-h'.

  The first key sequence of the pair after the function identifies what is
  produced by the keyboard; the second, what is matched for in the keymaps.

  Keyboard translations are not the same as key bindings in keymaps.  Emacs
  contains numerous keymaps that apply in different situations, but there
  is only one set of keyboard translations, and it applies to every
  character that Emacs reads from the terminal.  Keyboard translations take
  place at the lowest level of input processing; the keys that are looked
  up in keymaps contain the characters that result from keyboard
  translation.

  Also see `Keyboard Translations' in the on-line manual.

115: How do I produce C-XXX with my keyboard?

  On terminals (but not under X), some common "aliases" are:

            CTRL-2  or  CTRL-SPC             for      C-@@
            CTRL-6                           for      C-^
            CTRL-7  or  CTRL-SHIFT--         for      C-_
            CTRL-4                           for      C-\
            CTRL-5                           for      C-]
            CTRL-/                           for      C-?

  Often other aliases exist; use the `C-h c' command and try `CTRL' with
  all of the digits on your keyboard to see what gets generated.  You can
  also try the `C-h w' command if you know the name of the command.

116: What if I don't have a Meta key?

  Instead of typing "M-a", you can type "ESC a".  In fact, Emacs converts
  M-a internally into "ESC a" anyway (depending on the value of
  meta-prefix-char).  Note that you press "Meta" and "a" together, while
  you press "ESC", release it, and then press "a".

117: What if I don't have an Escape key?

  Type "C-[" instead.  This should send ASCII code 27 just like an Escape
  key would.  "C-3" may also work on some terminal (but not under X).  For
  many terminals (notably DEC terminals) "F11" generates the "ESC" key.  If
  not, the following form can be used bind it:

  (define-key function-key-map [f11] [?\e])  ; F11 is the documented ESC
                                             ; replacement on DEC terminals.

118: Can I make my `Compose Character' key behave like a Meta key?

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a3787 28
  X, you might be able to do this with the `xmodmap' program.

119: How do I bind a combination of modifier key and function key?

  With Emacs 19 you can indicate modified function keys in vector format
  through multi-prefixing the function key symbol.  For example (from the
  Emacs on-line documentation):

           (global-set-key [?\C-x right] 'forward-page)

  where "?\C-x" is the Lisp character constant for the character "C-x".

  You can use the modifier keys CTRL, META, HYPER, SUPER, ALT and SHIFT
  with function keys.  To represent these modifiers, prepend the strings
  "C-", "M-", "H-", "s-", "A-" and "S-" to the symbol name.  Thus, here is
  how to make "Hyper-Meta-RIGHT" move forward a word:

           (global-set-key [H-M-right] 'forward-word)

  NOTE: * Not all modifiers are permitted in all situations.  HYPER, SUPER,
          and ALT are available only under X (provided there are such
          keys).  Non-ASCII keys and mouse events (e.g. "C-=" and
          "mouse-1") also fall under this category.

  See question 104 for general key binding instructions.

120: Why doesn't my Meta key work in an xterm window?

d3789 1
a3789 1

d3793 5
a3797 5

  * For X11: Make sure it really is a Meta key.  Use `xev' to find out what
    keysym your Meta key generates.  It should be either Meta_L or Meta_R.
    If it isn't, use xmodmap to fix the situation.

d3802 1
a3802 1

d3804 3
a3806 3
    `-8' argument may need to be given to rlogin to make it pass all 8 bits
    of every character.

d3809 1
a3809 1

d3813 1
a3813 1

d3815 1
a3815 1

d3817 1
a3817 1

d3819 1
a3819 1

d3822 1
a3822 1

d3824 3
a3826 3

121: Why doesn't my ExtendChar key work as a Meta key under HP-UX 8.0?

d3833 1
a3833 1

d3835 1
a3835 1

d3838 12
a3850 1
122: Where can I get key bindings to make Emacs emulate WordStar?
d3852 1
a3852 2
  There is a package `wordstar' by Jim Frost <jimf@@saber.com> located under
  the "misc" directory at the Emacs Lisp Archive.
d3854 25
a3878 1
123: Where can I get an XEDIT emulator for Emacs?
d3880 1
a3880 45
  This question comes up once every couple of months.  Searing for "xedit"
  through most recent Lisp Code Directory fails to match any entries.

Using Emacs with Alternate Character Sets

124: How do I make Emacs display 8-bit characters?

  GNU Emacs 19 has built-in support for 8-bit characters.  Here is an
  excerpt from the `European Display' page of the on-line manual:

    Some European languages use accented letters and other special symbols.
    The ISO 8859 Latin-1 character set defines character codes for many
    European languages in the range 160 to 255.

    Emacs can display those characters according to Latin-1, provided the
    terminal or font in use supports them.  The `M-x
    standard-display-european' command toggles European character display
    mode.  With a numeric argument, `M-x standard-display-european' enables
    European character display if and only if the argument is positive.

    Some operating systems let you specify the language you are using by
    setting a locale.  Emacs handles one common special case of this: if
    your locale name for character types contains the string `8859-1' or
    `88591', Emacs automatically enables European character display mode
    when it starts up.

125: How do I input 8-bit characters?

  Again, from the `European Display' page of the on-line manual:

    If you enter non-ASCII ISO Latin-1 characters often, you might find ISO
    Accents mode convenient.  When this minor mode is enabled, the
    characters ``', `'', `"', `^', `/' and `~' modify the following letter
    by adding the corresponding diacritical mark to it, if possible.  To
    enable or disable ISO Accents mode, use the command `M-x
    iso-accents-mode'.  This command affects only the current buffer.

    To enter one of those six special characters, type the character,
    followed by a space.  Some of those characters have a corresponding
    "dead key" accent character in the ISO Latin-1 character set; to enter
    that character, type the corresponding ASCII character twice.  For
    example, `''' enters the Latin-1 character acute-accent (character code
    0264).

126: Where can I get an Emacs that can handle kanji characters?
d3882 61
d3945 1
a3945 1

d3947 3
a3949 3
    /ftp.cs.titech.ac.jp:pub/gnu-rel/nemacs/nemacs-3.3.2.tar.gz

  You might also need files for "wnn," a kanji input method
d3951 7
a3957 7
  terminal emulator) that can display text encoded in JIS, Shift-JIS, or
  EUC (Extended Unix Code), or the ability to run Nemacs as a direct X
  Windows client.

127: Where can I get an Emacs that can handle Chinese?

  Cemacs by Stephen G. Simpson <simpson@@math.psu.edu> is a patch to Emacs
d3961 2
a3962 1

d3964 3
a3966 4

  Cxterm, a patch to Emacs 18.57 that allows you to enter Chinese
  characters, is available from the same place:

d3968 3
a3970 3

128: Where is an Emacs that can handle Semitic (right-to-left) alphabets?

d3972 11
a3982 12

    A couple of years ago a wrote a hebrew.el file that allows
    right-to-left editing of Hebrew.  I relied on the hardware to display
    the Hebrew letters, given the right codes, but not for any
    right-to-left support; the hardware also doesn't have to send any
    specific char. codes.  Emacs keeps track of when the user is typing
    Hebrew vs. English.  (The VT-* terminals in Israel contain built-in
    support for Hebrew.)

    To get it to work I had to modify only a few lines of GNU Emacs's
    source code --- just enough to make it 8-bit clean.

d3984 1
a3984 1

d3986 1
a3986 1
    trying that with Emacs, because converting time-order to screen-order
d3991 1
a3991 1

d3996 2
a3997 2

    Ibelbe looks like Emacs (it even has a minibuffer and filename
d4001 1
a4001 1

d4003 3
a4005 3
    /israel.nysernet.org:israel/computers/software/msdos/ibelbe.zip
    /israel.nysernet.org:israel/computers/software/msdos/hebfont.zip

d4009 1
a4009 1

d4011 2
a4012 2
  modifying self-insert-command "for Hebrew input on 7-bit keyboards."

d4014 2
d4017 19
a4036 1
Mail and News
a4037 1
129: How do I change the included text prefix in mail/news followups?
d4039 1
a4039 5
  If you read mail with Rmail or news with Gnus, set the variable
  mail-yank-prefix.  For VM, set vm-included-text-prefix.  For mh-e, set
  mh-ins-buf-prefix.

  For fancier control of citations, use Supercite.  See question 93.
d4041 9
d4053 23
a4075 22

130: How do I save a copy of outgoing mail?

  You can either mail yourself a copy by including a `BCC:' header in the
  mail message, or store a copy of the message directly to a file by
  including an `FCC:' header.

  If you use standard mail, you can automatically create a `BCC:' to
  yourself by putting

    (setq mail-self-blind t)

  in your .emacs.  You can automatically include an `FCC:' field by putting
  something like the following in your .emacs file:

    (setq mail-archive-file-name (expand-file-name "~/outgoing"))

  The output file will be in Unix mail format, which can be read directly
  by VM, but not always by Rmail.  See question 132.

  If you use mh-e add an FCC: or BCC: field to your components file.

d4077 3
a4079 3

131: Why doesn't Emacs expand my aliases when sending mail?

d4083 1
a4083 1

d4085 1
a4085 1

d4088 1
a4088 1

d4093 1
a4093 1

d4098 1
a4098 1

d4103 31
a4133 23

  * If you like, you can expand mail aliases as abbrevs, as soon as you
    type them in.  To enable this feature, execute the following:

       (add-hook 'mail-setup-hook 'mail-abbrevs-setup)

132: Why does Rmail think all my saved messages are one big message?

  A file created through the FCC: field in a message is in Unix Mail
  format, not the format that Rmail uses (BABYL format).  Rmail will try to
  convert a Unix mail file into BABYL format on input, but sometimes it
  makes errors.  For guaranteed safety, you can make the saved- messages
  file be an inbox for your Rmail file by using the function
  set-rmail-inbox-list.

133: How can I sort the messages in my Rmail folder?

  In Rmail, type C-c C-s C-h to get a list of sorting functions and their
  key bindings.

134: Why does Rmail need to write to /usr/spool/mail?

  This is the behavior of the `movemail' program which Rmail uses.  This
d4135 1
a4135 1

d4137 1
a4137 1

d4141 1
a4141 1

d4144 48
a4191 17

135: How do I recover my mail files after Rmail munges their format?

  If you have just done rmail-input on a file and you don't want to save it
  in Rmail's format (called BABYL), just kill the buffer (with C-x k).

  If you typed M-x rmail and it read some messages out of your inbox and
  you want to put them in a Unix mail file, use C-o on each message.

  If you want to convert an existing file from BABYL format to Unix mail
  format, use the command M-x unrmail: it will prompt you for the input and
  output file names.

136: How do I make Emacs automatically start my mail/news reader?

  To start Emacs in Gnus:

d4193 3
a4195 7

  in Rmail:

    emacs -f rmail

  A more convenient way to start with Gnus:

d4197 36
a4232 13
    gnus

  It is probably unwise to automatically start your mail or news reader
  from your .emacs file.  This would cause problems if you needed to run
  two copies of Emacs at one time.  Also, this would make it difficult for
  you to start Emacs quickly when you needed to.

137: How do I read news under Emacs?

  Use M-x gnus.  It is documented in Info (see question 14).

138: Why doesn't Gnus work via NNTP?

d4237 1
a4237 1

d4239 1
a4239 1

d4241 5
a4245 1

d4247 6
a4252 6
  telnetting to the NNTP port (usually 119) on the news server machine
  (i.e., `telnet server-machine 119').  The server should give its version
  number in the welcome message.  Type `quit' to get out.

139: How do I view text with embedded underlining (e.g., ClariNews)?

d4254 1
a4254 1

d4256 1
a4256 1

d4258 1
a4258 1

d4260 15
a4274 12
  <dnb@@meshugge.media.mit.edu> will remove both underlining and
  overstriking automatically.  It is available on the Lisp Code Directory
  (see question 77).

140: How do I save all the items of a multi-part posting in Gnus?

  Use gnus-uu.  Type C-c C-v C-h in the Gnus summary buffer to see a list
  of available commands.

141: Why does Gnus put the subjects in replies beyond the 80th column?

  This is a feature.  If you set gnus-thread-hide-subject to non-nil, Gnus
d4278 1
a4278 1

d4281 31
a4311 10

142: How do I make Gnus start up faster?

  Remove all the newsgroups in which you have no interest from your .newsrc
  file by using Gnus's C-k or C-w commands in the `*Newsgroup*' buffer,
  perhaps after displaying all newsgroups with the L command.
  Unsubscribing will not speed up Gnus.

143: How do I catch up all newsgroups in Gnus?

d4313 3
a4315 3

    M-< C-x ( c y M-0 C-x )

d4318 6
a4323 6

144: Why can't I kill in Gnus on the Newsgroups/Keywords/Control line?

  Gnus will complain that the `Newsgroups:', `Keywords:', and `Control:'
  headers are `Unknown header field's.

d4325 2
a4326 3
  `Xref' header instead, which will be present on any cross-posted article
  (as long as your site carries the cross-post group).

d4329 1
a4329 1

d4331 20
a4350 12

145: How do I get rid of flashing messages in Gnus for slow connections?

  Set nntp-debug-read to nil.

146: Why is catch up slow in Gnus?

  Because Gnus is marking crosspostings read.  You can control this with
  the variable gnus-use-cross-reference.

147: Why does Gnus hang for a long time when posting?

d4352 1
a4352 1

d4354 8
a4361 8
    POST asks C News's inews to not background itself but rather hang
    around and give its exit status so it knows whether the post was
    successful.  (That wait will on some systems not return the exit status
    of the waited for job is a different sort of problem.)  It ends up
    taking a long time because inews is calling relaynews, which often
    waits for another relaynews to free the lock on the news system so it
    can file the article.

d4363 11
a4373 11
    rather use newsspool.  This loses some error-catching functionality,
    but is for the most part safe as inews will detect a lot of the errors
    on its own.  The C News folks have sped up inews, too, so speed should
    look better to most folks as that update propagates around.

148: Why don't my news postings in Gnus get past the local machine?

  It could be that your Distribution: field is "local" or a synonym, or
  your Path: field may be wrong.  This piece of code may fix the latter
  problem:

d4375 66
a4440 15

149: Why doesn't Gnus generate the `Lines:' header?

  The posting software down the line from Gnus often generates a "Lines:"
  header so Gnus doesn't have to.  If you want it to, just add Lines to the
  list in gnus-required-headers:

    (add-hook 'gnus-startup-hook
        '(lambda ()
           (setq gnus-required-headers (cons 'Lines gnus-required-headers))))

150: How do I kill all articles in Gnus but those matching a pattern?

  Example kill file code:

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                      (gnus-summary-clear-mark-forward 1))))
d4452 1
d4455 3
a4457 5
------------------------------------------------------------
Slightly modified by Richard Stallman
Copyright 1994 Reuven M. Lerner
Copyright 1992, 1993 Steven Byrnes
Copyright 1990, 1991, 1992 Joseph Brian Wells
d4461 9
a4469 26
formats (e.g. Texinfo, Info, WWW, WAIS), and updated with new information.

The same conditions apply to any derivative of the FAQ as apply to the FAQ
itself.  Every copy of the FAQ must include this notice or an approved
translation, information on who is currently maintaining the FAQ and how to
contact them (including their e-mail address), and information on where the
latest version of the FAQ is archived (including FTP information).

The FAQ may be copied and redistributed under these conditions, except that
the FAQ may not be embedded in a larger literary work unless that work
itself allows free copying and redistribution.

------------------------------------------------------------

Special thanks to members of the FAQ team, who worked hard to ensure that
answers were up-to-date:

Ethan Bradford <ethanb@@u.washington.edu>, Luis Fernandes
<elf@@eccles.ee.ryerson.ca>, Denby Wong <3dw16@@qlink.QueensU.CA>, Yair
Friedman <yair@@cs.huji.ac.il>, Thi <ttn@@netcom.com>, Richard Levitte
<levitte@@e.kth.se>, "William G. Dubuque" <wgd@@martigny.ai.mit.edu>,
and Guan-Hsong Hsu <ghsu@@relay.nswc.navy.mil>.




@


1.1.1.5
log
@import emacs-19.31
@
text
@d1918 1
a1918 1
  following to compile it:
d1920 3
a1922 4
  Compiler: djgpp version 1.12 maint 1 or later.  Djgpp v2.0 or later is
            recommended, since v1.x is being phased out--if you'll have any
            djgpp-related problem for which there is no known solution, you
            are on your own when you use djgpp v1.x.
d1924 1
a1924 3
            You can get the latest release of either v1.x or v2.0 by
            grabbing everything in the following directory (using anonymous
            ftp):
d1926 1
a1926 1
            ftp.coast.net:/SimTel/vendors/djgpp
d1928 1
a1928 3
            There are a few directories under djgpp whose names begin with
            `v1' or `v2'; get the contents of `v2' and `v2gnu' (for djgpp
            v2) or `v1' and `v1gnu' (for djgpp v1).
d1930 2
a1931 30
  GUnZip and Tar:

            The easiest way is to use `djtar' which comes with DJGPP v2.0,
            because it can unzip .tar.gz archives on-the-fly (so you won't
            need twice the required disk space while untarring the
            archive).  You get `djtar' with the `v2/djdev200.zip' file from
            the above FTP server.

            Another (slower) version of Tar which unzips automatically is
            available by anonymous ftp on this site:

            ftp.kiae.su:msdos/arcers/tar320fp.zip

            Or you can unZip the archive with the DJGPP port of GZip (from
            the above directory at ftp.coast.net look for v2/gzp124b.zip),
            then unTar it with any of the Tar ports floating around.  A
            DOS version of GNU tar is available via anonymous ftp from

            ftp.unipg.it:/pub/msdos/aspi/gtar-exe.zip

            Note that DOS ports of GNU Tar usually cannot unzip compressed
            archives.

            Another version of Tar for DOS can be found at

            ftp.urc.tue.nl:pub/unixtools/dos 

            However, be warned that not all DOS versions of tar work
            equally well, so you might have to try others if this one gives
            you trouble.
d1935 2
a1936 4
            All of these utilities are available via anonymous ftp from
            the site

            ftp.coast.net:/SimTel/vendors/gnu/gnuish/dos_only
d1938 1
a1938 2
            You should grab the files fut312bx.zip (contains chmod.exe,
            mv.exe, and rm.exe).
d1940 3
a1942 3
            A port of GNU Sed is available in the djgpp archives in the
            above directory on ftp.coast.net.  Look for a file named
            v2/sed118b.zip or v1/sed118bn.zip.
d1947 2
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  MS-DOS systems are notorious in the problems they present when installing
  programs, due to a great variability in both hardware and software.  If
  you have any unusual problems compiling or using Emacs, please consult
  the latest version of the djgpp FAQ list, available as v2/faqNNNb.zip,
  where `NNN' is the version number.  For v1, get the file v1/faq102.zip.
d1950 2
a1951 3
  If you would prefer not to compile Emacs by yourself, you can get
  binaries for Emacs via anonymous ftp from many sites; use your Archie
  client to search for them.
d1959 2
a1960 2
  DJ Delorie <dj@@delorie.com> which can compile and run large programs
  under MS-DOS and under MS Windows.  Demacs was derived from Nemacs
d1971 1
a1971 5
  * If you compile GNU Emacs with the tools listed above, it will run under
  Microsoft Windows in a DOS box.

  There are currently two other ports of Emacs that runs under Microsoft
  Windows:
d1982 1
a1982 1
      ftp.coast.net:SimTel/vendors/gnu/oemacs/
@


1.1.1.6
log
@import emacs-19.32
@
text
@d493 1
a493 1
  Phone number: (617) 542-5942
d496 2
a497 2
    59 Temple Place - Suite 330
    Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
@


1.1.1.7
log
@import emacs-20.1
@
text
@d716 1
d925 1
a925 1
28:  How do I make Emacs display the current column number?
d927 23
a949 1
  Do M-x column-number-mode.
d1343 1
a1343 1
  * Typing M-: or M-x eval-expression allows you to type a Lisp form in
d1929 1
a1929 1
            ftp.simtel.net:/pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp
d1937 1
a1937 1
            The easiest way is to use `djtar' which comes with DJGPP v2.x,
d1940 1
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            archive).  You get `djtar' with the `v2/djdev201.zip' file from
d1949 1
a1949 1
            the above directory at ftp.simtel.net look for v2/gzp124b.zip),
d1971 1
a1971 1
            ftp.simtel.net:/pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp/v2gnu
d1973 1
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            You should grab the file fil313b.zip (contains chmod.exe,
d2061 6
a2066 18
  There used to be a boycott of Apple because of its "look and feel"
  lawsuit.  The lawsuit failed, and the boycott is over.
  Currently the GNU project treats Apple like other computer companies.

  Since the Mac operating system is very different from Unix and GNU,
  support for it would be a big job.  And this job would be tangential
  to the GNU project's goals.  Meanwhile, we don't have the resources
  to do all we want to do on supporting Emacs for GNU-like systems.
  So if we had to do work on support for the Macintosh, that would
  directly harm the GNU project.

  Of course, the same is true for MSDOS and Windows NT.  We decided to
  incorporate support for those systems because the code was very modular,
  because volunteers not only wrote all the code but also investigate
  all the bugs reported on those systems, and because we hoped that we
  will be able to raise funds for GNU using these versions, and in this
  way these ports will make up for the effort that they took.  (We still
  hope so, but it has not happened yet.)
d2921 1
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    type "M-: (build-mail-aliases) RET" to make Emacs reread .mailrc.
@


1.1.1.8
log
@import emacs-20.3
@
text
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    (setq-default auto-fill-function 'do-auto-fill)
@


1.1.1.9
log
@import emacs-20.4
@
text
@d4 1
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about GNU Emacs 20 with answers.  Some of the answers are not valid for GNU
Emacs 18 or 19.
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[This version has been somewhat edited from the last-posted version
(as of February 1999) for inclusion in the Emacs distribution.]

The FAQ is posted (in five parts) to reduce the noise level in the
gnu.emacs.help newsgroup (which is also the help-gnu-emacs mailing list)
which results from the repetition of frequently asked questions, wrong
answers to these questions, corrections to the wrong answers, corrections
to the corrections, debate, name calling, and generally unproductive use of
the mailing list.  Also, it serves as a repository of the canonical "best"
answers to these questions.  However, if you know a better answer or even a
slight change that improves an answer, please tell us!
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The FAQ is crossposted to comp.emacs because some sites do not receive the
gnu.* newsgroups.  The FAQ is also crossposted to news.answers.
d23 19
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A diff file between the last version of the FAQ and this one should have
been posted along with the FAQ.  If you did not receive the diff file, you
can get it at 

    ftp://the-tech.mit.edu/pub/GNU-Emacs/faq-diffs

Please suggest new questions, answers, wording changes, and deletions by
sending mail to emacs-faq@@lerner.co.il.  The most helpful form for
suggestions is a context diff (i.e., the output of `diff -c').  Include
"FAQ" in the subject of messages about the FAQ list.
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Reuven M. Lerner <reuven@@lerner.co.il> and the FAQ team (a full list is
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10:  Where should I report bugs and other problems with Emacs?
11:  How do I unsubscribe from this mailing list?
d74 4
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13:  I'm just starting Emacs; how do I do basic editing?
14:  How do I find out how to do something in Emacs?
15:  How do I get a printed copy of the Emacs manual?
16:  Where can I get documentation on Emacs Lisp?
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19:  Can I view Info files without using Emacs?
20:  What informational files are available for Emacs?
21:  Where can I get help in installing Emacs?
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24:  What is the latest version of Emacs?
25:  What is different about Emacs 20?
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Common Things People Want To Do
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29:  How can I modify the titlebar to contain the current filename?
30:  How do I turn on abbrevs by default just in mode XXX?
31:  How do I turn on auto-fill mode by default?
32:  How do I make Emacs use a certain major mode for certain files?
33:  How do I search for, delete, or replace unprintable (8-bit or control)
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34:  How can I highlight a region of text in Emacs?
35:  How do I control Emacs's case-sensitivity when searching/replacing?
36:  How do I make Emacs wrap words for me?
37:  Where can I get a better spelling checker for Emacs?
38:  How can I spell-check TeX or *roff documents?
39:  How do I change load-path?
40:  How do I use an already running Emacs from another window?
41:  How do I make Emacs recognize my compiler's funny error messages?
42:  How do I indent switch statements like this?
43:  How can I make Emacs automatically scroll horizontally?
44:  How do I make Emacs "typeover" or "overwrite" instead of inserting?
45:  How do I stop Emacs from beeping on a terminal?
46:  How do I turn down the bell volume in Emacs running under X Windows?
47:  How do I tell Emacs to automatically indent a new line to the
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48:  How do I show which parenthesis matches the one I'm looking at?
49:  In C mode, can I show just the lines that will be left after #ifdef
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50:  Is there an equivalent to the `.' (dot) command of vi?
51:  What are the valid X resource settings (i.e., stuff in .Xdefaults)?
52:  How do I execute ("evaluate") a piece of Emacs Lisp code?
53:  How do I change Emacs's idea of the tab character's length?
54:  How do I insert `>' at the beginning of every line?
55:  How do I insert "_^H" before each character in a region to get an
d126 2
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56:  How do I repeat a command as many times as possible?
57:  How do I make Emacs behave like this: when I go up or down, the cursor
d129 4
a132 15
58:  How do I tell Emacs to iconify itself?
59:  How do I use regexps (regular expressions) in Emacs?
60:  How do I perform a replace operation across more than one file?
61:  Where is the documentation for "etags"?
62:  How do I disable backup files?
63:  How do I disable auto-save-mode?
64:  How can I create or modify new pull-down menu options?
65:  How do I delete menus and menu options?
66:  How do I turn on syntax highlighting?
67:  How can I force Emacs to scroll only one line when I move past the
     bottom of the screen?
68:  How can I replace highlighted text with what I type?
69:  How can I edit MS-DOS-style text files using Emacs?
70:  How can I tell Emacs to fill paragraphs with a single space after
     each period?
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71:  Does Emacs have problems with files larger than 8 megabytes?
72:  How do I get rid of ^M or echoed commands in my shell buffer?
73:  Why do I get "Process shell exited abnormally with code 1"?
74:  Where is the termcap/terminfo entry for terminal type "emacs"?
75:  Why does Emacs spontaneously start displaying "I-search:" and beeping?
76:  Why can't Emacs talk to certain hosts (or certain hostnames)?
77:  Why does Emacs say "Error in init file"?
78:  Why does Emacs ignore my X resources (my .Xdefaults file)?
79:  Why does Emacs take 20 seconds to visit a file?
80:  How do I edit a file with a `$' in its name?
81:  Why does shell mode lose track of the shell's current directory?
82:  Are there any security risks in Emacs?
83: Dired says, "no file on this line" when I try to do something.
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84:  How do I install Emacs?
85:  How do I update Emacs to the latest version?
86:  What should I do if I have trouble building Emacs?
87:  Why does linking Emacs with -lX11 fail?
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88:  Where can I get Emacs on the net (or by snail mail)?
89:  How do I find a Emacs Lisp package that does XXX?
90:  Where can I get Emacs Lisp packages that don't come with Emacs?
91:  How do I submit code to the Emacs Lisp Archive?
92:  Where can I get other up-to-date GNU stuff?
93:  What is the difference between Emacs and XEmacs (formerly "Lucid
     Emacs")?
94:  Where can I get Emacs for my PC running MS-DOS?
95:  Where can I get Emacs for Microsoft Windows, Windows 9x, or Windows
     NT?
96:  Where can I get Emacs for my PC running OS/2?
97:  Where can I get Emacs for my Atari ST?
98:  Where can I get Emacs for my Amiga?
99:  Where can I get Emacs for NeXTSTEP?
100:  Where can I get Emacs for my Apple computer?
101: Where do I get Emacs that runs on VMS under DECwindows?
102: Where can I get modes for Lex, Yacc/Bison, Bourne shell, Csh, C++,
     Objective-C, Pascal, Java, and Awk?
103: What is the IP address of XXX.YYY.ZZZ?
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104: VM (View Mail) -- another mail reader within Emacs, with MIME support
105: Supercite -- mail and news citation package within Emacs
106: Calc -- poor man's Mathematica within Emacs
107: VIPER -- vi emulation for Emacs
108: AUC TeX -- enhanced LaTeX mode with debugging facilities
109: BBDB -- personal Info Rolodex integrated with mail/news readers
110: Ispell -- spell checker in C with interface for Emacs
111: W3-mode -- A World Wide Web browser inside of Emacs
112: EDB -- Database program for Emacs; replaces forms editing modes
113: Mailcrypt -- PGP interface within Emacs mail and news
114: JDE -- Development environment for Java programming
115: Patch -- program to apply "diffs" for updating files
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116: How do I bind keys (including function keys) to commands?
117: Why does Emacs say "Key sequence XXX uses invalid prefix characters"?
118: Why doesn't this [terminal or window-system setup] code work in my
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119: How do I use function keys under X Windows?
120: How do I tell what characters or symbols my function or arrow keys
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121: How do I set the X key "translations" for Emacs?
122: How do I handle C-s and C-q being used for flow control?
123: How do I bind `C-s' and `C-q' (or any key) if these keys are filtered
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124: Why does the "Backspace" key invoke help?
125: Why doesn't Emacs look at the stty settings for Backspace vs. Delete?
126: How do I "swap" two keys?
127: How do I produce C-XXX with my keyboard?
128: What if I don't have a Meta key?
129: What if I don't have an Escape key?
130: Can I make my "Compose Character" key behave like a Meta key?
131: How do I bind a combination of modifier key and function key?
132: Why doesn't my Meta key work in an xterm window?
133: Why doesn't my ExtendChar key work as a Meta key under HP-UX 8.0
     and 9.x?
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134: How do I make Emacs display 8-bit characters?
135: How do I input 8-bit characters?
136: Where can I get an Emacs that handles kanji, Chinese, or other
     character sets?
137: Where is an Emacs that can handle Semitic (right-to-left) alphabets?
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138: How do I change the included text prefix in mail/news followups?
139: How do I save a copy of outgoing mail?
140: Why doesn't Emacs expand my aliases when sending mail?
141: Why does Rmail think all my saved messages are one big message?
142: How can I sort the messages in my Rmail folder?
143: Why does Rmail need to write to /usr/spool/mail?
144: How do I recover my mail files after Rmail munges their format?
145: How can I force Rmail to reply to the sender of a message, but not the
  other recipients?
146: How can I get my favorite Emacs mail package to support MIME?  
147: How do I make Emacs automatically start my mail/news reader?
148: How do I read news under Emacs?
149: Why doesn't Gnus work via NNTP?
150: How do I view news articles with embedded underlining (e.g.,
     ClariNews)?
151: How do I save all the items of a multi-part posting in Gnus?
152: How do I make Gnus start up faster?
153: How do I catch up all newsgroups in Gnus?
154: Why can't I kill in Gnus based on the Newsgroups/Keywords/Control
     headers?
155: How do I get rid of flashing messages in Gnus for slow connections?
156: Why is catch up slow in Gnus?
157: Why does Gnus hang for a long time when posting?
158: Where can I find out more about Gnus?
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C-r if that doesn't work.  Type RET to end the search.

If you have a web browser and the browse-url package configured for
it, you can visit ftp and HTTP uniform resource locators (URLs) by
placing the cursor on the URL and typing M-x browse-url-at-point.

The FAQ is posted in five parts; if you are missing a section or would
prefer to read the FAQ in a single file, see question 22.

------------------------------------------------------------
  Time-stamp: <1999-02-10 18:44:04 reuven>
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a276 15
  C-x: press the `x' key while holding down the Control key

  M-x: press the `x' key while holding down the Meta key (if your computer
       doesn't have a Meta key, see question 128)

  M-C-x: press the `x' key while holding down both Control and Meta
  C-M-x: a synonym for the above

  LFD: Linefeed or Newline; same as C-j
  RET: Return, sometimes marked Enter; same as C-m
  DEL: Delete,  usually not the same as Backspace; same as C-? (See
       question 124 if deleting invokes Emacs help)
  ESC: Escape; same as C-[
  TAB: Tab; same as C-i
  SPC: Space bar
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d294 1
a294 4
  few keyboards does C-? generate ASCII code 127.

  For further information, see "Characters" and "Keys" in the on-line
  manual.  (See question 3 if you don't know how.)
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  type RET.  (See question 1 if you're not sure what "M-x" and "RET" mean.)
d301 1
a301 1
  M-x (by default) invokes the command "execute-extended-command".  This
d304 1
a304 1
  TAB and SPC for completion, `?' for a list of possibilities, and M-p and
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a312 1
  To run non-interactive Emacs functions, see question 52.
d322 1
a322 1
  already know how to use Info, type `?' from within Info.
a330 2
  See question 15 if you would like a paper copy of the Emacs manual.

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  These are files that come with Emacs.  The Emacs distribution is divided
  into subdirectories; the important ones are "etc", "lisp", and "src".

  If you use Emacs, but don't know where it is kept on your system, start
  Emacs, then type "C-h v data-directory RET".  The directory name
  displayed by this will be the full pathname of the installed "etc"
a341 7
  The location of your Info directory (i.e., where on-line documentation is
  stored) is kept in the variable Info-default-directory-list.  Use "C-h v
  Info-default-directory-list RET" to see the contents of this variable,
  which will be a list of directory names.  The last directory in that list
  is probably where most Info files are stored.  By default, Info
  documentation is placed in /usr/local/info.

d343 1
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  question 20.  All are available in the source distribution.  Many of the
  files in the "etc" directory are also available via the Emacs "help"
  menu, or by typing "C-h ?" (M-x help-for-help).
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  GPL == GNU General Public License
d384 5
a388 1
    http://lpf.ai.mit.edu/
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a392 1
  The real legal meaning of the GNU General Public License (copyleft) will
d413 3
a415 3
  (See question 20 if you want a copy of the file.)  For those lists which
  are gatewayed with newsgroups, it lists both the newsgroup name and the
  mailing list address.
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  Emacs along with various other implementations, such as JOVE, MicroEmacs,
  Freemacs, MG, Unipress, CCA, and Epsilon.
d421 4
a424 4
  Many people post Emacs questions to comp.emacs because they don't receive
  any of the gnu.* newsgroups.  Arguments have been made both for and
  against posting GNU-Emacs-specific material to comp.emacs.  You have to
  decide for yourself.
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  created to hold the extensive flame-wars on the subject.  "Non-free"
d431 1
a431 1
  gnu.* groups from the "Newsgroups:" line when posting a followup that
d442 2
a443 7
  postings from, but pretty much everything is there.  The archives
  are available at
 
    ftp://ftp-mailing-list-archives.gnu.org/

  Web-based Usenet search services, such as DejaNews, also archive the
  gnu.* groups.  You can reach DejaNews at
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    http://www.dejanews.com
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10:  Where should I report bugs and other problems with Emacs?
d449 2
a450 2
  The correct way to report Emacs bugs is by e-mail to
  bug-gnu-emacs@@gnu.org.  Anything sent here also appears in the
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  the bug report.  This ensures a reliable return address so you can be
  contacted for further details.
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  Be sure to read the "Bugs" section of the Emacs manual before reporting a
  bug to bug-gnu-emacs!  The manual describes in detail how to submit a
  useful bug report.  (See question 3 if you don't know how to read the
  manual.)

  RMS says:
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  If you are unsure whether you have found a bug, consider the following
  non-exhaustive list, courtesy of RMS:
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    If Emacs crashes, that is a bug.  If Emacs gets compilation errors
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11:  How do I unsubscribe from this mailing list?
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a482 3
  If you are receiving a GNU mailing list named "XXX", you might be able to
  unsubscribe from it by sending a request to the address
  <XXX-request@@gnu.org>.  However, this will not work if you are
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  distribution point you are listed.  Inspecting the "Received:" headers on
  the mail messages may help, along with liberal use of the "EXPN" or
  "VRFY" sendmail commands through "telnet <site-address> smtp".  Ask your
d492 2
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  E-mail: gnu@@gnu.org
  Telephone: +1-617-542-5942
  Fax: +1-617-542-2652
  World Wide Web: http://www.gnu.org/

d495 3
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  Free Software Foundation
  59 Temple Place - Suite 330
  Boston, MA 02111-1307
  USA
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  For details on how to order items directly from the FSF, see the file
  etc/ORDERS.
d504 1
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13:  I'm just starting Emacs; how do I do basic editing?
d506 2
a507 2
  Type "C-h t" to invoke the self-paced tutorial.  Just typing `C-h' enters
  the help system.
d509 1
a509 1
  WARNING: Your system administrator may have changed `C-h' to act like DEL
d518 3
a520 1
  should be stored in the variable help-char.
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  There is also a WWW-based tutorial for Emacs 18, much of which is also
  relevant for Emacs 20, available at

    http://kufacts.cc.ukans.edu/cwis/writeups/misc/emacsguide.html

14:  How do I find out how to do something in Emacs?
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    hypertext reader.  Type "C-h i" to invoke Info.  Typing `h' immediately
    after entering Info will provide a short tutorial on how to use it.
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    information.  To get a list of these commands, type `?' after `C-h'.
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a546 1
15:  How do I get a printed copy of the Emacs manual?
d548 1
a548 1
  You can order a printed copy of the Emacs manual from the FSF.  For
d551 1
a551 1
  The full TeX source for the manual also comes in the "man" directory of
d553 1
a553 1
  440-page manual yourself (see question 18).
d556 3
a558 1
  you can get a PostScript version from
d560 3
a562 1
    ftp://ftp.cs.ubc.ca/pub/archive/gnu/manuals_ps/emacs-19.21.ps.gz
d564 1
a564 4
  Note that the above document is somewhat out of date, although most major
  concepts are still relevant.  This site requests that you please *confine
  any major ftping to late evenings or early mornings, local time* (Pacific
  time zone, GMT-8).  
d566 1
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  A WWW version of the (somewhat outdated) Emacs 19.34 manual is at
d568 4
a571 1
    http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/texinfodoc/emacs_toc.html
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16:  Where can I get documentation on Emacs Lisp?
d580 5
a584 2
  For more information, obtain the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.  Details on
  ordering it from FSF are in file etc/ORDERS.
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a586 3
  The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual is also available on-line, in Info
  format.  Texinfo source for the manual (along with pregenerated Info
  files) is available at
d588 1
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    ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-manual-20-2.5.tar.gz
d590 2
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  and all mirrors of ftp.gnu.org (See question 92 for a list).  See
  question 17 if you want to install the Info files, or question 18 if you
  want to use the Texinfo source to print the manual yourself.
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  WWW versions of the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual are available at
a594 1
    http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/texinfodoc/elisp_1.html
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  using the stand-alone "makeinfo" program, available as part of the latest
  Texinfo package at
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a611 1
    ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/texinfo/texinfo-3.12.tar.gz
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a613 1
  and all mirrors of ftp.gnu.org (see question 92 for a list).
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  1. Move the files to the "info" directory in the installed Emacs
a630 5
     If (as it should have done) the Texinfo file used the @@direntry
     command, you can run the "install-info" command from the current
     Texinfo distribution to do this automatically -- see the example in
     the top-level Makefile in the Emacs source.

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    `g' in Info mode) by typing the name of the file in parentheses.  This
    goes to the node named "Top" in that file.  For example, to view a Info
    file named "XXX" in your home directory, you can type this:
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    directory which is a subdirectory of your home directory named "Info",
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      (setq Info-default-directory-list
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    You will need a top-level Info file named "dir" in this directory which
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    if all files in this directory were referenced by other "dir" files.
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  NOTE: You can't get nicely printed output from Info files; you must still
a662 2
  Assuming you have TeX installed on your system, follow these steps:

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a667 1
     You may need to change "texinfo" to the full pathname of the
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a675 1
     The texindex program comes with Emacs as man/texindex.c.
d683 1
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  mentioned in question 17.  The "texi2dvi" command from it will perform
  the above steps 1 to 4 for you.

19:  Can I view Info files without using Emacs?
d685 1
a685 1
  Yes.  Here are some alternative programs:
d687 4
a690 2
  * Info, a stand-alone version of the Info program, comes as part of the
    Texinfo package.  See question 17 for details.
d692 1
a692 2
  * Xinfo, a stand-alone version of the Info program that runs under X
    Windows.  You can get it at
d694 1
a694 1
      ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/xinfo/xinfo-1.01.01.tar.gz
d696 2
a697 1
    and all mirrors of ftp.gnu.org (See question 92 for a list).
d699 2
a700 2
  * Tkinfo, an Info viewer that runs under X Windows and uses Tcl/Tk.  You
    can get Tkinfo at
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a704 1
      http://math-www.uni-paderborn.de/~axel/tkinfo/
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20:  What informational files are available for Emacs?
d709 2
a710 2
  informational files about Emacs and relevant aspects of the GNU project
  are available for you to read.
d712 3
a714 2
  The following files are available in the "etc" directory of the Emacs
  distribution (see question 4 if you're not sure where that is).
d716 2
a717 4
    COPYING -- Emacs General Public License
    DISTRIB -- Emacs Availability Information, including the popular
              "Free Software Foundation Order Form"
    FAQ -- Emacs Frequently Asked Questions (You're reading it)
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    LPF -- Why you should join the League for Programming Freedom
    MACHINES -- Status of Emacs on Various Machines and Systems
a723 3
    NEWS -- Emacs news, a history of user-visible changes
    PROBLEMS -- Known problems with building and running Emacs in various
                situations, often with workarounds.
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  Latest versions of some of the above files are also available at
d735 1
a735 1
    ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/GNUinfo/
d737 2
a738 1
  More GNU information, including back issues of the "GNU's Bulletin", are at
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    http://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bulletins.html
    http://www.cs.pdx.edu/~trent/gnu/gnu.html
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21:  Where can I get help in installing Emacs?
d788 1
a788 2
  See question 84 for some basic installation hints, and question 83 if you
  have problems with the installation.
d790 10
a799 4
  The file etc/SERVICE (see question 4 if you're not sure where that is)
  lists companies and individuals willing to sell you help in installing or
  using Emacs.  An up-to-date version this file is available on ftp.gnu.org
  (see question 20).
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  The Emacs FAQ is available in several ways:

  * Inside of Emacs itself.  You can get it from selecting the "Emacs FAQ"
    option from the "Help" menu at the top of any Emacs frame, or by typing
    C-h F (M-x view-emacs-FAQ).
d810 1
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    to do this.  In rn, this command will do this for you at the article
d813 1
a813 1
      ?GNU Emacs Frequently Asked Questions?rc:m
d821 2
a822 18
    administrator, because the most recent FAQ should not expire for a
    while.

  * Via HTTP or FTP.  You can always fetch the latest FAQ at

      http://www.lerner.co.il/emacs/

    and

      ftp://ftp.lerner.co.il/pub/emacs/

  * In the Emacs distribution.  Since Emacs 18.56, the FAQ at the time of
    release has been part of the Emacs distribution as etc/FAQ (see
    question 4).

  * Via the World Wide Web.  A hypertext version is available at

    http://www.lerner.co.il/emacs/
d824 2
a825 3
  * Via anonymous ftp and e-mail from rtfm.mit.edu (and its mirror in
    Europe), the main repository for FAQs and other items posted to
    news.answers.  The Emacs FAQs are available at
d827 17
a843 2
    ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/comp.emacs/
    ftp://ftp.uni-paderborn.de/pub/doc/FAQ/comp/emacs/
a844 15
    If you do not have access to anonymous FTP, you can access the archives
    using the rtfm.mit.edu mail server.  The Emacs FAQ can be retrieved by
    sending mail to mail-server@@rtfm.mit.edu with a blank subject and
    containing

      send usenet/news.answers/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/diffs
      send usenet/news.answers/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/part1
      send usenet/news.answers/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/part2
      send usenet/news.answers/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/part3
      send usenet/news.answers/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/part4
      send usenet/news.answers/GNU-Emacs-FAQ/part5

    For more information, send email to mail-server@@rtfm.mit.edu with
    "help" and "index" in the body on separate lines.
  
d846 3
a848 3
    emacs-faq@@lerner.co.il.  Don't do this unless you have made a serious
    effort to obtain the FAQ list via one of the methods listed above.

d855 1
a855 1
  the name Emacs because `E' was not in use as an abbreviation on ITS at
d857 5
a861 6
  RMS for the editor TECO (Text Editor and COrrector, originally Tape
  Editor and COrrector) under ITS on a PDP-10.  RMS had already extended
  TECO with a "real-time" full screen mode with reprogrammable keys.  Emacs
  was started by Guy Steele <gls@@east.sun.com> as a project to unify the
  many divergent TECO command sets and key bindings at MIT, and completed
  by RMS.
d865 2
a866 5
  implementation in Emacs Lisp (to find it, see question 90); it would be
  an interesting project to run the original TECO Emacs inside of Emacs.

  For some not-so-serious alternative reasons for Emacs to have that name,
  check out etc/JOKES (see question 4).
d868 1
a868 1
24:  What is the latest version of Emacs?
d870 1
a870 1
  Emacs 20.4 is the current version as of this writing.
d872 1
a872 1
25:  What is different about Emacs 20?
d878 18
a895 10
  The differences between Emacs versions 18 and 19 was rather dramatic; the
  introduction of frames, faces, and colors on windowing systems was
  obvious to even the most casual user.

  There are differences between Emacs versions 19 and 20 as well, but many
  are more subtle or harder to find.  Among the changes are the inclusion
  of MULE code for languages that use non-Latin characters, the "customize"
  facility for modifying variables without having to use Lisp, and
  automatic conversion of files from Macintosh, Microsoft, and Unix
  platforms.
d897 1
a897 4
  Many Lisp packages have been updated and enhanced for Emacs 20.


Common Things People Want To Do
d901 1
a901 1
  See "Init File" in the on-line manual.
a907 13
  Emacs 20 includes the new "customize" facility, which can be invoked
  using M-x customize RET or via the Help menu.  This allows users who are
  unfamiliar with Emacs Lisp to modify their .emacs files in a relatively
  straightforward way, using menus rather than Lisp code.  While all the
  packages included with Emacs (are meant to) support Customize now,
  packages from other sources may not.

  While Customize might indeed make it easier to configure Emacs, consider
  taking a bit of time to learn Emacs Lisp and modifying your .emacs
  directly. Simple configuration options are described rather completely in
  the "Init File" section of the on-line manual, for users interested in
  performing frequently requested, basic tasks.

d910 6
a915 6
  Start Emacs with the "-debug-init" command-line option.  This enables the
  Emacs Lisp debugger before evaluating your .emacs file, and places you in
  the debugger if something goes wrong.  The top line in the trace-back
  buffer will be the error message, and the second or third line of that
  buffer will display the Lisp code from your .emacs file that caused the
  problem.
d919 1
a919 3
  argument and typing "C-x C-e" (M-x eval-last-sexp). "C-M-x" (M-x
  eval-defun) is particularly useful for re-evaluating "defvar" and
  "customize" forms.
d924 1
a924 45
28:  How do I make Emacs display the current line (or column) number?

  To toggle having Emacs automatically display the current line number of the
  point in the mode line, do "M-x line-number-mode".  (This option is on by
  default.)  Note that Emacs will not display the line number if the buffer is
  larger than the value of the variable line-number-display-limit.
 
  As of Emacs 20, you can similarly display the current column with "M-x
  column-number-mode", by putting the form

    (setq column-number-mode t) 

  in your .emacs file or by using Customize.

  The "%c" format specifier in the variable mode-line-format will insert
  the current column's value into the mode line.  See the documentation for
  mode-line-format (using "C-h v mode-line-format RET") for more
  information on how to set and use this variable.

  Users of all Emacs versions can display the current column using Per
  Abrahamsen's <abraham@@iesd.auc.dk> "column" package.  See question 90 for
  instructions on how to get it.

  None of the vi emulation modes provide the "set number" capability of vi
  (as far as we know) but Kyle Jones's setnu.el package implements such a
  feature.

29:  How can I modify the titlebar to contain the current filename?

  The contains of an Emacs frame's titlebar is controlled by the variable
  frame-title-format, which has the same structure as the variable
  mode-line-format.  (Use "C-h v" or "M-x describe-variable" to get
  information about one or both of these variables.)

  By default, the titlebar for a frame does contain the name of the buffer
  currently being visited, except if there is a single frame.  In such a
  case, the titlebar contains the name of the user and the machine at which
  Emacs was invoked.  This is done by setting frame-title-format to the
  default value of

     (multiple-frames "%b" ("" invocation-name "@@" system-name))

  To modify the behavior such that frame titlebars contain the buffer's
  name regardless of the number of existing frames, include the following
  in your .emacs:
d926 1
a926 1
    (setq frame-title-format "%b")
d928 1
a928 1
30:  How do I turn on abbrevs by default just in mode XXX?
d937 3
a939 2
              (lambda ()
                (setq abbrev-mode t)))
d941 1
a941 1
31:  How do I turn on auto-fill mode by default?
d944 2
a945 5
  auto-fill-mode".

  To turn it on for every buffer in a certain mode, you must use the hook
  for that mode.  For example, to turn on auto-fill mode for all text
  buffers, including the following in your .emacs file:
a948 3
  You can also do this via the Help -> Options menu, which runs the command
  toggle-text-mode-auto-fill.

d953 1
a953 1
32:  How do I make Emacs use a certain major mode for certain files?
d956 1
a956 1
  ".YYY", this will do it for you:
d958 1
a958 1
    (add-to-list 'auto-mode-alist '("\\.YYY\\'" . XXX-mode))
d961 1
a961 2
  edit in XXX mode (in the second line, if the first line begins with
  "#!"):
d965 6
a970 6
  Beginning with Emacs 19, the variable interpreter-mode-alist specifies
  which mode to use when loading a shell script.  (Emacs determines which
  interpreter you're using by examining the first line of the file.)  This
  feature only applies when the file name doesn't indicate which mode to
  use.  Use "C-h v" (or M-x describe-variable) on interpreter-mode-alist to
  learn more.
d972 1
a972 1
33:  How do I search for, delete, or replace unprintable (8-bit or control)
d976 7
a982 5
  example, "\237", you can type "C-s C-q 2 3 7".  (This assumes the value
  of search-quote-char is 17 (i.e., `C-q').)  Searching for ALL unprintable
  characters is best done with a regular expression ("regexp") search.  The
  easiest regexp to use for the unprintable chars is the complement of the
  regexp for the printable chars.
d984 1
a984 2
    Regexp for the printable chars: [\t\n\r\f -~]
    Regexp for the unprintable chars: [^\t\n\r\f -~]
d986 1
a986 1
  To type these special characters in an interactive argument to
d1006 2
a1007 2
  NOTE: * You don't need to quote TAB with either isearch or typing
          something in the minibuffer.
d1009 1
a1009 1
34:  How can I highlight a region of text in Emacs?
d1016 2
a1017 2
  in your .emacs file, using Customize or via the Help->Options menu.
  (Also see question 66.)
d1019 4
a1022 1
35:  How do I control Emacs's case-sensitivity when searching/replacing?
d1030 1
a1030 4
  To change this or similar variables during an Emacs session, use
  M-x set-variable.

  Similarly, for replacing, the variable case-replace determines whether
d1037 3
a1039 2
              (lambda ()
                (setq case-fold-search nil)))
d1041 1
a1041 1
36:  How do I make Emacs wrap words for me?
d1045 1
a1045 1
  To learn how to turn this on automatically, see question 31.
d1047 1
a1047 1
37:  Where can I get a better spelling checker for Emacs?
d1049 1
a1049 1
  Use Ispell.  See question 110.
d1051 1
a1051 1
38:  How can I spell-check TeX or *roff documents?
d1053 1
a1053 1
  Use Ispell.  See question 110.  Ispell can handle TeX and *roff
d1056 1
a1056 1
39:  How do I change load-path?
d1067 1
a1067 1
40:  How do I use an already running Emacs from another window?
d1069 4
a1072 4
  Emacsclient, which comes with Emacs, is for editing a file using an
  already running Emacs rather than starting up a new Emacs.  It does this
  by sending a request to the already running Emacs, which must be
  expecting the request.
d1076 1
a1076 1
    Emacs must have executed the "server-start" function for emacsclient to
d1086 2
a1087 2
    "server".  "server" creates a Unix domain socket in the user's home
    directory named .emacs_server.
d1091 1
a1091 1
    value "emacsclient".  You may have to specify the full pathname of the
d1103 2
a1104 2
    When emacsclient is run, it connects to the ".emacs_server" socket and
    passes its command line options to "server".  When "server" receives
d1114 1
a1114 1
    NOTE: "emacsclient" and "server" must be running on machines which
d1121 1
a1121 1
    There is an enhanced version of emacsclient/server called "gnuserv" by
d1123 5
a1127 6
    Archive (see question 90).  Gnuserv uses Internet domain sockets, so it
    can work across most network connections.  It also supports the
    execution of arbitrary Emacs Lisp forms and does not require the client
    program to wait for completion.

    The alpha version of an enhanced version of gnuserv is available at
d1129 1
a1129 3
        ftp://ftp.splode.com/pub/users/friedman/packages/fgnuserv-1.0.tar.gz

41:  How do I make Emacs recognize my compiler's funny error messages?
d1147 3
a1149 2
        (add-to-list 'compilation-error-regexp-alist
                     '(REGEXP FILE-IDX LINE-IDX))
d1151 1
a1151 1
42:  How do I indent C switch statements like this?
d1173 2
a1174 2
  The solution is to use cc-mode (the default mode for C programming in
  Emacs 20) and add the following line:
d1178 1
a1178 3
  There appears to be no way to do this with the old c-mode.

43:  How can I make Emacs automatically scroll horizontally?
d1180 1
a1180 2
  Use hscroll-mode, included in Emacs 20.  Here is some information from
  the documentation, available by typing C-h f hscroll-mode RET:
d1182 1
a1182 2
    Automatically scroll horizontally when the point moves off the
    left or right edge of the window.  
d1184 1
a1184 4
    - Type "M-x hscroll-mode" to enable it in the current buffer.
    - Type "M-x hscroll-global-mode" to enable it in every buffer.
    - "turn-on-hscroll" is useful in mode hooks as in:
          (add-hook 'text-mode-hook 'turn-on-hscroll)
d1186 1
a1186 3
    - hscroll-margin controls how close the cursor can get to the edge 
      of the window.
    - hscroll-step-percent controls how far to jump once we decide to do so.
d1188 2
a1189 1
44:  How do I make Emacs "typeover" or "overwrite" instead of inserting?
d1191 1
a1191 7
  M-x overwrite-mode (a minor mode).  This toggles overwrite-mode on and
  off, so exiting from overwrite-mode is as easy as another M-x
  overwrite-mode.

  On some systems the "Insert" key toggles overwrite-mode on and off.

45:  How do I stop Emacs from beeping on a terminal?
d1195 1
a1195 1
    Tell Emacs to use the "visible bell" instead of the audible bell, and
d1198 1
a1198 2
    That is, put the following in your TERMCAP environment variable
    (assuming you have one):
d1200 1
a1200 1
      ... :vb=: ...                    
d1202 1
a1202 1
    And evaluate the following Lisp form:
d1206 1
a1206 4
  There is also a way to turn off _all_ effects of a bell, by defining
  a custom `ring-bell-function' that does nothing.

46:  How do I turn down the bell volume in Emacs running under X Windows?
d1210 1
a1210 1
 
d1214 5
a1218 5
    usage:  xset [-display host:dpy] option ...
      To turn bell off:
          -b                b off               b 0
      To set bell volume, pitch and duration:
           b [vol [pitch [dur]]]          b on
d1220 1
a1220 1
47:  How do I tell Emacs to automatically indent a new line to the
d1223 1
a1223 2
  Such behavior is automatic in text mode in Emacs 20.  From the NEWS file
  for Emacs 20.2:
d1225 7
a1231 19
    ** In Text mode, now only blank lines separate paragraphs.  This makes
    it possible to get the full benefit of Adaptive Fill mode in Text mode,
    and other modes derived from it (such as Mail mode).  TAB in Text mode
    now runs the command indent-relative; this makes a practical difference
    only when you use indented paragraphs.

    As a result, the old Indented Text mode is now identical to Text mode,
    and is an alias for it.

    If you want spaces at the beginning of a line to start a paragraph, use
    the new mode, Paragraph Indent Text mode.

  If you have auto-fill mode on (see question 31), you can tell Emacs to
  prefix every line with a certain character sequence, the "fill prefix."
  Type the prefix at the beginning of a line, position point after it, and
  then type "C-x ." (set-fill-prefix) to set the fill prefix.  Thereafter,
  auto-filling will automatically put the fill prefix at the beginning of
  new lines, and M-q (fill-paragraph) will maintain any fill prefix when
  refilling the paragraph.
d1236 2
a1237 2
  available from the Emacs Lisp Archive (see question 90.)  Look up "fill"
  and "indent" in the Lisp Code Directory for guidance.
d1239 1
a1239 1
48:  How do I show which parenthesis matches the one I'm looking at?
d1241 3
a1243 4
  As of version 19, Emacs comes with paren.el, which (when loaded) will
  automatically highlight matching parentheses whenever point (i.e., the
  cursor) is located over one.  To load paren automatically, include the
  line
d1247 1
a1247 10
  in your .emacs file.  As of version 20.1, you must instead call
  show-paren-mode in your .emacs file:

    (show-paren-mode 1)

  and the "require" is redundant.

  The "customize" facility will let you turn on show-paren-mode.  Use M-x
  customize-group RET paren-showing RET.  From within customize, you can
  also go directly to the "paren-showing" group.
d1262 1
a1262 3
    parenthesis, it simply inserts a % like normal.  (`Parenthesis' actually
    includes and character with `open' or `close' syntax, which usually means
    "()[]{}".)
d1275 1
a1275 1
49:  In C mode, can I show just the lines that will be left after #ifdef
d1278 1
a1278 2
  M-x hide-ifdef-mode.  (This is a minor mode.)  You might also want to try
  cpp.el, available at the Emacs Lisp Archive (see question 90).
d1280 1
a1280 1
50:  Is there an equivalent to the `.' (dot) command of vi?
d1284 1
a1284 7
  In Emacs 20.3 and later, use the C-x z ("repeat") command to repeat `simple
  commands'.

  Otherwise you can type "C-x ESC ESC" (repeat-complex-command) to reinvoke
  commands that used the minibuffer to get arguments.  In
  repeat-complex-command you can type M-p and M-n to scan through all the
  different complex commands you've typed.
d1286 4
a1289 2
  To repeat a set of commands, use keyboard macros.  (See "Keyboard Macros"
  in the on-line manual.)
d1291 2
a1292 2
  VIPER, which comes with Emacs, emulates vi, including `.'.  (See question
  107.)
d1294 1
a1294 1
51:  What are the valid X resource settings (i.e., stuff in .Xdefaults)?
d1296 1
a1296 1
  See Emacs man page, or "Resources X" in the on-line manual.
d1302 1
a1302 1
52:  How do I execute ("evaluate") a piece of Emacs Lisp code?
d1304 2
a1305 2
  There are a number of ways to execute ("evaluate," in Lisp lingo) an
  Emacs Lisp "form":
d1308 1
a1308 2
    named ".emacs" in your home directory.  This is known as your ".emacs
    file," and contains all of your personal customizations.
d1320 2
a1321 2
  * Typing M-: or M-x eval-expression allows you to type a Lisp form
    in the minibuffer which will be evaluated.
d1324 1
a1324 1
    a file.  (To do this from Lisp use the function "load" instead.)
d1326 1
a1326 2
  These functions are also useful (see question 16 if you want to learn
  more about them):
d1330 1
a1330 1
53:  How do I change Emacs's idea of the tab character's length?
d1337 9
a1345 21
  Do not confuse variable tab-width with variable tab-stop-list.  The
  former is used for the display of literal tab characters.  The latter
  controls what characters are inserted when you press the TAB character in
  certain modes.

54:  How do I insert `>' at the beginning of every line?

  To do this to an entire buffer, type "M-< M-x replace-regexp RET ^ RET >
  RET".

  To do this to a region, use "string-rectangle" ("C-x r t").  Set the mark
  (`C-SPC') at the beginning of the first line you want to prefix, move the
  cursor to last line to be prefixed, and type "C-x r t > RET".  To do this
  for the whole buffer, type "C-x h C-x r t > RET".  In Emacs 20.3 and
  later, this will affect only the current region if Transient Mark mode is
  on (see NEWS via C-h N).

  If you are trying to prefix a yanked mail message with '>', you might
  want to set the variable mail-yank-prefix.  Better yet, get the Supercite
  package (see question 105), which provides flexible citation for yanked
  mail and news messages.
d1347 1
a1347 1
55:  How do I insert "_^H" before each character in a region to get an
d1352 1
a1352 1
56:  How do I repeat a command as many times as possible?
d1360 1
a1360 1
57:  How do I make Emacs behave like this: when I go up or down, the cursor
d1363 1
a1363 1
  M-x picture-mode.
d1365 1
a1365 1
58:  How do I tell Emacs to iconify itself?
d1367 2
a1368 2
  "C-z" iconifies Emacs when running under X Windows and suspends Emacs
  otherwise.  See "Misc X" in the on-line manual.
d1370 1
a1370 1
59:  How do I use regexps (regular expressions) in Emacs?
d1372 1
a1372 1
  See "Regexps" in the on-line manual.
d1375 3
a1377 6
  are `\(' and `\)'.  Also, the string syntax for a backslash is `\\'.  To
  specify a regular expression like xxx\(foo\|bar\) in a Lisp string, use
 
     "xxx\\(foo\\|bar\\)"

  Notice the doubled backslashes!
d1383 2
a1384 2
  WARNING: The character syntax regexps (e.g., "\sw") are not meaningful
  inside character set regexps (e.g., "[aeiou]").  (This is actually
d1387 1
a1387 1
60:  How do I perform a replace operation across more than one file?
d1391 1
a1391 1
  See "Tags Search" in the on-line manual.
d1393 4
a1396 3
  As of Emacs 19.29, Dired mode ("M-x dired RET", or C-x d) supports the
  command dired-do-query-replace, which allows users to replace regular
  expressions in multiple files.
d1398 3
a1400 1
61:  Where is the documentation for "etags"?
d1402 2
a1403 2
  "etags" is documented in the Tags node of the Emacs manual.  The "etags"
  man page should be in the same place as the "emacs" man page.
d1405 1
a1405 2
  Quick command-line switch descriptions are also available.  For example,
  "etags -H".
d1407 1
a1407 1
62:  How do I disable backup files?
d1409 2
a1410 252
  You probably don't want to do this, since backups are useful.

  To avoid seeing backup files (and other "uninteresting" files) in Dired,
  load dired-x by adding the following to your .emacs file:

    (add-hook 'dired-load-hook
              (function (lambda ()
                          (load "dired-x"))))

  With dired-x loaded, `M-o' toggles omitting in each dired buffer.  You
  can make omitting the default for new dired buffers by putting the
  following in your .emacs:

    (setq initial-dired-omit-files-p t)

  If you're tired of seeing backup files whenever you do an "ls" at the
  Unix shell, try GNU ls with the "-B" option.  GNU ls is part of the GNU
  fileutils package, available at mirrors of ftp.gnu.org (see question 92).

  To disable or change how backups are made, see "Backup Names" in the
  on-line manual.

63:  How do I disable auto-save-mode?

  You probably don't want to do this, since auto-saving is useful,
  especially when Emacs or your computer crashes while you are editing a
  document.

  Instead, you might want to change the variable auto-save-interval, which
  specifies how many keystrokes Emacs waits before auto-saving.  Increasing
  this value forces Emacs to wait longer between auto-saves, which might
  annoy you less.

  You might also want to look into Sebastian Kremer's auto-save package,
  available from the Lisp Code Archive (see question 90).  This package
  also allows you to place all auto-save files in one directory, such as
  /tmp.

  To disable or change how auto-save-mode works, see "Auto Save" in the
  on-line manual.

64:  How can I create or modify new pull-down menu options?

  Each menu title (e.g., Buffers, File, Edit) represents a local or global
  keymap.  Selecting a menu title with the mouse displays that keymap's
  non-nil contents in the form of a menu.

  So to add a menu option to an existing menu, all you have to do is add a
  new definition to the appropriate keymap.  Adding a "forward word"
  command to the "Edit" menu thus requires the following Lisp code:

    (define-key global-map           
      [menu-bar edit forward]        
      '("Forward word" . forward-word))

  The first line adds the entry to the global keymap, which includes global
  menu bar entries.  Replacing the reference to "global-map" with a local
  keymap would add this menu option only within a particular mode.

  The second line describes the path from the menu-bar to the new entry.
  Placing this menu entry underneath the "File" menu would mean changing
  the word "edit" in the second line to "file."

  The third line is a cons cell whose first element is the title that will
  be displayed, and whose second element is the function that will be
  called when that menu option is invoked.

  To add a new menu, rather than a new option to an existing menu, we must
  define an entirely new keymap:

    (define-key global-map [menu-bar words]
      (cons "Words" (make-sparse-keymap "Words")))

  The above code creates a new sparse keymap, gives it the name "Words",
  and attaches it to the global menu bar.  Adding the "forward word"
  command to this new menu would thus require the following code:

    (define-key global-map
      [menu-bar words forward]
      '("Forward word" . forward-word))

  Note that because of the way keymaps work, menu options are displayed
  with the more recently defined items at the top.  Thus if you were to
  define menu options "foo", "bar", and "baz" (in that order), menu option
  "baz" would appear at the top, and "foo" would be at the bottom.

  One way to avoid this problem is to use the function define-key-after,
  which works the same as define-key, but lets you modify where items
  appear.  The following Lisp code would insert the "forward word" function
  in the "edit" menu immediately following the "undo" option:

    (define-key-after
      (lookup-key global-map [menu-bar edit])
      [forward]
      '("Forward word" . forward-word)
      'undo)

  Note how the second and third arguments to define-key-after are different
  from those of define-key, and that we have added a new (final) argument,
  the function after which our new key should be defined.

  To move a menu option from one position to another, simply evaluate
  define-key-after with the appropriate final argument.

  More detailed information -- and more examples of how to create and
  modify menu options -- are in the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual, under
  "Menu Keymaps."  (See question 16 for information on this manual.)

  Note that Emacs 20.3 introduced a better (`extended') format for menu
  items, described in the NEWS file and the Lisp Manual.  The "easymenu"
  package provides support for defining menus conveniently with some
  portability amongst Emacs versions.

65:  How do I delete menus and menu options?

  The simplest way to remove a menu is to set its keymap to nil.  For
  example, to delete the "Words" menu (from question 64), use:

    (define-key global-map [menu-bar words] nil)

  Similarly, removing a menu option requires redefining a keymap entry to
  nil.  For example, to delete the "Forward word" menu option from the
  "Edit" menu (we added it in question 64), use:

    (define-key global-map [menu-bar edit forward] nil)

66:  How do I turn on syntax highlighting?

  Font-lock mode is the standard way to have Emacs perform syntax
  highlighting.  With font-lock mode invoked, different types of text will
  appear in different colors.  For instance, if you turn on font-lock in a
  programming mode, variables will appear in one face, keywords in a
  second, and comments in a third.

  Earlier versions of Emacs supported hilit19, a similar package.  Use of
  hilit19 is now considered non-standard, although hilit19.el comes with
  the stock Emacs distribution.  It is no longer maintained.

  To turn font-lock mode on within an existing buffer, use "M-x
  font-lock-mode RET".

  To automatically invoke font-lock mode when a particular major mode is
  invoked, set the major mode's hook or define font-lock-global-modes as a
  list with the mode name as an element.  For example, to fontify all
  c-mode buffers, add the following to your .emacs file:

    (add-hook 'c-mode-hook 'turn-on-font-lock)

  To automatically invoke font-lock mode for all major modes, you can turn
  on global-font-lock mode by including the following line in your .emacs
  file (or use Custom):

    (global-font-lock-mode 1)

  This instructs Emacs to turn on font-lock mode in those buffers for which
  a font-lock mode definition has been provided (in the variable
  font-lock-global-modes or via the variable font-lock-defaults-alist).  If
  you edit a file in pie-ala-mode, and no font-lock definitions have been
  provided for pie-ala files, then the above setting will have no effect on
  that particular buffer.

  Highlighting with font-lock mode can take quite a while, and thus
  different levels of decoration are available, from slight to gaudy.  To
  control how decorated your buffers should become, set the value of
  font-lock-maximum-decoration in your .emacs file, with a nil value
  indicating default (usually minimum) decoration, and a t value indicating
  the maximum decoration.  For the gaudiest possible look, then, include
  the line

    (setq font-lock-maximum-decoration t)

  in your .emacs file.  You can also set this variable such that different
  modes are highlighted in a different ways; for more information, see the
  documentation for font-lock-maximum-decoration with "C-h v" (or "M-x
  describe-variable RET").

  You might also want to investigate fast-lock-mode and lazy-lock-mode,
  versions of font-lock-mode that speed up highlighting.  The advantage of
  lazy-lock-mode is that it only fontifies buffers when certain conditions
  are met, such as after a certain amount of idle time, or after you have
  finished scrolling through text.  See the documentation for
  lazy-lock-mode by typing C-h f lazy-lock-mode ("M-x describe-function RET
  lazy-lock-mode RET").

  Also see the documentation for the function font-lock-mode, available by
  typing C-h f font-lock-mode ("M-x describe-function RET font-lock-mode
  RET").

  For more information on font-lock mode, particularly adding new patterns,
  see the Lisp Reference Manual and the commentary in the source
  font-lock.el, which you can find in Emacs 20 (if it is installed) using,
  say, M-x find-function font-lock-mode.

  To print buffers with the faces (i.e., colors and fonts) intact, use
  "M-x ps-print-buffer-with-faces" or "M-x ps-print-region-with-faces".

67:  How can I force Emacs to scroll only one line when I move past the
     bottom of the screen?

  Place the following Lisp form in your .emacs file:

    (setq scroll-step 1)

  Also see "Scrolling" in the on-line manual.

68:  How can I replace highlighted text with what I type?

  Use delete-selection mode, which you can start automatically by placing
  the following Lisp form in your .emacs file:

    (delete-selection-mode t)

  According to the documentation string for delete-selection mode (which
  you can read using M-x describe-function RET delete-selection-mode RET):

    When ON, typed text replaces the selection if the selection is active.
    When OFF, typed text is just inserted at point.

  This mode also allows you to delete (not kill) the highlighted region by
  pressing DEL.

69:  How can I edit MS-DOS-style text files using Emacs?

  As of Emacs 20, detection and handling of MS-DOS (and Windows) files is
  performed transparently.  You can open an MS-DOS file on a Unix system
  (and vice versa), edit it, and save it without having to worry about the
  file format.  To save it with a different end-of-line convention use
  C-x RET c to specify a new coding system such as undecided-unix.

  When editing an MS-DOS style file, a backslash (\) will appear in the
  mode line.

  You can avoid translation of the end-of-line conventions either by
  visiting a file using M-x find-file-literally or by setting the variable
  inhibit-eol-conversion to t.

  If you are running an earlier version of Emacs, get crypt++ from
  ftp://ftp.cs.umb.edu/pub/misc/crypt++.el.  Among other things, crypt++
  transparently modifies MS-DOS files as they are loaded and saved,
  allowing you to ignore the different conventions that Unix and MS-DOS
  have for delineating the end of a line.

70:  How can I tell Emacs to fill paragraphs with a single space after
     each period?

  Ulrich Mueller <ulm@@vsnhd1.cern.ch> suggests adding the following two
  lines to your .emacs file:

    (setq sentence-end "[.?!][]\"')}]*\\($\\|[ \t]\\)[ \t\n]*")
    (setq sentence-end-double-space nil)

  See "Sentences" in the online manual.
d1415 11
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71:  Does Emacs have problems with files larger than 8 megabytes?

  Old versions (i.e., anything before 19.29) of Emacs had problems editing
  files larger than 8 megabytes.  As of version 19.29, the maximum buffer
  size is at least 2^27-1, or 134,217,727 bytes.

  If you are using an older version of Emacs and cannot upgrade, you will
  have to recompile. Leonard N. Zubkoff <lnz@@lucid.com> suggests putting
  the following two lines in src/config.h before compiling Emacs to allow
  for 26-bit integers and pointers (and thus file sizes of up to 33,554,431
  bytes):
d1430 1
a1430 1
  WARNING: This method may result in "ILLEGAL DATATYPE" and other random
d1433 2
a1434 3
  David Gillespie <daveg@@csvax.cs.caltech.edu> explains how this problems
  crops up; while his numbers are true only for pre-19.29 versions of
  Emacs, the theory remains the same with current versions.
d1446 4
a1449 1
72:  How do I get rid of ^M or echoed commands in my shell buffer?
d1452 1
a1452 3
  go away.  You might add this function to comint-output-filter-functions:

  (add-hook 'comint-output-filter-functions 'shell-strip-ctrl-m)
d1454 1
a1454 3
  If that doesn't work, you have several options:

  For tcsh, put this in your .cshrc (or .tcshrc) file:
d1471 1
a1471 1
    (setq explicit-shell-file-name "/bin/csh")
d1480 1
a1480 4
  You can also set the ESHELL environment variable in Emacs Lisp with
  the following Lisp form,

    (setenv "ESHELL" "/bin/csh")
d1482 1
a1482 9
  On a related note: If your shell is echoing your input line in the shell
  buffer, you might want to try the following command in your shell
  start-up file:

    stty -icrnl -onlcr -echo susp ^Z

73:  Why do I get "Process shell exited abnormally with code 1"?

  The most likely reason for this message is that the "env" program is not
d1489 1
a1489 1
  You should also check for other programs named "env" in your path (e.g.,
d1494 3
d1501 2
a1502 1
  See also etc/PROBLEMS for other possible causes of this message.
d1504 1
a1504 1
74:  Where is the termcap/terminfo entry for terminal type "emacs"?
d1506 1
a1506 1
  The termcap entry for terminal type "emacs" is ordinarily put in the
d1509 2
a1510 2
  "emacs" to the system-wide termcap file.  Here is a correct termcap entry
  for "emacs":
d1514 1
a1514 1
  To make a terminfo entry for "emacs", use "tic" or "captoinfo."  You need
d1522 2
a1523 2
  change terminal type "emacs" to type "dumb" or "unknown" in your shell
  start up file.  "csh" users could put this in their .cshrc files:
d1527 1
a1527 1
75:  Why does Emacs spontaneously start displaying "I-search:" and beeping?
d1533 1
a1533 1
  see question 122.
d1535 1
a1535 1
76:  Why can't Emacs talk to certain hosts (or certain hostnames)?
d1539 2
a1540 2
  often manifested as a message on startup of "X server not responding.
  Check your DISPLAY environment variable." or a message of "Unknown host"
d1563 1
a1563 1
  * If you are actually running NIS, make sure that "ypbind" is properly
d1566 7
a1572 1
77:  Why does Emacs say "Error in init file"?
d1578 1
a1578 1
  It may be the case that you need to load some package first, or use a
d1580 1
a1580 1
  of this is explained in question 118.
d1582 1
a1582 1
78:  Why does Emacs ignore my X resources (my .Xdefaults file)?
d1594 2
a1595 2

    + specified on the command line, with the "-xrm RESOURCESTRING"
d1614 1
a1614 1
79:  Why does Emacs take 20 seconds to visit a file?
d1616 1
a1616 2
  Old versions of Emacs (i.e., versions before Emacs 20.x) often
  encountered this when the master lock file, "!!!SuperLock!!!" has been
d1620 3
a1622 4
  exclusive create succeeds but returns an error status.  This can cause
  the same problem.  Since Emacs's file locking doesn't work over NFS
  anyway, the best solution is to recompile Emacs with CLASH_DETECTION
  undefined.
d1624 1
a1624 1
80:  How do I edit a file with a `$' in its name?
d1630 1
a1630 1
81:  Why does shell mode lose track of the shell's current directory?
d1634 3
a1636 3
  guess by recognizing "cd" commands.  If you type "cd" followed by a
  directory name with a variable reference ("cd $HOME/bin") or with a shell
  metacharacter ("cd ../lib*"), Emacs will fail to correctly guess the
d1639 1
a1639 1
  Check the Lisp Code Directory (see question 89).
d1644 1
a1644 1
82:  Are there any security risks in Emacs?
d1646 1
a1646 1
  * the "movemail" incident (No, this is not a risk.)
d1649 1
a1649 1
    4.  The site at LBL had installed the "etc/movemail" program setuid
d1651 2
a1652 2
    directory; type "C-h v exec-directory RET" to see what it is.)  Since
    "movemail" had not been designed for this situation, a security hole
d1655 2
a1656 4
    "movemail" has since been changed so that this security hole will not
    exist, even if it is installed setuid root.  However, movemail no
    longer needs to be installed setuid root, which should eliminate this
    particular risk.
d1658 2
a1659 2
    We have heard unverified reports that the 1988 Internet worm took
    advantage of this configuration problem.
d1670 6
a1675 2
    Emacs 18 allowed this feature by default; users could disable it by
    setting the variable inhibit-local-variables to a non-nil value.
d1677 1
a1677 5
    As of Emacs 19, Emacs has a list of local variables that create a
    security risk.  If a file tries to set one of them, it asks the user to
    confirm whether the variables should be set.  You can also tell Emacs
    whether to allow the evaluation of Emacs Lisp code found at the bottom
    of files by setting the variable enable-local-eval.
d1679 3
a1681 1
    For more information, see "File Variables" in the on-line manual.
d1683 8
a1690 1
  * synthetic X events (Yes, a risk; use MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1 or better.)
d1701 1
a1701 1
    "xauth" program has any effect, then you are probably using
a1710 40
    On most computers running Unix and X Windows, you enable and disable
    access using the "xhost" command.  To allow all hosts access to your X
    server, use

      xhost +

    at the shell prompt, which (on an HP machine, at least) produces the
    following message:

      access control disabled, clients can connect from any host

    To deny all hosts access to your X server (except those explicitly
    allowed by name), use

      xhost -

    On the test HP computer, this command generated the following message:

      access control enabled, only authorized clients can connect

83: Dired says, "no file on this line" when I try to do something.

  Chances are you're using a localized version of Unix that doesn't
  use US date format in dired listings.  You can check this by looking
  at dired listings or by typing `ls -l' to a shell and looking at the
  dates that come out.

  Dired uses a regular expression to find the beginning of a file
  name.  In a long Unix-style directory listing ("ls -l"), the file
  name starts after the date.  The regexp has thus been written to
  look for the date, the format of which can vary on non-US systems.

  There are two approaches to solving this.  The first one involves
  setting things up so that "ls -l" outputs US date format.  This can
  be done by setting the locale.  See your OS manual for more
  information.

  The second approach involves changing the regular expression used by
  dired, dired-move-to-filename-regexp.

d1714 1
a1714 94
84:  How do I install Emacs?

  This answer is meant for users of Unix and Unix-like systems.  Users of
  other operating systems should see the series of questions beginning with
  question 94, which describe where to get non-Unix source and binaries.
  These packages should come with installation instructions.

  For Unix and Unix-like systems, the easiest way is often to compile it
  from scratch.  You will need:

  * Emacs sources.  See question 92 for a list of ftp sites that make them
    available.  On ftp.gnu.org, the main GNU distribution site, sources are
    available at

      ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/emacs/emacs-20.4.tar.gz

    The above will obviously change as new versions of Emacs come out.  For
    instance, when Emacs 20.5 is released, it will most probably be
    available at

      ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/emacs/emacs-20.5.tar.gz

    Again, you should use one of the mirror sites in question 92 (and
    adjust the URL accordingly) so as to reduce load on ftp.gnu.org.

  * Gzip, the GNU compression utility.  You can get gzip via anonymous ftp
    at mirrors of ftp.gnu.org sites; it should compile and install without
    much trouble on most systems.  Once you have retrieved the Emacs
    sources, you will probably be able to uncompress them with the command

      gunzip --verbose emacs-20.4.tar.gz

    changing the Emacs version (20.4), as necessary.  Once gunzip has
    finished doing its job, a file by the name of "emacs-20.4.tar" should
    be in your build directory.

  * Tar, the "tape archiving" program, which moves multiple files into and
    out of archive files, or "tarfiles."  All of the files comprising the
    Emacs source come in a single tarfile, and must be extracted using tar
    before you can build Emacs.  Typically, the extraction command would
    look like

      tar -xvvf emacs-20.4.tar

    The `x' indicates that we want to extract files from this tarfile, the
    two `v's force verbose output, and the `f' tells tar to use a disk
    file, rather than one on tape.

    If you're using GNU tar (available at mirrors of ftp.gnu.org), you can
    combine this step and the previous one by using the command

      tar -zxvvf emacs-20.4.tar.gz

    The additional `z' at the beginning of the options list tells GNU tar
    to uncompress the file with gunzip before extracting the tarfile's
    components.

  At this point, the Emacs sources (all 25+ megabytes of them) should be
  sitting in a directory called "emacs-20.4".  On most common Unix and
  Unix-like systems, you should be able to compile Emacs (with X Windows
  support) with the following commands:

    cd emacs-20.4       [ change directory to emacs-20.4 ]
    ./configure         [ configure Emacs for your particular system ]
    make                [ use Makefile to build components, then Emacs ]

  If the "make" completes successfully, the odds are fairly good that the
  build has gone well.  (See question 86 if you weren't successful.)

  To install Emacs in its default directories of /usr/local/bin (binaries),
  /usr/local/share/emacs/20.xx (Lisp code and support files),
  /usr/local/libexec/CONFIGURATION/emacs/VERSION (executable files to be
  run by Emacs rather than users), /usr/local/man/man1 (man pages) and
  /usr/local/info (Info documentation), become the super-user and type

    make install

  Note that "make install" will overwrite /usr/local/bin/emacs and any
  Emacs Info files that might be in /usr/local/info.

  Much more verbose instructions (with many more hints and suggestions)
  come with the Emacs sources, in the file "INSTALL".

85:  How do I update Emacs to the latest version?

  Follow the instructions in question 84.

  Emacs places nearly everything in version-specific directories (e.g.,
  /usr/local/share/emacs/20.4), so the only files that can be overwritten
  when installing a new release are /usr/local/bin/emacs and the Emacs Info
  documentation in /usr/local/info.  Back up these files before you install
  a new release, and you shouldn't have too much trouble.

86:  What should I do if I have trouble building Emacs?
d1718 7
a1724 2
  problem.  Next, look for other questions in this FAQ that have to do with
  Emacs installation and compilation problems.
d1726 1
a1726 2
  If you'd like to have someone look at your problem and help solve it, see
  question 21.
d1728 3
a1730 4
  If you don't find a solution, then report your problem via e-mail to
  bug-gnu-emacs@@gnu.org.  Please do not post it to gnu.emacs.help
  or e-mail it to help-gnu-emacs@@gnu.org.  For further guidelines,
  see question 8 and question 10.
d1732 1
a1732 1
87:  Why does linking Emacs with -lX11 fail?
d1737 2
a1738 2
  Under OpenWindows, you may need to use "add_services" to add the
  "OpenWindows Programmers" optional software category from the CD-ROM.
d1740 2
a1741 2
  Under HP-UX 8.0, you may need to run "update" again to load the X11-PRG
  "fileset".  This may be missing even if you specified "all filesets" the
d1743 1
a1743 7
  "Berkeley Development Option."

  David Zuhn <zoo@@armadillo.com> says that MIT X builds shared libraries by
  default, and only shared libraries, on those platforms that support them.
  These shared libraries can't be used when undumping temacs (the last
  stage of the Emacs build process).  To get regular libraries in addition
  to shared libraries, add this to site.cf:
d1745 3
a1747 1
      #define ForceNormalLib YES
d1758 1
a1758 1
88:  Where can I get Emacs on the net (or by snail mail)?
d1762 14
a1775 1
  Emacs, see question 20 for how to get these files.
d1777 7
a1783 30
  See question 84 for information on how to obtain and build the latest
  version of Emacs, and question 92 for a list of archive sites that make
  GNU software available.

89:  How do I find a Emacs Lisp package that does XXX?

  First of all, you should check to make sure that the package isn't
  already available.  For example, typing "M-x apropos RET wordstar RET"
  lists all functions and variables containing the string "wordstar".

  It is also possible that the package is on your system, but has not been
  loaded.  To see which packages are available for loading, look through your
  computer's lisp directory (see question 4) or use the Finder (C-h p) to
  search under keywords.  The Lisp source to most packages contains a
  short description of how they should be loaded, invoked, and configured --
  so before you use or modify a Lisp package, see if the author has provided
  any hints in the source code.

  If a package does not come with Emacs, check the Lisp Code
  Directory, maintained (unfortunately slowly at present) by Dave
  Brennan <brennan@@gnu.org>.  The directory is contained in the file
  LCD-datafile.Z, available from the Emacs Lisp Archive (see question
  90), and is accessed using the "lispdir" package, available from the
  same site.  Note that lispdir.el requires crypt++, which you can
  grab from the Emacs Lisp Archive's "misc" subdirectory when you get
  lispdir.el.

  Once you have installed lispdir.el and LCD-datafile, you can use "M-x
  lisp-dir-apropos" to search the listing.  For example, "M-x
  lisp-dir-apropos RET ange-ftp RET" produces this output:
d1786 1
a1786 1
     "~/" refers to ftp.cis.ohio-state.edu:pub/emacs-lisp/
d1801 1
a1801 12
  You actually don't need the directory file LCD-datafile if your computer
  is on the Internet, since the latest version is retrieved automatically
  the first time you type "M-x lisp-dir-apropos" in a particular Emacs
  session.  If you would prefer to use a local copy of LCD-datafile, be
  sure to set the variable lisp-code-directory at the top of the lispdir.el
  source code.

  A searchable version of the LCD is also available at

    http://www.cs.indiana.edu/LCD/cover.html

90:  Where can I get Emacs Lisp packages that don't come with Emacs?
d1804 1
a1804 1
  are looking for (see question 89).  Next, check local archives and the
a1806 2
  If you find Emacs Lisp code that doesn't appear in the LCD, please submit
  a copy to the LCD (see question 91).
d1808 1
a1808 1
  You can access the Emacs Lisp Archive at the following sites:
d1810 12
a1821 6
    ftp://ftp.cis.ohio-state.edu/pub/emacs-lisp/
    ftp://ftp.uni-mainz.de/pub/gnu/elisp-archive/
    ftp://gatekeeper.dec.com/pub/GNU/elisp-archive/
    ftp://nic.funet.fi/pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/
    ftp://sunsite.cnlab-switch.ch/mirror/elisp-archive/
    ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/public/Mirrors/ftp.cis.ohio-state.edu/pub/emacs-lisp/
d1830 2
a1831 2
        * Any files with names ending in ".Z", ".z", or ".gz" are
          compressed, so you should use "binary" mode in FTP to retrieve
d1833 1
a1833 1
          files with names ending in ".elc".
d1835 1
a1835 4
  Packages which have been posted to gnu.emacs.sources should be locatable
  via a service like Dejanews.

91:  How do I submit code to the Emacs Lisp Archive?
d1838 1
a1838 1
  the file GUIDELINES in the archive directory (see question 90).  It
d1845 1
a1845 84
 Note that maintenance of the archive is currently very slow. 

92:  Where can I get other up-to-date GNU stuff?

  The most up-to-date official GNU software is normally kept on
  ftp.gnu.org and is available at

    ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu

  Read the files etc/DISTRIB and etc/FTP for more information.

  A list of sites mirroring ftp.gnu.org can be found at

    http://www.gnu.org/order/ftp.html

93:  What is the difference between Emacs and XEmacs (formerly "Lucid
     Emacs")?

  XEmacs is a modified version of GNU Emacs.

  This FAQ refers to the latest version to be distributed by the FSF
  as "Emacs," partly because the XEmacs maintainers now refer to their
  product using the "XEmacs" name, and partly because there isn't any
  accurate way to differentiate between the two without getting mired
  in paragraphs of legalese and history.

  XEmacs, which began life as Lucid Emacs, is based on an early version of
  Emacs 19 and Epoch, an X-aware version of Emacs 18.

  Emacs (i.e., the version distributed by the FSF) has a larger installed
  base and now always contains the MULE multilingual facilities.  XEmacs
  can do some clever tricks with X Windows, such as putting arbitrary
  graphics in a buffer; similar facilities have been implemented for Emacs,
  which will be integrated after version 20.4.  Emacs and XEmacs each come
  with some Lisp packages that are lacking or more up-to-date in the other;
  RMS says that the FSF would include more packages that come with XEmacs,
  but that the XEmacs maintainers don't always keep track of the authors of
  contributed code, which makes it impossible for the FSF to have certain
  legal papers signed.  (Without these legal papers, the FSF will not
  distribute Lisp packages with Emacs.)  The two versions have some
  significant differences at the Lisp programming level.

94:  Where can I get Emacs for my PC running MS-DOS?

  A pre-built binary distribution of Emacs is available from the Simtel
  archives.  This version works under MS-DOS and Windows (3.x, 9x, and NT) and
  supports long file names under Windows 9x.  More information is available
  from:

        ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp/v2gnu/emacs.README

  And the binary itself is available in the files em1934*.zip in the
  directory

        ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp/v2gnu/

  If you prefer to compile Emacs for yourself, you will need a 386 (or
  better) processor, and are running MS-DOS 3.0 or later.  According to Eli
  Zaretskii <eliz@@is.elta.co.il> and Darrel Hankerson
  <hankedr@@dms.auburn.edu>, you will need the following:

  Compiler: djgpp version 1.12 maint 1 or later.  Djgpp 2.0 or later is
            recommended, since 1.x is being phased out.  Djgpp 2 supports
            long filenames under Windows 9x.

            You can get the latest release of djgpp by retrieving
            all of the files in

              ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp

  Gunzip and tar:

            The easiest way is to use "djtar" which comes with djgpp v2.x,
            because it can open gzip'ed tarfiles (i.e., those ending with
            ".tar.gz") in one step.  Djtar comes in "djdev201.zip", from
            the URL mentioned above.

  Utilities: make, mv, sed, rm.  

            All of these utilities are available at

               ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp/v2gnu

            16-bit utilities can be found in GNUish:
d1847 134
a1980 4
              ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/gnu/gnuish

  The files INSTALL and etc/PROBLEMS in the Emacs source contains some
  additional information regarding Emacs under MS-DOS.
d1984 1
a1984 1
  available at
d1986 1
a1986 1
    ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/comp.emacs/
d1988 2
a1989 15
  Note that while many of these programs look similar to Emacs, they often
  lack certain features, particularly the Emacs Lisp extension language.

95:  Where can I get Emacs for Microsoft Windows, Windows 9x, or Windows
     NT?

  GNU Emacs has been fully ported to Windows NT and Windows 95/98.  
  If you have MSVC 4.0 or greater, then you can compile GNU Emacs
  directly from the source distribution.  First read the file
  nt/README, and then the file nt/INSTALL, for step by step
  instructions on how to compile and install GNU Emacs on your system.

  You can also download precompiled distributions of GNU Emacs from:

    ftp://ftp.cs.washington.edu/pub/ntemacs
d1991 2
a1992 14
  If you need the gunzip and tar utilities for unpacking distributions,
  you can download precompiled versions from:

    ftp://ftp.cs.washington.edu/pub/ntemacs/utilities

  For more information on configuring your favorite package to run with
  GNU Emacs on Windows NT/95/98, see the following FAQ:

    http://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/voelker/ntemacs.html
    ftp://ftp.cs.washington.edu/pub/ntemacs/docs/ntemacs.html

  If you are running Windows 3.11, and if you compile GNU Emacs for MSDOS
  with the tools listed in the previous question, it will run under
  Microsoft Windows in a DOS box.
d1994 1
a1994 1
96:  Where can I get Emacs for my PC running OS/2?
d1996 6
a2001 1
  Emacs 19.33 is ported for emx on OS/2 2.0 or 2.1, and is available at:
d2003 1
a2003 1
    ftp://hobbes.nmsu.edu/pub/os2/apps/editors/emacs/v19.33/
d2005 2
a2006 1
97:  Where can I get Emacs for my Atari ST?
d2008 1
a2008 2
  Roland Schuble reports that Emacs 18.58 running on plain TOS and MiNT
  is available at
d2010 1
a2010 1
    ftp://atari.archive.umich.edu/Editors/Emacs-18-58/1858b-d3.zoo
d2012 1
a2012 1
98:  Where can I get Emacs for my Amiga?
d2014 1
a2014 1
  The files you need are available at
d2016 1
a2016 1
    ftp://ftp.wustl.edu/pub/aminet/util/gnu/
d2018 1
a2018 2
  David Gilbert <dgilbert@@gamiga.guelphnet.dweomer.org> has released a beta
  version of Emacs 19.25 for the Amiga.  You can get the binary at
d2020 1
a2020 1
    ftp://ftp.wustl.edu/pub/aminet/util/gnu/a2.0bEmacs-bin.lha
d2022 4
a2025 1
99:  Where can I get Emacs for NeXTSTEP?
d2027 2
a2028 2
  Emacs.app is a NeXTSTEP version of Emacs 19.34 which supports colors,
  menus, and multiple frames.  You can get it from
d2030 2
a2031 1
    ftp://next-ftp.peak.org/pub/next/apps/emacs/Emacs_for_NeXTstep.4.20a1.NIHS.b.tar.gz
d2033 2
a2034 1
100:  Where can I get Emacs for my Apple computer?
d2036 1
d2057 1
a2057 2
  An unofficial port of GNU Emacs 18.59 to the Macintosh is available at a
  number of ftp sites, the home being
d2059 8
a2066 1
    ftp://ftp.cs.cornell.edu/pub/parmet/Emacs-1.17.sit.bin
d2068 1
a2068 2
  To the best of our knowledge, Emacs 19 has not been ported to the
  Macintosh.
d2070 2
a2071 2
  Apple's forthcoming "OS X" is based largely on NeXTSTEP and OpenStep.
  See question 99 for more details about that version.
d2073 2
a2074 9
101: Where do I get Emacs that runs on VMS under DECwindows?

  Up-to-date information about GNU software (including Emacs) for VMS is
  available at

    http://vms.gnu.org/

102: Where can I get modes for Lex, Yacc/Bison, Bourne shell, Csh, C++,
     Objective-C, Pascal, Java, and Awk?
d2077 1
a2077 1
  get additional modes, look in the Lisp Code Directory (see question 89).
d2083 3
a2085 3
  Note that Barry Warsaw's cc-mode now works for C, C++, Objective-C, and
  Java code.  You can get the latest version from the Emacs Lisp Archive;
  see question 90 for details.  A FAQ for cc-mode is available at
d2087 1
a2087 1
      http://www.python.org/emacs/cc-mode/
d2089 3
a2091 1
103: What is the IP address of XXX.YYY.ZZZ?
d2093 1
a2093 3
  If you are on a Unix machine, try using the "nslookup" command, included
  in the Berkeley BIND package.  For example, to find the IP address of
  "ftp.gnu.org", you would type
d2095 3
a2097 1
    nslookup ftp.gnu.org
d2099 1
a2099 1
  Your computer should then provide the IP address of that computer.
d2101 4
a2104 2
  If your site's nameserver is deficient, you can use IP addresses to FTP
  files.  You can get this information by
d2106 1
a2106 1
  * E-mail:
d2108 2
a2109 4
    To: dns@@[134.214.84.25]              (to grasp.insa-lyon.fr)
    Body: ip XXX.YYY.ZZZ                 (or "help" for more information
                                                and options - no quotes) 
    or:
d2111 1
a2111 2
    To: resolve@@[147.31.254.130]         (to laverne.cs.widener.edu)
    Body: site XXX.YYY.ZZZ
d2116 11
a2126 1
104: VM (View Mail) -- another mail reader within Emacs, with MIME support
d2129 1
a2129 1
  Latest version: 6.67
d2131 1
a2131 1
    ftp://ftp.wonderworks.com/pub/vm/vm.tar.gz
d2133 1
a2133 1
    Informational newsgroup/mailing list:
d2137 1
a2137 1
    Bug reports newsgroup/mailing list:
a2140 3
  NOTE: VM 6 is not guaranteed to work under Emacs 20 (although many people
  seem to use it without too much trouble).  Users of Emacs 20 might prefer
  to use VM 5.97, available from the same FTP site.
d2142 1
a2142 1
105: Supercite -- mail and news citation package within Emacs
d2145 7
a2151 1
  Latest version: 3.1 (comes with Emacs 20)
d2153 15
a2167 6
  World Wide Web:
    http://www.python.org/emacs/supercite.tar.gz
  Mailing list:
    supercite-request@@python.org (for subscriptions)
    supercite@@python.org (for submissions)
  NOTE: Superyank is an old version of Supercite.
d2169 1
a2169 1
106: Calc -- poor man's Mathematica within Emacs
d2172 1
a2172 1
  Latest version: 2.02f
d2174 1
a2174 1
    ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/calc/calc-2.02f.tar.gz
d2179 1
a2179 1
107: VIPER -- vi emulation for Emacs
d2181 12
a2192 5
  Since Emacs 19.29, the preferred vi emulation in Emacs is VIPER (M-x
  viper-mode RET), which comes with Emacs.  It extends and supersedes VIP
  (including VIP 4.3) and provides vi emulation at several levels, from one
  that closely follows vi to one that departs from vi in several
  significant ways.
d2194 1
a2194 2
  For Emacs 19.28 and earlier, the following version of VIP is generally
  better than the one distributed with Emacs:
d2199 4
a2202 1
    ftp://ftp.cis.ohio-state.edu/pub/emacs-lisp/modes/vip-mode.tar.Z
d2204 1
a2204 1
108: AUC TeX -- enhanced LaTeX mode with debugging facilities
d2206 2
a2207 3
  Authors: Kresten Krab Thorup <krab@@iesd.auc.dk>
           and Per Abrahamsen <abraham@@iesd.auc.dk>
  Latest version: 9.8l
d2209 1
a2209 1
    ftp://sunsite.auc.dk/packages/auctex/auctex.tar.gz
a2213 2
  World Wide Web:
    http://sunsite.auc.dk/auctex/
d2215 1
a2215 1
109: BBDB -- personal Info Rolodex integrated with mail/news readers
d2217 25
a2241 4
  Maintainer: Matt Simmons <simmonmt@@acm.org>
  Latest released version: 2.00
  Available from:
    http://www.netcom.com/~simmonmt/bbdb/index.html
d2243 5
a2247 3
    info-bbdb-request@@xemacs.org (for subscriptions)
    info-bbdb@@xemacs.org (for submissions)
    bbdb-announce-request@@xemacs.org (to be informed of new releases)
d2249 1
a2249 1
110: Ispell -- spell checker in C with interface for Emacs
d2252 1
a2252 1
  Latest released version: 3.1.20
d2255 5
a2259 6
     ftp://ftp.cs.ucla.edu/pub/ispell/ispell-3.1.20.tar.gz
   Known Mirror Sites:
     ftp://ftp.th-darmstadt.de/pub/dicts/ispell/
     ftp://ftp.nl.net/pub/textproc/ispell/
  World Wide Web:
     http://fmg-www.cs.ucla.edu/geoff/ispell.html
d2263 1
a2263 1
      
d2267 2
a2268 1
111: W3-mode -- A World Wide Web browser inside of Emacs
d2270 5
a2274 2
  Author: Bill Perry <wmperry@@spry.com>
  Latest version: 4.0pre.39
d2276 22
a2297 36
    ftp://ftp.cs.indiana.edu/pub/elisp/w3/.betas/w3.tar.gz
  Mailing lists:
    w3-announce-request@@indiana.edu (to get announcements of new versions)
    w3-beta-request@@indiana.edu (for beta-testers of new versions)
    w3-dev@@indiana.edu (for developers of W3)

112: EDB -- Database program for Emacs; replaces forms editing modes

  Author: Michael Ernst <mernst@@theory.lcs.mit.edu>
  Latest version: 1.21
  Anonymous FTP:
    ftp://theory.lcs.mit.edu/pub/emacs/edb

113: Mailcrypt -- PGP interface within Emacs mail and news

  Authors: Patrick J. LoPresti <patl@@lcs.mit.edu> and 
           Jin S. Choi <jin@@atype.com>
  Maintainer: Len Budney <lbudney@@pobox.com>
  Latest version: 3.5.1
  Anonymous FTP:
    ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/crypto/mailcrypt-3.5.1.tar.gz
  World Wide Web:
    http://www.nb.net/~lbudney/linux/software/mailcrypt.html

114: JDE -- Development environment for Java programming

  Author: Paul Kinnucan <paulk@@mathworks.com>
  Mailing list: jde-subscribe@@sunsite.auc.dk
  Latest version: 2.1.4
  World Wide Web: http://sunsite.auc.dk/jde/

115: Patch -- program to apply "diffs" for updating files

  Author: Larry Wall <lwall@@wall.org> (with GNU modifications)
  Latest version: 2.5
  Anonymous FTP: See question 92
d2302 1
a2302 8
116: How do I bind keys (including function keys) to commands?

  Keys can be bound to commands either interactively or in your .emacs
  file.  To interactively bind keys for all modes, type

    M-x global-set-key RET KEY CMD RET

  To bind a key just in the current major mode, type
d2304 31
a2334 28
    M-x local-set-key RET KEY CMD RET

  See "Key Bindings" in the on-line manual for further details.

  To bind keys on starting Emacs or on starting any given mode, use the
  following "trick": First bind the key interactively, then immediately
  type "C-x ESC ESC C-a C-k C-g".  Now, the command needed to bind the key
  is in the kill ring, and can be yanked into your .emacs file.  If the key
  binding is global, no changes to the command are required.  For example,

    (global-set-key [f1] 'help-for-help)

  can be placed directly into the .emacs file.  If the key binding is
  local, the command is used in conjunction with the "add-hook" command.
  For example, in tex-mode, a local binding might be

    (add-hook 'tex-mode-hook
      (lambda ()
        (local-set-key [f1] 'help-for-help)))

  NOTE: * Control characters in key sequences, in the form yanked from the
          kill ring are given in their graphic form -- i.e., CTRL is shown
          as `^', TAB as a set of spaces (usually 8), etc.  You may want to
          convert these into their vector or string forms.

        * If a prefix key of the character sequence to be bound is already
          bound as a complete key, then you must unbind it before the new
          binding.  For example, if "ESC {" is previously bound:
d2345 8
a2352 14
        * The "kbd" macro is convenient for converting a key description in
          the form used in documentation or printed by C-h c (except that
          function key symbols must be enclosed in angle brackets).  For
          example:

            (global-set-key (kbd "<f1>") 'help-for-help)
            (global-set-key (kbd "C-h") 'help-for-help)
            (local-set-key (kbd "DEL") 'scroll-down)

117: Why does Emacs say "Key sequence XXX uses invalid prefix characters"?

  Usually, one of two things has happened.  In one case, the control
  character in the key sequence has been misspecified (e.g. "C-f" used
  instead of "\C-f" within a Lisp expression).  In the other case, a
d2354 1
a2354 1
  already bound as a "complete key."  Historically, the "ESC [" prefix was
d2358 2
a2359 2
    (global-unset-key [?\e ?[])  ;;  or
    (global-unset-key "\e[")
d2361 1
a2361 1
118: Why doesn't this [terminal or window-system setup] code work in my
d2372 1
a2372 1
  of either the "term-setup-hook" or "window-setup-hook" variable to this
d2383 2
a2384 2
  For information on what Emacs does every time it is started, see
  "Starting Up Emacs" in the Lisp Reference Manual.
d2386 1
a2386 1
119: How do I use function keys under X Windows?
d2389 1
a2389 1
  question 116 for details.
d2391 1
a2391 1
120: How do I tell what characters or symbols my function or arrow keys
d2394 29
a2422 14
  Type "C-h c" then the function or arrow keys.  The command will return
  either a function key symbol or character sequence (see the Emacs on-line
  documentation for an explanation).  This works for other keys as well.

121: How do I set the X key "translations" for Emacs?

  Emacs is not written using the Xt library by default, so there are no
  "translations" to be set.  (We aren't sure how to set such translations
  if you do build Emacs with Xt; please let us know if you've done this!)

  The only way to affect the behavior of keys within Emacs is through
  "xmodmap" (outside Emacs) or "define-key" (inside Emacs).  The
  "define-key" command should be used in conjunction with the
  "function-key-map" map.  For instance,
d2426 1
a2426 1
  defines the "M-TAB" key sequence.
d2428 1
a2428 1
122: How do I handle C-s and C-q being used for flow control?
d2430 3
a2432 4
  C-s and C-q are used in the XON/XOFF flow control protocol.  This messes
  things up when you're using Emacs, because Emacs binds these keys to
  commands by default.  Because Emacs won't honor them as flow control
  characters, too many of these characters are not passed on and overwhelm
d2447 1
a2447 1
      example, on a VT220 you may select "No XOFF" in the setup menu.  This
d2456 1
a2456 1
      this problem by modifying the "termcap" entry for your terminal to
d2479 1
a2479 1
        Some versions of "rlogin" (and possibly telnet) do not pass flow
d2482 1
a2482 1
        control on the local system.  Sometimes "rlogin -8" will avoid this
d2488 1
a2488 1
        "stty start u stop u" will do this.
d2490 1
a2490 1
        Some versions of "tcsh" will prevent even this from working.  One
d2494 1
a2494 1
      Use "stty -ixon" instead of "stty start u stop u" on some systems.
d2510 1
a2510 1
    ("flow-control-c-s-replacement" and "flow-control-c-q-replacement").
d2523 1
a2523 1
123: How do I bind `C-s' and `C-q' (or any key) if these keys are filtered
d2526 2
a2527 2
  To bind `C-s' and `C-q', use either "enable-flow-control" or
  "enable-flow-control-on".  See question 122 for usage and implementation
d2530 1
a2530 1
  To bind other keys, use "keyboard-translate".  See question 126 for usage
d2532 1
a2532 1
  lisp/site-start.el.  See question 122 for an explanation of why
d2539 1
a2539 1
124: Why does the "Backspace" key invoke help?
d2541 1
a2541 1
  The "Backspace" key (on most keyboards) generates ASCII code 8.  `C-h'
d2544 1
a2544 1
  is `h'.  The easiest solution to this problem is to use `C-h' (and
d2551 3
a2553 3
    character.  This can be solved by making DEL the command for deleting
    the previous character outside of Emacs.  On many Unix systems, this
    command will remap DEL:
d2555 1
a2555 1
      stty erase `^?'
d2573 1
a2573 1
    See question 126 for further details of "keyboard-translate".
d2578 3
a2580 2
      (global-set-key "\C-h" 'delete-backward-char)
      (global-set-key "\C-xh" 'help-command) ;; overrides mark-whole-buffer
d2587 1
a2587 1
125: Why doesn't Emacs look at the stty settings for Backspace vs. Delete?
d2591 1
a2591 1
126: How do I "swap" two keys?
d2594 1
a2594 1
  "keyboard-translate" function.  For example, to turn `C-h' into DEL and
d2611 1
a2611 1
  Also see "Keyboard Translations" in the on-line manual.
d2613 1
a2613 1
127: How do I produce C-XXX with my keyboard?
d2617 6
a2622 6
            C-2  or  C-SPC         for      C-@@
            C-6                    for      C-^
            C-7  or  C-S--         for      C-_
            C-4                    for      C-\
            C-5                    for      C-]
            C-/                    for      C-?
d2624 1
a2624 1
  Often other aliases exist; use the "C-h c" command and try `CTRL' with
d2626 1
a2626 1
  also try the "C-h w" command if you know the name of the command.
d2628 1
a2628 1
128: What if I don't have a Meta key?
d2632 2
a2633 2
  meta-prefix-char).  Note that you press "Meta" and `a' together, while
  you press `ESC', release it, and then press `a'.
d2635 1
a2635 1
129: What if I don't have an Escape key?
d2637 4
a2640 4
  Type `C-[' instead.  This should send ASCII code 27 just like an Escape
  key would.  `C-3' may also work on some terminal (but not under X).  For
  many terminals (notably DEC terminals) `F11' generates ESC.  If not, the
  following form can be used to bind it:
d2645 1
a2645 1
130: Can I make my "Compose Character" key behave like a Meta key?
d2649 1
a2649 1
  X, you might be able to do this with the "xmodmap" program.
d2651 1
a2651 1
131: How do I bind a combination of modifier key and function key?
d2653 3
a2655 3
  With Emacs 19 you can represent modified function keys in vector format
  by adding prefixes to the function key symbol.  For example (from the
  on-line documentation):
d2661 1
a2661 1
  You can use the modifier keys Control, Meta, Hyper, Super, Alt, and Shift
d2663 2
a2664 2
  "C-", "M-", "H-", "s-", "A-", and "S-" to the symbol name.  Here is how
  to make "Hyper-Meta-RIGHT" move forward a word:
d2668 2
a2669 6
  In recent Emacs versions this may also be written as:

           (global-set-key [(hyper meta right)] 'forward-word)

  NOTE: * Not all modifiers are permitted in all situations.  Hyper, Super,
          and Alt are available only under X (provided there are such
d2673 1
a2673 1
  See question 116 for general key binding instructions.
d2675 1
a2675 1
132: Why doesn't my Meta key work in an xterm window?
d2679 1
a2679 1
  * You may have big problems using "mwm" as your window manager.  {Does
d2683 1
a2683 1
  * For X11: Make sure it really is a Meta key.  Use "xev" to find out what
d2688 2
a2689 2
    "stty -a" (or "stty everything") should show "cs8" somewhere.  If it
    shows "cs7" instead, use "stty cs8 -istrip" (or "stty pass8") to fix
d2693 1
a2693 1
    "-8" argument may need to be given to rlogin to make it pass all 8 bits
d2712 1
a2712 1
    You might have to replace "Meta" with "Alt".
d2714 1
a2714 2
133: Why doesn't my ExtendChar key work as a Meta key under HP-UX 8.0
     and 9.x?
d2725 1
a2725 1
  NOTE: This will disable the use of the extra keysyms systemwide, which
d2728 1
d2730 2
a2731 1
Using Emacs with Alternate Character Sets
d2733 1
a2733 1
134: How do I make Emacs display 8-bit characters?
d2735 2
a2736 4
  Emacs 19 introduced built-in support for 8-bit characters.  Emacs 20 can
  operate similarly in Unibyte mode or else in Multibyte mode.  See the
  "International" node in the online manual, specifically "Single-Byte
  European Support".
d2738 1
a2738 1
135: How do I input 8-bit characters?
d2740 1
a2740 1
  Again, see the "International" node of the on-line manual.
d2742 2
a2743 2
136: Where can I get an Emacs that handles kanji, Chinese, or other
     character sets?
d2745 95
a2839 3
  Emacs 20 now includes many of the features of MULE, the Multilingual
  Enhancement of Emacs.  See question 84 for information on where to find
  and download Emacs.
d2841 3
a2843 1
137: Where is an Emacs that can handle Semitic (right-to-left) alphabets?
d2845 3
a2847 2
  Emacs 20 supports Hebrew characters (ISO 8859-8), but does not yet
  support right-to-left character entry.
d2849 2
a2850 4
  Joel M. Hoffman <joel@@exc.com> has written a Lisp package called
  hebrew.el that allows right-to-left editing of Hebrew.  It reportedly
  works out of the box with Emacs 19, but requires patches for Emacs 18.
  Write to Joel if you want the patches or package.
d2852 1
a2852 5
  Hebrew.el requires a Hebrew screen font, but no other Hardware support.
  Joel has a screen font for PCs running MS-DOS and Linux.

  You might also try to query archie for files named with "hebrew"; several
  ftp sites in Israel may also have the necessary files.
d2857 1
a2857 1
138: How do I change the included text prefix in mail/news followups?
d2863 1
a2863 1
  For fancier control of citations, use Supercite.  See question 105.
d2865 3
a2867 3
  To prevent Emacs from including various headers of the replied-to
  message, set the value of mail-yank-ignored-headers to an appropriate
  regexp.
d2869 1
a2869 1
139: How do I save a copy of outgoing mail?
d2871 1
a2871 1
  You can either mail yourself a copy by including a "BCC:" header in the
d2873 1
a2873 1
  including an "FCC:" header.
d2875 1
a2875 1
  If you use standard mail, you can automatically create a "BCC:" to
d2880 2
a2881 2
  in your .emacs file.  You can automatically include an "FCC:" field by
  putting something like the following in your .emacs file:
d2886 1
a2886 3
  by VM, but not always by Rmail.  See question 141.

  For Gnus, see the `Archived Messages node of the Gnus manual.
d2888 1
a2888 1
  If you use mh-e, add an "FCC:" or "BCC:" field to your components file.
d2890 1
a2890 1
  It does not work to put "set record filename" in the .mailrc file.
d2892 1
a2892 1
140: Why doesn't Emacs expand my aliases when sending mail?
d2900 7
a2906 3
    However, you do not need to -- and probably should not, unless your
    system's version of /usr/ucb/mail (aka mailx) supports RFC822 --
    separate addresses with commas in your ~/.mailrc file.
d2908 1
a2908 1
  * Emacs normally only reads the ".mailrc" file once per session, when you
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a2916 2
    type "M-x rebuild-mail-abbrevs RET" to make Emacs reread your ~/.mailrc
    file.
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a2923 6
    Note that the aliases are expanded automatically only after you type
    RET or a punctuation character (e.g. `,').  You can force their
    expansion by moving point to the end of the alias and typing "C-x a e"
    (M-x expand-abbrev).

141: Why does Rmail think all my saved messages are one big message?
d2925 1
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  A file created through the FCC: field in a message is in Unix mail
d2928 1
a2928 1
  makes errors.  For guaranteed safety, you can make the saved-messages
d2932 1
a2932 1
142: How can I sort the messages in my Rmail folder?
d2934 1
a2934 1
  In Rmail, type "C-c C-s C-h" to get a list of sorting functions and their
d2937 1
a2937 1
143: Why does Rmail need to write to /usr/spool/mail?
d2939 1
a2939 1
  This is the behavior of the "movemail" program which Rmail uses.  This
d2951 1
a2951 1
144: How do I recover my mail files after Rmail munges their format?
d2963 1
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145: How can I force Rmail to reply to the sender of a message, but not the
  other recipients?

  Ron Isaacson <isaacson@@seas.upenn.edu> says: When you hit "r" to reply in
  Rmail, by default it CCs all of the original recipients (everyone on the
  original "To" and "CC" lists). With a prefix argument (i.e., typing "C-u"
  before "r"), it replies only to the sender.  However, going through the
  whole C-u business every time you want to reply is a pain.  This is the
  best fix I've been able to come up with:

    (defun rmail-reply-t ()
      "Reply only to the sender of the current message. (See rmail-reply.)"
      (interactive)
      (rmail-reply t))

    (add-hook 'rmail-mode-hook
      '(lambda ()
         (define-key rmail-mode-map "r" 'rmail-reply-t)
         (define-key rmail-mode-map "R" 'rmail-reply)))

146: How can I get my favorite Emacs mail package to support MIME?  

  Look at the Emacs MIME FAQ, maintained by MacDonald Hall Jackson
  <trey@@cs.berkeley.edu> at

    http://bmrc.berkeley.edu/~trey/emacs/mime.html

  Version 6.x of VM supports MIME.  See question 104.

  MIME support has been added in the development version of Gnus which will
  be included with a future version of Emacs.

147: How do I make Emacs automatically start my mail/news reader?
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a2983 1
148: How do I read news under Emacs?
d2987 1
a2987 1
149: Why doesn't Gnus work via NNTP?
d3000 2
a3001 4
  (i.e., "telnet server-machine 119").  The server should give its version
  number in the welcome message.  Type "quit" to get out.

  Also see question 75 in this FAQ for some additional ideas.
d3003 1
a3003 2
150: How do I view news articles with embedded underlining (e.g.,
     ClariNews)?
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a3009 2
  Use Gnus' "Overstrike" function from the Article -> Washing menu (or type
  "W o").  You can do this for all articles with:
d3011 4
a3014 1
    (add-hook 'gnus-article-prepare-hook 'gnus-article-treat-overstrike)
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a3016 11
  If you prefer to do away with underlining altogether, you can
  destructively remove it with M-x ununderline-region; do this
  automatically via

    (add-hook 'gnus-article-prepare-hook
      (lambda () (ununderline-region (point-min) (point-max))))

  See the Gnus manual for more information about this and similar methods
  for treating article contents.

151: How do I save all the items of a multi-part posting in Gnus?
d3021 1
a3021 1
152: How do I make Gnus start up faster?
d3023 4
a3026 1
  From the Gnus FAQ (see question 158):
d3028 2
a3029 4
   Pranav Kumar Tiwari <pktiwari@@eos.ncsu.edu> writes: I posted the same
   query recently and I got an answer to it. I am going to repeat the
   answer. What you need is a newer version of gnus, version 5.0.4+. I am
   using 5.0.12 and it works fine with me with the following settings:
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a3031 4
    (setq gnus-check-new-newsgroups nil
          gnus-read-active-file 'some
          gnus-nov-is-evil nil
          gnus-select-method '(nntp gnus-nntp-server))
d3033 4
a3036 1
153: How do I catch up all newsgroups in Gnus?
d3038 1
a3038 1
  In the "*Newsgroup*" buffer, type the following magical incantation:
d3040 3
a3042 1
    M-< C-x ( c y C-x ) M-0 C-x e
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a3045 1
  the "*Newsgroup" buffer.
d3047 1
a3047 2
154: Why can't I kill in Gnus based on the Newsgroups/Keywords/Control
     headers?
d3049 2
a3050 2
  Gnus will complain that the "Newsgroups:", "Keywords:", and "Control:"
  headers are "Unknown header" fields.
d3052 2
a3053 2
  For the "Newsgroups:" header, there is an easy workaround: kill on the
  "Xref" header instead, which will be present on any cross-posted article
d3061 1
a3061 1
155: How do I get rid of flashing messages in Gnus for slow connections?
d3065 1
a3065 1
156: Why is catch up slow in Gnus?
d3070 1
a3070 1
157: Why does Gnus hang for a long time when posting?
d3089 33
a3121 1
158: Where can I find out more about Gnus?
a3122 2
  Visit http://www.gnus.org/, which has a pointer to the current Gnus FAQ and
  more information.  The relevant newsgroup is gnu.emacs.gnus.
d3125 4
a3128 5
Modified, with permission, for the Emacs 20.4 distribution by Dave Love.

Copyright 1994-1998 Reuven M. Lerner
Copyright 1992-1993 Steven Byrnes
Copyright 1990-1992 Joseph Brian Wells
d3146 11
a3156 1
People who helped with this version of the FAQ:
a3157 3
Ethan Bradford <ethanb@@u.washington.edu>, William G. Dubuque
<wgd@@martigny.ai.mit.edu>, Michael Ernst <mernst@@theory.lcs.mit.edu>,
and Denby Wong <3dw16@@qlink.QueensU.CA>.
@


1.1.1.10
log
@import emacs-20.5
@
text
@d892 1
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  Emacs 20.5 is the current version as of this writing.
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      ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/emacs/emacs-20.5.tar.gz
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    instance, Emacs 20.6 would most probably be available at
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a2167 1
      ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/emacs/emacs-20.6.tar.gz
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a2177 1
      gunzip --verbose emacs-20.5.tar.gz
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a2180 2
    changing the Emacs version (20.5), as necessary.  Once gunzip has
    finished doing its job, a file by the name of "emacs-20.5.tar" should
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a2189 1
      tar -xvvf emacs-20.5.tar
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      tar -zxvvf emacs-20.5.tar.gz
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  sitting in a directory called "emacs-20.5".  On most common Unix and
d2209 1
a2209 1
    cd emacs-20.5       [ change directory to emacs-20.5 ]
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a2235 1
  /usr/local/share/emacs/20.5), so the only files that can be overwritten
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a2425 1
  which will be integrated after version 20.5.  Emacs and XEmacs each come
@


