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date	2004.11.05.07.57.16;	author Ben Wing;	state Exp;
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1.1
log
@Initial revision
@
text
@Old GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes thru version 15.
Copyright (C) 1985 Richard M. Stallman.
See the end for copying conditions.

Changes in Emacs 15

* Emacs now runs on Sun and Megatest 68000 systems;
 also on at least one 16000 system running 4.2.

* Emacs now alters the output-start and output-stop characters
 to prevent C-s and C-q from being considered as flow control
 by cretinous rlogin software in 4.2.

* It is now possible convert Mocklisp code (for Gosling Emacs) to Lisp code
 that can run in GNU Emacs.  M-x convert-mocklisp-buffer
 converts the contents of the current buffer from Mocklisp to
 GNU Emacs Lisp.  You should then save the converted buffer with C-x C-w
 under a name ending in ".el"

 There are probably some Mocklisp constructs that are not handled.
 If you encounter one, feel free to report the failure as a bug.
 The construct will be handled in a future Emacs release, if that is not
 not too hard to do.

 Note that lisp code converted from Mocklisp code will not necessarily
 run as fast as code specifically written for GNU Emacs, nor will it use
 the many features of GNU Emacs which are not present in Gosling's emacs.
 (In particular, the byte-compiler (m-x byte-compile-file) knows little
 about compilation of code directly converted from mocklisp.)
 It is envisaged that old mocklisp code will be incrementally converted
 to GNU lisp code, with M-x convert-mocklisp-buffer being the first
 step in this process.

* Control-x n (narrow-to-region) is now by default a disabled command.

 This means that, if you issue this command, it will ask whether
 you really mean it.  You have the opportunity to enable the
 command permanently at that time, so you will not be asked again.
 This will place the form "(put 'narrow-to-region 'disabled nil)" in your
 .emacs file.

* Tags now prompts for the tag table file name to use.

 All the tags commands ask for the tag table file name
 if you have not yet specified one.

 Also, the command M-x visit-tag-table can now be used to
 specify the tag table file name initially, or to switch
 to a new tag table.

* If truncate-partial-width-windows is non-nil (as it intially is),
 all windows less than the full screen width (that is,
 made by side-by-side splitting) truncate lines rather than continuing
 them.

* Emacs now checks for Lisp stack overflow to avoid fatal errors.
 The depth in eval, apply and funcall may not exceed max-lisp-eval-depth.
 The depth in variable bindings and unwind-protects may not exceed
 max-specpdl-size.  If either limit is exceeded, an error occurs.
 You can set the limits to larger values if you wish, but if you make them
 too large, you are vulnerable to a fatal error if you invoke
 Lisp code that does infinite recursion.

* New hooks  find-file-hook  and  write-file-hook.
 Both of these variables if non-nil should be functions of no arguments.
 At the time they are called (current-buffer) will be the buffer being
 read or written respectively.

 find-file-hook  is called whenever a file is read into its own buffer,
 such as by calling  find-file,  revert-buffer, etc.  It is not called by
 functions such as  insert-file  which do not read the file into a buffer of
 its own.
 find-file-hook  is called after the file has been read in and its
 local variables (if any) have been processed.

 write-file-hook  is called just before writing out a file from a buffer.

* The initial value of shell-prompt-pattern is now  "^[^#$%>]*[#$%>] *"

* If the .emacs file sets inhibit-startup-message to non-nil,
 the messages normally printed by Emacs at startup time
 are inhibited.

* Facility for run-time conditionalization on the basis of emacs features.

 The new variable  features  is a list of symbols which represent "features"
 of the executing emacs, for use in run-time conditionalization.

 The function  featurep  of one argument may be used to test for the
 presence of a feature. It is just the same as
 (not (null (memq FEATURE features))) where FEATURE is its argument.
 For example, (if (featurep 'magic-window-hack)
		  (transmogrify-window 'vertical)
		(split-window-vertically))

 The function  provide  of one argument "announces" that FEATURE is present.
 It is much the same as (if (not (featurep FEATURE))
			    (setq features (cons FEATURE features)))

 The function  require  with arguments FEATURE and FILE-NAME loads FILE-NAME
 (which should contain the form (provide FEATURE)) unless FEATURE is present.
 It is much the same as (if (not (featurep FEATURE))
			    (progn (load FILE-NAME)
				   (if (not featurep FEATURE) (error ...))))
 FILE-NAME is optional and defaults to FEATURE.

* New function load-average.

 This returns a list of three integers, which are
 the current 1 minute, 5 minute and 15 minute load averages,
 each multiplied by a hundred (since normally they are floating
 point numbers).

* Per-terminal libraries loaded automatically.

 Emacs when starting up on terminal type T automatically loads
 a library named term-T.  T is the value of the TERM environment variable.
 Thus, on terminal type vt100, Emacs would do (load "term-vt100" t t).
 Such libraries are good places to set the character translation table.

 It is a bad idea to redefine lots of commands in a per-terminal library,
 since this affects all users.  Instead, define a command to do the
 redefinitions and let the user's init file, which is loaded later,
 call that command or not, as the user prefers.

* Programmer's note: detecting killed buffers.

 Buffers are eliminated by explicitly killing them, using
 the function kill-buffer.  This does not eliminate or affect
 the pointers to the buffer which may exist in list structure.
 If you have a pointer to a buffer and wish to tell whether
 the buffer has been killed, use the function buffer-name.
 It returns nil on a killed buffer, and a string on a live buffer.

* New ways to access the last command input character.

 The function last-key-struck, which used to return the last
 input character that was read by command input, is eliminated.
 Instead, you can find this information as the value of the
 variable last-command-char.  (This variable used to be called
 last-key).

 Another new variable, last-input-char, holds the last character
 read from the command input stream regardless of what it was
 read for.  last-input-char and last-command-char are different
 only inside a command that has called read-char to read input.

* The new switch -kill causes Emacs to exit after processing the
 preceding command line arguments.  Thus,
    emacs -l lib data -e do-it -kill
 means to load lib, find file data, call do-it on no arguments,
 and then exit.

* The config.h file has been modularized.

 Options that depend on the machine you are running on are defined
 in a file whose name starts with "m-", such as m-vax.h.
 Options that depend on the operating system software version you are
 running on are defined in a file whose name starts with "s-",
 such as s-bsd4.2.h.

 config.h includes one m- file and one s- file.  It also defines a
 few other options whose values do not follow from the machine type
 and system type being used.  Installers normally will have to
 select the correct m- and s- files but will never have to change their
 contents.

* Termcap AL and DL strings are understood.

 If the termcap entry defines AL and DL strings, for insertion
 and deletion of multiple lines in one blow, Emacs now uses them.
 This matters most on certain bit map display terminals for which
 scrolling is comparatively slow.

* Bias against scrolling screen far on fast terminals.

 Emacs now prefers to redraw a few lines rather than
 shift them a long distance on the screen, when the terminal is fast.

* New major mode, mim-mode.

 This major mode is for editing MDL code.  Perhaps a MDL
 user can explain why it is not called mdl-mode.
 You must load the library mim-mode explicitly to use this.

* GNU documentation formatter `texinfo'.

 The `texinfo' library defines a format for documentation
 files which can be passed through Tex to make a printed manual
 or passed through texinfo to make an Info file.  Texinfo is
 documented fully by its own Info file; compare this file
 with its source, texinfo.texinfo, for additional guidance.

 All documentation files for GNU utilities should be written
 in texinfo input format.

 Tex processing of texinfo files requires the Botex macro package.
 This is not ready for distribution yet, but will appear at
 a later time.

* New function read-from-string (emacs 15.29)

 read-from-string takes three arguments: a string to read from,
 and optionally start and end indices which delimit a substring
 from which to read.  (They default to 0 and the length of the string,
 respectively.)

 This function returns a cons cell whose car is the object produced
 by reading from the string and whose cdr is a number giving the
 index in the string of the first character not read. That index may
 be passed as the second argument to a later call to  read-from-string
 to read the next form represented by the string.

 In addition, the function  read  now accepts a string as its argument.
 In this case, it calls  read-from-string  on the whole string, and
 returns the car of the result. (ie the actual object read.)

Changes in Emacs 14

* Completion now prints various messages such as [Sole Completion]
 or [Next Character Not Unique] to describe the results obtained.
 These messages appear after the text in the minibuffer, and remain
 on the screen until a few seconds go by or you type a key.

* The buffer-read-only flag is implemented.
 Setting or binding this per-buffer variable to a non-nil value
 makes illegal any operation which would modify the textual content of
 the buffer.  (Such operations signal a  buffer-read-only  error)
 The read-only state of a buffer may be altered using toggle-read-only
 (C-x C-q)
 The buffers used by Rmail, Dired, Rnews, and Info are now read-only
 by default to prevent accidental damage to the information in those
 buffers.

* Functions car-safe and cdr-safe.
 These functions are like car and cdr when the argument is a cons.
 Given an argument not a cons, car-safe always returns nil, with
 no error; the same for cdr-safe.

* The new function user-real-login-name returns the name corresponding
 to the real uid of the Emacs process.  This is usually the same
 as what user-login-name returns; however, when Emacs is invoked
 from su, user-real-login-name returns "root" but user-login-name
 returns the name of the user who invoked su.

Changes in Emacs 13

* There is a new version numbering scheme.

 What used to be the first version number, which was 1,
 has been discarded since it does not seem that I need three
 levels of version number.

 However, a new third version number has been added to represent
 changes by user sites.  This number will always be zero in
 Emacs when I distribute it; it will be incremented each time
 Emacs is built at another site.

* There is now a reader syntax for Meta characters:
 \M-CHAR means CHAR or'ed with the Meta bit.  For example:

    ?\M-x   is   (+ ?x 128)
    ?\M-\n  is   (+ ?\n 128)
    ?\M-\^f is   (+ ?\^f 128)

 This syntax can be used in strings too.  Note, however, that
 Meta characters are not meaningful in key sequences being passed
 to define-key or lookup-key; you must use ESC characters (\e)
 in them instead.

 ?\C- can be used likewise for control characters.  (13.9)

* Installation change
 The string "../lisp" now adds to the front of the load-path
 used for searching for Lisp files during Emacs initialization.
 It used to replace the path specified in paths.h entirely.
 Now the directory ../lisp is searched first and the directoris
 specified in paths.h are searched afterward.

Changes in Emacs 1.12

* There is a new installation procedure.
 See the file INSTALL that comes in the top level
 directory in the tar file or tape.

* The Meta key is now supported on terminals that have it.
 This is a shift key which causes the high bit to be turned on
 in all input characters typed while it is held down.

 read-char now returns a value in the range 128-255 if
 a Meta character is typed.  When interpreted as command
 input, a Meta character is equivalent to a two character
 sequence, the meta prefix character followed by the un-metized
 character (Meta-G unmetized is G).

 The meta prefix character
 is specified by the value of the variable meta-prefix-char.
 If this character (normally Escape) has been redefined locally
 with a non-prefix definition (such as happens in completing
 minibuffers) then the local redefinition is suppressed when
 the character is not the last one in a key sequence.
 So the local redefinition is effective if you type the character
 explicitly, but not effective if the character comes from
 the use of the Meta key.

* `-' is no longer a completion command in the minibuffer.
 It is an ordinary self-inserting character.

* The list load-path of directories load to search for Lisp files
 is now controlled by the EMACSLOADPATH environment variable
[[ Note this was originally EMACS-LOAD-PATH and has been changed
 again; sh does not deal properly with hyphens in env variable names]]
 rather than the EPATH environment variable.  This is to avoid
 conflicts with other Emacses.

 While Emacs is being built initially, the load-path
 is now just ("../lisp"), ignoring paths.h.  It does not
 ignore EMACSLOADPATH, however; you should avoid having
 this variable set while building Emacs.

* You can now specify a translation table for keyboard
 input characters, as a way of exchanging or substituting
 keys on the keyboard.

 If the value of keyboard-translate-table is a string,
 every character received from the keyboard is used as an
 index in that string, and the character at that index in
 the string is used as input instead of what was actually
 typed.  If the actual input character is >= the length of
 the string, it is used unchanged.

 One way this feature can be used is to fix bad keyboard
 designes.  For example, on some terminals, Delete is 
 Shift-Underscore.  Since Delete is a more useful character
 than Underscore, it is an improvement to make the unshifted
 character Delete and the shifted one Underscore.  This can
 be done with

  ;; First make a translate table that does the identity translation.
  (setq keyboard-translate-table (make-string 128 0))
  (let ((i 0))
    (while (< i 128)
      (aset keyboard-translate-table i i)
      (setq i (1+ i))))

  ;; Now alter translations of some characters.
  (aset keyboard-translate-table ?\_ ?\^?)
  (aset keyboard-translate-table ?\^? ?\_)

 If your terminal has a Meta key and can therefore send
 codes up to 255, Meta characters are translated through
 elements 128 through 255 of the translate table, and therefore
 are translated independently of the corresponding non-Meta
 characters.  You must therefore establish translations
 independently for the Meta characters if you want them too:

  ;; First make a translate table that does the identity translation.
  (setq keyboard-translate-table (make-string 256 0))
  (let ((i 0))
    (while (< i 256)
      (aset keyboard-translate-table i i)
      (setq i (1+ i))))

  ;; Now alter translations of some characters.
  (aset keyboard-translate-table ?\_ ?\^?)
  (aset keyboard-translate-table ?\^? ?\_)

  ;; Now alter translations of some Meta characters.
  (aset keyboard-translate-table (+ 128 ?\_) (+ 128 ?\^?))
  (aset keyboard-translate-table (+ 128 ?\^?) (+ 128 ?\_))

* (process-kill-without-query PROCESS)

This marks the process so that, when you kill Emacs,
you will not on its account be queried about active subprocesses.

Changes in Emacs 1.11

* The commands C-c and C-z have been interchanged,
 for greater compatibility with normal Unix usage.
 C-z now runs suspend-emacs and C-c runs exit-recursive-edit.

* The value returned by file-name-directory now ends
 with a slash.  (file-name-directory "foo/bar") => "foo/".
 This avoids confusing results when dealing with files
 in the root directory.

 The value of the per-buffer variable default-directory
 is also supposed to have a final slash now.

* There are now variables to control the switches passed to
 `ls' by the C-x C-d command (list-directory).
 list-directory-brief-switches is a string, initially "-CF",
 used for brief listings, and list-directory-verbose-switches
 is a string, initially "-l", used for verbose ones.

* For Ann Arbor Ambassador terminals, the termcap "ti" string
 is now used to initialize the screen geometry on entry to Emacs,
 and the "te" string is used to set it back on exit.
 If the termcap entry does not define the "ti" or "te" string,
 Emacs does what it used to do.

Changes in Emacs 1.10

* GNU Emacs has been made almost 1/3 smaller.
 It now dumps out as only 530kbytes on Vax 4.2bsd.

* The term "checkpoint" has been replaced by "auto save"
 throughout the function names, variable names and documentation
 of GNU Emacs.

* The function load now tries appending ".elc" and ".el"
 to the specified filename BEFORE it tries the filename
 without change.

* rmail now makes the mode line display the total number
 of messages and the current message number.
 The "f" command now means forward a message to another user.
 The command to search through all messages for a string is now "F".
 The "u" command now means to move back to the previous
 message and undelete it.  To undelete the selected message, use Meta-u.

* The hyphen character is now equivalent to a Space while
 in completing minibuffers.  Both mean to complete an additional word.

* The Lisp function error now takes args like format
 which are used to construct the error message.

* Redisplay will refuse to start its display at the end of the buffer.
 It will pick a new place to display from, rather than use that.

* The value returned by garbage-collect has been changed.
 Its first element is no longer a number but a cons,
 whose car is the number of cons cells now in use,
 and whose cdr is the number of cons cells that have been
 made but are now free.
 The second element is similar but describes symbols rather than cons cells.
 The third element is similar but describes markers.

* The variable buffer-name has been eliminated.
 The function buffer-name still exists.  This is to prevent
 user programs from changing buffer names without going
 through the rename-buffer function.

Changes in Emacs 1.9

* When a fill prefix is in effect, paragraphs are started
 or separated by lines that do not start with the fill prefix.
 Also, a line which consists of the fill prefix followed by
 white space separates paragraphs.

* C-x C-v runs the new function find-alternate-file.
 It finds the specified file, switches to that buffer,
 and kills the previous current buffer.  (It requires
 confirmation if that buffer had changes.)  This is
 most useful after you find the wrong file due to a typo.

* Exiting the minibuffer moves the cursor to column 0,
 to show you that it has really been exited.

* Meta-g (fill-region) now fills each paragraph in the
 region individually.  To fill the region as if it were
 a single paragraph (for when the paragraph-delimiting mechanism
 does the wrong thing), use fill-region-as-paragraph.

* Tab in text mode now runs the function tab-to-tab-stop.
 A new mode called indented-text-mode is like text-mode
 except that in it Tab runs the function indent-relative,
 which indents the line under the previous line.
 If auto fill is enabled while in indented-text-mode,
 the new lines that it makes are indented.

* Functions kill-rectangle and yank-rectangle.
 kill-rectangle deletes the rectangle specified by dot and mark
 (or by two arguments) and saves it in the variable killed-rectangle.
 yank-rectangle inserts the rectangle in that variable.

 Tab characters in a rectangle being saved are replaced
 by spaces in such a way that their appearance will
 not be changed if the rectangle is later reinserted
 at a different column position.

* `+' in a regular expression now means
 to repeat the previous expression one or more times.
 `?' means to repeat it zero or one time.
 They are in all regards like `*' except for the
 number of repetitions they match.

 \< in a regular expression now matches the null string
 when it is at the beginning of a word; \> matches
 the null string at the end of a word.

* C-x p narrows the buffer so that only the current page
 is visible.

* C-x ) with argument repeats the kbd macro just
 defined that many times, counting the definition
 as one repetition.

* C-x ( with argument begins defining a kbd macro
 starting with the last one defined.  It executes that
 previous kbd macro initially, just as if you began
 by typing it over again.

* C-x q command queries the user during kbd macro execution.
 With prefix argument, enters recursive edit,
  reading keyboard commands even within a kbd macro.
  You can give different commands each time the macro executes.
 Without prefix argument, reads a character.  Your options are:
  Space -- execute the rest of the macro.
  Delete -- skip the rest of the macro; start next repetition.
  C-d -- skip rest of the macro and don't repeat it any more.
  C-r -- enter a recursive edit, then on exit ask again for a character
  C-l -- redisplay screen and ask again."

* write-kbd-macro and append-kbd-macro are used to save
 a kbd macro definition in a file (as Lisp code to
 redefine the macro when the file is loaded).
 These commands differ in that write-kbd-macro
 discards the previous contents of the file.
 If given a prefix argument, both commands
 record the keys which invoke the macro as well as the
 macro's definition.

* The variable global-minor-modes is used to display
 strings in the mode line of all buffers.  It should be
 a list of elements thaht are conses whose cdrs are strings
 to be displayed.  This complements the variable
 minor-modes, which has the same effect but has a separate
 value in each buffer.

* C-x = describes horizontal scrolling in effect, if any.

* Return now auto-fills the line it is ending, in auto fill mode.
 Space with zero as argument auto-fills the line before it
 just like Space without an argument.

Changes in Emacs 1.8

This release mostly fixes bugs.  There are a few new features:

* apropos now sorts the symbols before displaying them.
 Also, it returns a list of the symbols found.

 apropos now accepts a second arg PRED which should be a function
 of one argument; if PRED is non-nil, each symbol is tested
 with PRED and only symbols for which PRED returns non-nil
 appear in the output or the returned list.

 If the third argument to apropos is non-nil, apropos does not
 display anything; it merely returns the list of symbols found.

 C-h a now runs the new function command-apropos rather than
 apropos, and shows only symbols with definitions as commands.

* M-x shell sends the command 
    if (-f ~/.emacs_NAME)source ~/.emacs_NAME
 invisibly to the shell when it starts.  Here NAME
 is replaced by the name of shell used,
 as it came from your ESHELL or SHELL environment variable
 but with directory name, if any, removed.

* M-, now runs the command tags-loop-continue, which is used
 to resume a terminated tags-search or tags-query-replace.

Changes in Emacs 1.7

It's Beat CCA Week.

* The initial buffer is now called "*scratch*" instead of "scratch",
 so that all buffer names used automatically by Emacs now have *'s.

* Undo information is now stored separately for each buffer.
 The Undo command (C-x u) always applies to the current
 buffer only.

 C-_ is now a synonym for C-x u.

 (buffer-flush-undo BUFFER) causes undo information not to
 be kept for BUFFER, and frees the space that would have
 been used to hold it.  In any case, no undo information is
 kept for buffers whose names start with spaces.  (These
 buffers also do not appear in the C-x C-b display.)

* Rectangle operations are now implemented.
 C-x r stores the rectangle described by dot and mark
 into a register; it reads the register name from the keyboard.
 C-x g, the command to insert the contents of a register,
 can be used to reinsert the rectangle elsewhere.

 Other rectangle commands include
  open-rectangle:
    insert a blank rectangle in the position and size
    described by dot and mark, at its corners;
    the existing text is pushed to the right.
  clear-rectangle:
    replace the rectangle described by dot ane mark
    with blanks.  The previous text is deleted.
  delete-rectangle:
    delete the text of the specified rectangle,
    moving the text beyond it on each line leftward.

* Side-by-side windows are allowed.  Use C-x 5 to split the
 current window into two windows side by side.
 C-x } makes the selected window ARG columns wider at the
 expense of the windows at its sides.  C-x { makes the selected
 window ARG columns narrower.  An argument to C-x 5 specifies
 how many columns to give to the leftmost of the two windows made.

 C-x 2 now accepts a numeric argument to specify the number of
 lines to give to the uppermost of the two windows it makes.

* Horizontal scrolling of the lines in a window is now implemented.
 C-x < (scroll-left) scrolls all displayed lines left,
 with the numeric argument (default 1) saying how far to scroll.
 When the window is scrolled left, some amount of the beginning
 of each nonempty line is replaced by an "$".
 C-x > scrolls right.  If a window has no text hidden at the left
 margin, it cannot be scrolled any farther right than that.
 When nonzero leftwards scrolling is in effect in a window.
 lines are automatically truncated at the window's right margin
 regardless of the value of the variable truncate-lines in the
 buffer being displayed.

* C-x C-d now uses the default output format of `ls',
 which gives just file names in multiple columns.
 C-u C-x C-d passes the -l switch to `ls'.

* C-t at the end of a line now exchanges the two preceding characters.

 All the transpose commands now interpret zero as an argument
 to mean to transpose the textual unit after or around dot
 with the one after or around the mark.

* M-! executes a shell command in an inferior shell
 and displays the output from it.  With a prefix argument,
 it inserts the output in the current buffer after dot
 and sets the mark after the output.  The shell command
 gets /dev/null as its standard input.

 M-| is like M-! but passes the contents of the region
 as input to the shell command.  A prefix argument makes
 the output from the command replace the contents of the region.

* The mode line will now say "Def" after the major mode
 while a keyboard macro is being defined.

* The variable fill-prefix is now used by Meta-q.
 Meta-q removes the fill prefix from lines that start with it
 before filling, and inserts the fill prefix on each line
 after filling.

 The command C-x . sets the fill prefix equal to the text
 on the current line before dot.

* The new command Meta-j (indent-new-comment-line),
 is like Linefeed (indent-new-line) except when dot is inside a comment;
 in that case, Meta-j inserts a comment starter on the new line,
 indented under the comment starter above.  It also inserts
 a comment terminator at the end of the line above,
 if the language being edited calls for one.

* Rmail should work correctly now, and has some C-h m documentation.

Changes in Emacs 1.6

* save-buffers-kill-emacs is now on C-x C-c
 while C-x C-z does suspend-emacs.  This is to make
 C-x C-c like the normal Unix meaning of C-c
 and C-x C-z linke the normal Unix meaning of C-z.

* M-ESC (eval-expression) is now a disabled command by default.
 This prevents users who type ESC ESC accidentally from
 getting confusing results.  Put
    (put 'eval-expression 'disabled nil)
 in your ~/.emacs file to enable the command.

* Self-inserting text is grouped into bunches for undoing.
 Each C-x u command undoes up to 20 consecutive self-inserting
 characters.

* Help f now uses as a default the function being called
 in the innermost Lisp expression that dot is in.
 This makes it more convenient to use while writing
 Lisp code to run in Emacs.
 (If the text around dot does not appear to be a call
 to a Lisp function, there is no default.)

 Likewise, Help v uses the symbol around or before dot
 as a default, if that is a variable name.

* Commands that read filenames now insert the default
 directory in the minibuffer, to become part of your input.
 This allows you to see what the default is.
 You may type a filename which goes at the end of the
 default directory, or you may edit the default directory
 as you like to create the input you want to give.
 You may also type an absolute pathname (starting with /)
 or refer to a home directory (input starting with ~)
 after the default; the presence of // or /~ causes
 everything up through the slash that precedes your
 type-in to be ignored.

 Returning the default directory without change,
 including the terminating slash, requests the use
 of the default file name (usually the visited file's name).

 Set the variable insert-default-directory to nil
 to turn off this feature.

* M-x shell now uses the environment variable ESHELL,
 if it exists, as the file name of the shell to run.
 If there is no ESHELL variable, the SHELL variable is used.
 This is because some shells do not work properly as inferiors
 of Emacs (or anything like Emacs).

* A new variable minor-modes now exists, with a separate value
 in each buffer.  Its value should be an alist of elements
 (MODE-FUNCTION-SYMBOL . PRETTY-NAME-STRING), one for each
 minor mode that is turned on in the buffer.  The pretty
 name strings are displayed in the mode line after the name of the
 major mode (with spaces between them).  The mode function
 symbols should be symbols whose function definitions will
 turn on the minor mode if given 1 as an argument; they are present
 so that Help m can find their documentation strings.

* The format of tag table files has been changed.
 The new format enables Emacs to find tags much faster.

 A new program, etags, exists to make the kind of
 tag table that Emacs wants.  etags is invoked just
 like ctags; in fact, if you give it any switches,
 it does exactly what ctags would do.  Give it the
 empty switch ("-") to make it act like ctags with no switches.

 etags names the tag table file "TAGS" rather than "tags",
 so that these tag tables and the standard Unix ones
 can coexist.

 The tags library can no longer use standard ctags-style
 tag tables files.

* The file of Lisp code Emacs reads on startup is now
 called ~/.emacs rather than ~/.emacs_pro.

* copy-file now gives the copied file the same mode bits
 as the original file.

* Output from a process inserted into the process's buffer
 no longer sets the buffer's mark.  Instead it sets a
 marker associated with the process to point to the end
 of the inserted text.  You can access this marker with
    (process-mark PROCESS)
 and then either examine its position with marker-position
 or set its position with set-marker.

* completing-read takes a new optional fifth argument which,
 if non-nil, should be a string of text to insert into
 the minibuffer before reading user commands.

* The Lisp function elt now exists:
 (elt ARRAY N) is like (aref ARRAY N),
 (elt LIST N) is like (nth N LIST).

* rplaca is now a synonym for setcar, and rplacd for setcdr.
 eql is now a synonym for eq; it turns out that the Common Lisp
 distinction between eq and eql is insignificant in Emacs.
 numberp is a new synonym for integerp.

* auto-save has been renamed to auto-save-mode.

* Auto save file names for buffers are now created by the
 function make-auto-save-file-name.  This is so you can
 redefine that function to change the way auto save file names
 are chosen.

* expand-file-name no longer discards a final slash.
    (expand-file-name "foo" "/lose") => "/lose/foo"
    (expand-file-name "foo/" "/lose") => "/lose/foo/"

 Also, expand-file-name no longer substitutes $ constructs.
 A new function substitute-in-file-name does this.  Reading
 a file name with read-file-name or the `f' or`F' option
 of interactive calling uses substitute-in-file-name
 on the file name that was read and returns the result.

 All I/O primitives including insert-file-contents and
 delete-file call expand-file-name on the file name supplied.
 This change makes them considerably faster in the usual case.

* Interactive calling spec strings allow the new code letter 'D'
 which means to read a directory name.  It is like 'f' except
 that the default if the user makes no change in the minibuffer
 is to return the current default directory rather than the
 current visited file name.

Changes in Emacs 1.5

* suspend-emacs now accepts an optional argument
 which is a string to be stuffed as terminal input
 to be read by Emacs's superior shell after Emacs exits.

 A library called ledit exists which uses this feature
 to transmit text to a Lisp job running as a sibling of
 Emacs.

* If find-file is given the name of a directory,
 it automatically invokes dired on that directory
 rather than reading in the binary data that make up
 the actual contents of the directory according to Unix.

* Saving an Emacs buffer now preserves the file modes
 of any previously existing file with the same name.
 This works using new Lisp functions file-modes and
 set-file-modes, which can be used to read or set the mode
 bits of any file.

* The Lisp function  cond  now exists, with its traditional meaning.

* defvar and defconst now permit the documentation string
 to be omitted.  defvar also permits the initial value
 to be omitted; then it acts only as a comment.

Changes in Emacs 1.4

* Auto-filling now normally indents the new line it creates
 by calling indent-according-to-mode.  This function, meanwhile,
 has in Fundamental and Text modes the effect of making the line
 have an indentation of the value of left-margin, a per-buffer variable.

 Tab no longer precisely does indent-according-to-mode;
 it does that in all modes that supply their own indentation routine,
 but in Fundamental, Text and allied modes it inserts a tab character.

* The command M-x grep now invokes grep (on arguments
 supplied by the user) and reads the output from grep
 asynchronously into a buffer.  The command C-x ` can
 be used to move to the lines that grep has found.
 This is an adaptation of the mechanism used for
 running compilations and finding the loci of error messages.

 You can now use C-x ` even while grep or compilation
 is proceeding; as more matches or error messages arrive,
 C-x ` will parse them and be able to find them.

* M-x mail now provides a command to send the message
 and "exit"--that is, return to the previously selected
 buffer.  It is C-z C-z.

* Tab in C mode now tries harder to adapt to all indentation styles.
 If the line being indented is a statement that is not the first
 one in the containing compound-statement, it is aligned under
 the beginning of the first statement.

* The functions screen-width and screen-height return the
 total width and height of the screen as it is now being used.
 set-screen-width and set-screen-height tell Emacs how big
 to assume the screen is; they each take one argument,
 an integer.

* The Lisp function 'function' now exists.  function is the
 same as quote, except that it serves as a signal to the
 Lisp compiler that the argument should be compiled as
 a function.  Example:
   (mapcar (function (lambda (x) (+ x 5))) list)

* The function set-key has been renamed to global-set-key.
 undefine-key and local-undefine-key has been renamed to
 global-unset-key and local-unset-key.

* Emacs now collects input from asynchronous subprocesses
 while waiting in the functions sleep-for and sit-for.

* Shell mode's Newline command attempts to distinguish subshell
 prompts from user input when issued in the middle of the buffer.
 It no longer reexecutes from dot to the end of the line;
 it reeexecutes the entire line minus any prompt.
 The prompt is recognized by searching for the value of
 shell-prompt-pattern, starting from the beginning of the line.
 Anything thus skipped is not reexecuted.

Changes in Emacs 1.3

* An undo facility exists now.  Type C-x u to undo a batch of
 changes (usually one command's changes, but some commands
 such as query-replace divide their changes into multiple
 batches.  You can repeat C-x u to undo further.  As long
 as no commands other than C-x u intervene, each one undoes
 another batch.  A numeric argument to C-x u acts as a repeat
 count.

 If you keep on undoing, eventually you may be told that
 you have used up all the recorded undo information.
 Some actions, such as reading in files, discard all
 undo information.

 The undo information is not currently stored separately
 for each buffer, so it is mainly good if you do something
 totally spastic.  [This has since been fixed.]

* A learn-by-doing tutorial introduction to Emacs now exists.
 Type C-h t to enter it.

* An Info documentation browser exists.  Do M-x info to enter it.
 It contains a tutorial introduction so that no more documentation
 is needed here.  As of now, the only documentation in it
 is that of Info itself.

* Help k and Help c are now different.  Help c prints just the
 name of the function which the specified key invokes.  Help k
 prints the documentation of the function as well.

* A document of the differences between GNU Emacs and Twenex Emacs
 now exists.  It is called DIFF, in the same directory as this file.

* C mode can now indent comments better, including multi-line ones.
 Meta-Control-q now reindents comment lines within the expression
 being aligned.

* Insertion of a close-parenthesis now shows the matching open-parenthesis
 even if it is off screen, by printing the text following it on its line
 in the minibuffer.

* A file can now contain a list of local variable values
 to be in effect when the file is edited.  See the file DIFF
 in the same directory as this file for full details.

* A function nth is defined.  It means the same thing as in Common Lisp.

* The function install-command has been renamed to set-key.
 It now takes the key sequence as the first argument
 and the definition for it as the second argument.
 Likewise, local-install-command has been renamed to local-set-key.

Changes in Emacs 1.2

* A Lisp single-stepping and debugging facility exists.
 To cause the debugger to be entered when an error
 occurs, set the variable debug-on-error non-nil.

 To cause the debugger to be entered whenever function foo
 is called, do (debug-on-entry 'foo).  To cancel this,
 do (cancel-debug-on-entry 'foo).  debug-on-entry does
 not work for primitives (written in C), only functions
 written in Lisp.  Most standard Emacs commands are in Lisp.

 When the debugger is entered, the selected window shows
 a buffer called " *Backtrace" which displays a series
 of stack frames, most recently entered first.  For each
 frame, the function name called is shown, usually followed
 by the argument values unless arguments are still being
 calculated.  At the beginning of the buffer is a description
 of why the debugger was entered: function entry, function exit,
 error, or simply that the user called the function `debug'.

 To exit the debugger and return to top level, type `q'.

 In the debugger, you can evaluate Lisp expressions by 
 typing `e'.  This is equivalent to `M-ESC'.

 When the debugger is entered due to an error, that is
 all you can do.  When it is entered due to function entry
 (such as, requested by debug-on-entry), you have two
 options:
  Continue execution and reenter debugger after the
    completion of the function being entered.  Type `c'.
  Continue execution but enter the debugger before
    the next subexpression.  Type `d'.

 You will see that some stack frames are marked with *.
 This means the debugger will be entered when those
 frames exit.  You will see the value being returned
 in the first line of the backtrace buffer.  Your options:
  Continue execution, and return that value.  Type `c'.
  Continue execution, and return a specified value.  Type `r'.

 You can mark a frame to enter the debugger on exit
 with the `b' command, or clear such a mark with `u'.

* Lisp macros now exist.
 For example, you can write
    (defmacro cadr (arg) (list 'car (list 'cdr arg)))
 and then the expression
    (cadr foo)
 will expand into
    (car (cdr foo))

Changes in Emacs 1.1

* The initial buffer is now called "scratch" and is in a
 new major mode, Lisp Interaction mode.  This mode is
 intended for typing Lisp expressions, evaluating them,
 and having the values printed into the buffer.

  Type Linefeed after a Lisp expression, to evaluate the
 expression and have its value printed into the buffer,
 advancing dot.

 The other commands of Lisp mode are available.

* The C-x C-e command for evaluating the Lisp expression
 before dot has been changed to print the value in the
 minibuffer line rather than insert it in the buffer.
 A numeric argument causes the printed value to appear
 in the buffer instead.

* In Lisp mode, the command M-C-x evaluates the defun
 containing or following dot.  The value is printed in
 the minibuffer.

* The value of a Lisp expression evaluated using M-ESC
 is now printed in the minibuffer.

* M-q now runs fill-paragraph, independent of major mode.

* C-h m now prints documentation on the current buffer's
 major mode.  What it prints is the documentation of the
 major mode name as a function.  All major modes have been
 equipped with documentation that describes all commands
 peculiar to the major mode, for this purpose.

* You can display a Unix manual entry with
 the M-x manual-entry command.

* You can run a shell, displaying its output in a buffer,
 with the M-x shell command.  The Return key sends input
 to the subshell.  Output is printed inserted automatically
 in the buffer.  Commands C-c, C-d, C-u, C-w and C-z are redefined
 for controlling the subshell and its subjobs.
 "cd", "pushd" and "popd" commands are recognized as you
 enter them, so that the default directory of the Emacs buffer
 always remains the same as that of the subshell.

* C-x $ (that's a real dollar sign) controls line-hiding based
 on indentation.  With a numeric arg N > 0, it causes all lines
 indented by N or more columns to become invisible.
 They are, effectively, tacked onto the preceding line, where
 they are represented by " ..." on the screen.
 (The end of the preceding visible line corresponds to a
 screen cursor position before the "...".  Anywhere in the
 invisible lines that follow appears on the screen as a cursor
 position after the "...".)
 Currently, all editing commands treat invisible lines just
 like visible ones, except for C-n and C-p, which have special
 code to count visible lines only.
 C-x $ with no argument turns off this mode, which in any case
 is remembered separately for each buffer.

* Outline mode is another form of selective display.
 It is a major mode invoked with M-x outline-mode.
 It is intended for editing files that are structured as
 outlines, with heading lines (lines that begin with one
 or more asterisks) and text lines (all other lines).
 The number of asterisks in a heading line are its level;
 the subheadings of a heading line are all following heading
 lines at higher levels, until but not including the next 
 heading line at the same or a lower level, regardless
 of intervening text lines.

  In outline mode, you have commands to hide (remove from display)
 or show the text or subheadings under each heading line
 independently.  Hidden text or subheadings are invisibly
 attached to the end of the preceding heading line, so that
 if you kill the hading line and yank it back elsewhere
 all the invisible lines accompany it.

  All editing commands treat hidden outline-mode lines
 as part of the preceding visible line.
 
* C-x C-z runs save-buffers-kill-emacs
 offers to save each file buffer, then exits.

* C-c's function is now called suspend-emacs.

* The command C-x m runs mail, which switches to a buffer *mail*
 and lets you compose a message to send.  C-x 4 m runs mail in
 another window.  Type C-z C-s in the mail buffer to send the
 message according to what you have entered in the buffer.

  You must separate the headers from the message text with
 an empty line.

* You can now dired partial directories (specified with names
 containing *'s, etc, all processed by the shell).  Also, you
 can dired more than one directory; dired names the buffer
 according to the filespec or directory name.  Reinvoking
 dired on a directory already direded just switches back to
 the same directory used last time; do M-x revert if you want
 to read in the current contents of the directory.

  C-x d runs dired, and C-x 4 d runs dired in another window.

  C-x C-d (list-directory) also allows partial directories now.

Lisp programming changes

* t as an output stream now means "print to the minibuffer".
 If there is already text in the minibuffer printed via t
 as an output stream, the new text is appended to the old
 (or is truncated and lost at the margin).  If the minibuffer
 contains text put there for some other reason, it is cleared
 first.

  t is now the top-level value of standard-output.

  t as an input stream now means "read via the minibuffer".
 The minibuffer is used to read a line of input, with editing,
 and this line is then parsed.  Any excess not used by `read'
 is ignored; each `read' from t reads fresh input.
 t is now the top-level value of standard-input.

* A marker may be used as an input stream or an output stream.
 The effect is to grab input from where the marker points,
 advancing it over the characters read, or to insert output
 at the marker and advance it.

* Output from an asynchronous subprocess is now inserted at
 the end of the associated buffer, not at the buffer's dot,
 and the buffer's mark is set to the end of the inserted output
 each time output is inserted.

* (pos-visible-in-window-p POS WINDOW)
 returns t if position POS in WINDOW's buffer is in the range
 that is being displayed in WINDOW; nil if it is scrolled
 vertically out of visibility.

  If display in WINDOW is not currently up to date, this function
 calculates carefully whether POS would appear if display were
 done immediately based on the current (window-start WINDOW).

  POS defaults to (dot), and WINDOW to (selected-window).

* Variable buffer-alist replaced by function (buffer-list).
 The actual alist of buffers used internally by Emacs is now
 no longer accessible, to prevent the user from crashing Emacs
 by modifying it.  The function buffer-list returns a list
 of all existing buffers.  Modifying this list cannot hurt anything
 as a new list is constructed by each call to buffer-list.

* load now takes an optional third argument NOMSG which, if non-nil,
 prevents load from printing a message when it starts and when
 it is done.

* byte-recompile-directory is a new function which finds all
 the .elc files in a directory, and regenerates each one which
 is older than the corresponding .el (Lisp source) file.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Copyright information:

Copyright (C) 1985 Richard M. Stallman

   Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
   of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
   copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved,
   thus giving the recipient permission to redistribute in turn.

   Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
   of this document, or of portions of it,
   under the above conditions, provided also that they
   carry prominent notices stating who last changed them.

Local variables:
mode: text
end:
@


1.1.1.1
log
@import emacs-18.59
@
text
@@


1.1.1.2
log
@import emacs-19.7
@
text
@d1 2
a2 2
GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes.  17-Aug-1988
Copyright (C) 1988 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
a3 2

For older news, see the file OOONEWS.
d5 1
a5 1
Changes in version 18.52.
d7 2
a8 1
* X windows version 10 is supported under system V.
d10 209
a218 2
* Pop-up menus are now supported with the same Lisp interface in
both version 10 and 11 of X windows.
d220 27
a246 1
* C-x 4 a is a new command to edit a change-log entry in another window.
d248 1
a248 4
* The emacs client program now allows an option +NNN to specify the
line number to go to in the file whose name follows.  Thus,
    emacsclient foo.c +45 bar.c
will find the files `foo.c' and `bar.c', going to line 45 in `bar.c'.
d250 31
a280 1
* Dired allows empty directories to be deleted like files.
d282 89
a370 7
* When the terminal type is used to find a terminal-specific file to
run, Emacs now tries the entire terminal type first.  If that doesn't
yield a file that exists, the last hyphen and what follows it is
stripped.  If that doesn't yield a file that exists, the previous
hyphen is stripped, and so on until all hyphens are gone.  For
example, if the terminal type is `aaa-48-foo', Emacs will try first
`term/aaa-48-foo.el', then `term/aaa-48.el' and finally `term/aaa.el'.
d372 1
a372 1
Underscores now receive the same treatment as hyphens.
d374 4
a377 2
* Texinfo features: @@defun, etc.  texinfo-show-structure.
New template commands.  texinfo-format-region.
d379 25
a403 2
* The special "local variable" `eval' is now ignored if you are running
as root.
d405 2
a406 3
* New command `c-macro-expand' shows the result of C macro expansion
in the region.  It works using the C preprocessor, so its results
are completely accurate.
d408 38
a445 1
* Errors in trying to auto save now flash error messages for a few seconds.
d447 92
a538 1
* Killing a buffer now sends SIGHUP to the buffer's process.
d540 1
a540 1
* New hooks.
d542 2
a543 4
** `spell-region' now allows you to filter the text before spelling-checking.
If the value of `spell-filter' is non-nil, it is called, with no arguments,
looking at a temporary buffer containing a copy of the text to be checked.
It can alter the text freely before the spell program sees it.
d545 4
a548 2
** The variable `lpr-command' now specifies the command to be used when
you use the commands to print text (such as M-x print-buffer).
d550 2
a551 2
** Posting netnews now calls the value of `news-inews-hook' (if not nil)
as a function of no arguments before the actual posting.
d553 2
a554 2
** Rmail now calls the value of `rmail-show-message-hook' (if not nil)
as a function of no arguments, each time a new message is selected.
d556 6
a561 1
** `kill-emacs' calls the value of `kill-emacs-hook' as a function of no args.
d563 4
a566 2
* New libraries.
See the source code of each library for more information.
d568 1
a568 1
** icon.el: a major mode for editing programs written in Icon.
d570 2
a571 2
** life.el: a simulator for the cellular automaton "life".  Load the
library and run M-x life.
d573 89
a661 2
** doctex.el: a library for converting the Emacs `etc/DOC' file of
documentation strings into TeX input.
d663 3
a665 3
** saveconf.el: a library which records the arrangement of windows and
buffers when you exit Emacs, and automatically recreates the same
setup the next time you start Emacs.
d667 131
a797 12
** uncompress.el: a library that automatically uncompresses files
when you visit them.

** c-fill.el: a mode for editing filled comments in C.

** kermit.el: an extended version of shell-mode designed for running kermit.

** spook.el: a library for adding some "distract the NSA" keywords to every
message you send.

** hideif.el: a library for hiding parts of a C program based on preprocessor
conditionals.
d799 24
a822 21
** autoinsert.el: a library to put in some initial text when you visit
a nonexistent file.  The text used depends on the major mode, and
comes from a directory of files created by you.

* New programming features.

** The variable `window-system-version' now contains the version number
of the window system you are using (if appropriate).  When using X windows,
its value is either 10 or 11.

** (interactive "N") uses the prefix argument if any; otherwise, it reads
a number using the minibuffer.

** VMS: there are two new functions `vms-system-info' and `shrink-to-icon'.
The former allows you to get many kinds of system status information.
See its self-documentation for full details.
The second is used with the window system: it iconifies the Emacs window.

** VMS: the new function `define-logical-name' allows you to create
job-wide logical names.  The old function `define-dcl-symbol' has been
removed.
d824 1
a824 27
Changes in version 18.50.

* X windows version 11 is supported.

Define X11 in config.h if you want X version 11 instead of version 10.

* The command M-x gdb runs the GDB debugger as an inferior.
It asks for the filename of the executable you want to debug.

GDB runs as an inferior with I/O through an Emacs buffer.  All the
facilities of Shell mode are available.  In addition, each time your
program stops, and each time you select a new stack frame, the source
code is displayed in another window with an arrow added to the line
where the program is executing.

Special GDB-mode commands include M-s, M-n, M-i, M-u, M-d, and C-c C-f
which send the GDB commands `step', `next', `stepi', `up', `down'
and `finish'.

In any source file, the commands C-x SPC tells GDB to set a breakpoint
on the current line.

* M-x calendar displays a three-month calendar.

* C-u 0 C-x C-s never makes a backup file.

This is a way you can explicitly request not to make a backup.
d826 55
a880 26
* `term-setup-hook' is for users only.

Emacs never uses this variable for internal purposes, so you can freely
set it in your `.emacs' file to make Emacs do something special after
loading any terminal-specific setup file from `lisp/term'.

* `copy-keymap' now copies recursive submaps.

* New overlay-arrow feature.

If you set the variable `overlay-arrow-string' to a string
and `overlay-arrow-position' to a marker, that string is displayed on
the screen at the position of that marker, hiding whatever text would
have appeared there.  If that position isn't on the screen, or if
the buffer the marker points into isn't displayed, there is no effect.

* -batch mode can read from the terminal.

It now works to use `read-char' to do terminal input in a noninteractive
Emacs run.  End of file causes Emacs to exit.

* Variables `data-bytes-used' and `data-bytes-free' removed.

These variables cannot really work because the 24-bit range of an
integer in (most ports of) GNU Emacs is not large enough to hold their
values on many systems.
d882 1
a882 19
Changes in version 18.45, since version 18.41.

* C indentation parameter `c-continued-brace-offset'.

This parameter's value is added to the indentation of any
line that is in a continuation context and starts with an open-brace.
For example, it applies to the open brace shown here:

     if (x)
       {

The default value is zero.

* Dabbrev expansion (Meta-/) preserves case.

When you use Meta-/ to search the buffer for an expansion of an
abbreviation, if the expansion found is all lower case except perhaps
for its first letter, then the case pattern of the abbreviation
is carried over to the expansion that replaces it.
d884 50
a933 34
* TeX-mode syntax.

\ is no longer given "escape character" syntax in TeX mode.  It now
has the syntax of an ordinary punctuation character.  As a result,
\[...\] and such like are considered to balance each other.

* Mail-mode automatic Reply-to field.

If the variable `mail-default-reply-to' is non-`nil', then each time
you start to compose a message, a Reply-to field is inserted with
its contents taken from the value of `mail-default-reply-to'.

* Where is your .emacs file?

If you run Emacs under `su', so your real and effective uids are
different, Emacs uses the home directory associated with the real uid
(the name you actually logged in under) to find the .emacs file.

Otherwise, Emacs uses the environment variable HOME to find the .emacs
file.

The .emacs file is not loaded at all if -batch is specified.

* Prolog mode is the default for ".pl" files.

* File names are not case-sensitive on VMS.

On VMS systems, all file names that you specify are converted to upper
case.  You can use either upper or lower case indiscriminately.

* VMS-only function 'define-dcl-symbol'.

This is a new name for the function formerly called
`define-logical-name'.
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Editing Changes in Emacs 18

* Additional systems and machines are supported.

GNU Emacs now runs on Vax VMS.  However, many facilities that are normally
implemented by running subprocesses do not work yet.  This includes listing
a directory and sending mail.  There are features for running subprocesses
but they are incompatible with those on Unix.  I hope that some of
the VMS users can reimplement these features for VMS (compatibly for
the user, if possible).

VMS wizards are also asked to work on making the subprocess facilities
more upward compatible with those on Unix, and also to rewrite their
internals to use the same Lisp objects that are used on Unix to
represent processes.

In addition, the TI Nu machine running Unix system V, the AT&T 3b, and
the Wicat, Masscomp, Integrated Solutions, Alliant, Amdahl uts, Mips,
Altos 3068 and Gould Unix systems are now supported.  The IBM PC-RT is
supported under 4.2, but not yet under system V.  The GEC 93 is close
to working.  The port for the Elxsi is partly merged.  See the file
MACHINES for full status information and machine-specific installation
advice.

* Searching is faster.

Forward search for a text string, or for a regexp that is equivalent
to a text string, is now several times faster.  Motion by lines and
counting lines is also faster.

* Memory usage improvements.

It is no longer possible to run out of memory during garbage
collection.  As a result, running out of memory is never fatal.  This
is due to a new garbage collection algorithm which compactifies
strings in place rather than copying them.  Another consequence of the
change is a reduction in total memory usage and a slight increase in
garbage collection speed.

* Display changes.

** Editing above top of screen.

When you delete or kill or alter text that reaches to the top of the
screen or above it, so that display would start in the middle of a
line, Emacs will usually attempt to scroll the text so that display
starts at the beginning of a line again.

** Yanking in the minibuffer.

The message "Mark Set" is no longer printed when the minibuffer is
active.  This is convenient with many commands, including C-y, that
normally print such a message.

** Cursor appears in last line during y-or-n questions.

Questions that want a `y' or `n' answer now move the cursor
to the last line, following the question.

* Library loading changes.

`load' now considers all possible suffixes (`.elc', `.el' and none)
for each directory in `load-path' before going on to the next directory.
It now accepts an optional fourth argument which, if non-nil, says to
use no suffixes; then the file name must be given in full.  The search
of the directories in `load-path' goes on as usual in this case, but
it too can be prevented by passing an absolute file name.

The value of `load-path' no longer by default includes nil (meaning to
look in the current default directory).  The idea is that `load' should
be used to search the path only for libraries to be found in the standard
places.  If you want to override system libraries with your own, place
your own libraries in one special directory and add that directory to the
front of `load-path'.

The function `load' is no longer a command; that is to say, `M-x load'
is no longer allowed.  Instead, there are two commands for loading files.
`M-x load-library' is equivalent to the old meaning of `M-x load'.
`M-x load-file' reads a file name with completion and defaulting
and then loads exactly that file, with no searching and no suffixes.

* Emulation of other editors.

** `edt-emulation-on' starts emulating DEC's EDT editor.

Do `edt-emulation-off' to return Emacs to normal.

** `vi-mode' and `vip-mode' starts emulating vi.

These are two different vi emulations provided by GNU Emacs users.
We are interested in feedback as to which emulation is preferable.

See the documentation and source code for these functions
for more information.

** `set-gosmacs-bindings' emulates Gosling Emacs.

This command changes many global bindings to resemble those of
Gosling Emacs.  The previous bindings are saved and can be restored using
`set-gnu-bindings'.

* Emulation of a display terminal.

Within Emacs it is now possible to run programs (such as emacs or
supdup) which expect to do output to a visual display terminal.

See the function `terminal-emulator' for more information.

* New support for keypads and function keys.

There is now a first attempt at terminal-independent support for
keypad and function keys.

Emacs now defines a standard set of key-names for function and keypad
keys, and provides standard hooks for defining them.  Most of the
standard key-names have default definitions built into Emacs; you can
override these in a terminal-independent manner.  The default definitions
and the conventions for redefining them are in the file `lisp/keypad.el'.

These keys on the terminal normally work by sending sequences of
characters starting with ESC.  The exact sequences used vary from
terminal to terminal.  Emacs interprets them in two stages:
in the first stage, terminal-dependent sequences are mapped into
the standard key-names; then second stage maps the standard key-names
into their definitions in a terminal-independent fashion.

The terminal-specific file `term/$TERM.el' now is responsible only for
establishing the mapping from the terminal's escape sequences into
standard key-names.  It no longer knows what Emacs commands are
assigned to the standard key-names.

One other change in terminal-specific files: if the value of the TERM
variable contains a hyphen, only the part before the first hyphen is
used in forming the name of the terminal-specific file.  Thus, for
terminal type `aaa-48', the file loaded is now `term/aaa.el' rather
than `term/aaa-48.el'.

* New startup command line options.

`-i FILE' or `-insert FILE' in the command line to Emacs tells Emacs to
insert the contents of FILE into the current buffer at that point in
command line processing.  This is like using the command M-x insert-file.

`-funcall', `-load', `-user' and `-no-init-file' are new synonyms for
`-f', `-l', `-u' and `-q'.

`-nw' means don't use a window system.  If you are using a terminal
emulator on the X window system and you want to run Emacs to work through
the terminal emulator instead of working directly with the window system,
use this switch.

* Buffer-sorting commands.

Various M-x commands whose names start with `sort-' sort parts of
the region:

sort-lines	divides the region into lines and sorts them alphabetically.
sort-pages	divides into pages and sorts them alphabetically.
sort-paragraphs	divides into paragraphs and sorts them alphabetically.
sort-fields	divides into lines and sorts them alphabetically
		according to one field in the line.
		The numeric argument specifies which field (counting
		from field 1 at the beginning of the line).  Fields in a line
		are separated by whitespace.
sort-numeric-fields
		is similar but converts the specified fields to numbers
		and sorts them numerically.
sort-columns	divides into lines and sorts them according to the contents
		of a specified range of columns.

Refer to the self-documentation of these commands for full usage information.

* Changes in various commands.

** `tags-query-replace' and `tags-search' change.

These functions now display the name of the file being searched at the moment.

** `occur' output now serves as a menu.  `occur-menu' command deleted.

`M-x occur' now allows you to move quickly to any of the occurrences
listed.  Select the `*Occur*' buffer that contains the output of `occur',
move point to the occurrence you want, and type C-c C-c.
This will move point to the same occurrence in the buffer that the
occurrences were found in.

The command `occur-menu' is thus obsolete, and has been deleted.

One way to get a list of matching lines without line numbers is to
copy the text to another buffer and use the command `keep-lines'.

** Incremental search changes.

Ordinary and regexp incremental searches now have distinct default
search strings.  Thus, regexp searches recall only previous regexp
searches.

If you exit an incremental search when the search string is empty,
the old default search string is kept.  The default does not become
empty.

Reversing the direction of an incremental search with C-s or C-r
when the search string is empty now does not get the default search
string.  It leaves the search string empty.  A second C-s or C-r
will get the default search string.  As a result, you can do a reverse
incremental regexp search with C-M-s C-r.

If you add a `*', `?' or `\|' to an incremental search regexp,
point will back up if that is appropriate.  For example, if
you have searched for `ab' and add a `*', point moves to the
first match for `ab*', which may be before the match for `ab'
that was previously found.

If an incremental search is failing and you ask to repeat it,
it will start again from the beginning of the buffer (or the end,
if it is a backward search).

The search-controlling parameters `isearch-slow-speed' and
`isearch-slow-window-lines' have now been renamed to start with
`search' instead of `isearch'.  Now all the parameters' names start
with `search'.
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If `search-slow-window-lines' is negative, the slow search window
is put at the top of the screen, and the absolute value or the
negative number specifies the height of it.

** Undo changes

The undo command now will mark the buffer as unmodified only when it is
identical to the contents of the visited file.

** C-M-v in minibuffer.

If while in the minibuffer you request help in a way that uses a
window to display something, then until you exit the minibuffer C-M-v
in the minibuffer window scrolls the window of help.

For example, if you request a list of possible completions, C-M-v can
be used reliably to scroll the completion list.

** M-TAB command.

Meta-TAB performs completion on the Emacs Lisp symbol names.  The sexp
in the buffer before point is compared against all existing nontrivial
Lisp symbols and completed as far as is uniquely determined by them.
Nontrivial symbols are those with either function definitions, values
or properties.

If there are multiple possibilities for the very next character, a
list of possible completions is displayed.

** Dynamic abbreviation package.

The new command Meta-/ expands an abbreviation in the buffer before point
by searching the buffer for words that start with the abbreviation.

** Changes in saving kbd macros.

The commands `write-kbd-macro' and `append-kbd-macro' have been
deleted.  The way to save a keyboard macro is to use the new command
`insert-kbd-macro', which inserts Lisp code to define the macro as
it is currently defined into the buffer before point.  Visit a Lisp
file such as your Emacs init file `~/.emacs', insert the macro
definition (perhaps deleting an old definition for the same macro)
and then save the file.

** C-x ' command.

The new command C-x ' (expand-abbrev) expands the word before point as
an abbrev, even if abbrev-mode is not turned on.

** Sending to inferior Lisp.

The command C-M-x in Lisp mode, which sends the current defun to
an inferior Lisp process, now works by writing the text into a temporary
file and actually sending only a `load'-form to load the file.
As a result, it avoids the Unix bugs that used to strike when the
text was above a certain length.

With a prefix argument, this command now makes the inferior Lisp buffer
appear on the screen and scrolls it so that the bottom is showing.

Two variables `inferior-lisp-load-command' and `inferior-lisp-prompt',
exist to customize these feature for different Lisp implementations.

** C-x p now disabled.

The command C-x p, a nonrecomended command which narrows to the current
page, is now initially disabled like C-x n.

* Dealing with files.

** C-x C-v generalized

This command is now allowed even if the current buffer is not visiting
a file.  As usual, it kills the current buffer and replaces it with a
newly found file.

** M-x recover-file improved; auto save file names changed.

M-x recover-file now checks whether the last auto-save file is more
recent than the real visited file before offering to read in the
auto-save file.  If the auto-save file is newer, a directory listing
containing the two files is displayed while you are asked whether you
want the auto save file.

Visiting a file also makes this check.  If the auto-save file is more recent,
a message is printed suggesting that you consider using M-x recover file.

Auto save file names now by default have a `#' at the end as well
as at the beginning.  This is so that `*.c' in a shell command
will never match auto save files.

On VMS, auto save file names are made by appending `_$' at the front
and `$' at the end.

When you change the visited file name of a buffer, the auto save file
is now renamed to belong to the new visited file name.

You can customize the way auto save file names are made by redefining
the two functions `make-auto-save-file-name' and `auto-save-file-name-p',
both of which are defined in `files.el'.

** Modifying a buffer whose file is changed on disk is detected instantly.

On systems where clash detection (locking of files being edited) is
implemented, Emacs also checks the first time you modify a buffer
whether the file has changed on disk since it was last visited or saved.
If it has, you are asked to confirm that you want to change the buffer.

** Exiting Emacs offers to save `*mail*'.

Emacs can now know about buffers that it should offer to save on exit
even though they are not visiting files.  This is done for any buffer
which has a non-nil local value of `buffer-offer-save'.  By default,
Mail mode provides such a local value.

** Backup file changes.

If a backup file cannot be written in the directory of the visited file
due to fascist file protection, a backup file is now written in your home
directory as `~/%backup%~'.  Only one such file is made, ever, so only
the most recently made such backup is available.

When backup files are made by copying, the last-modification time of the
original file is now preserved in the backup copy.

** Visiting remote files.

On an internet host, you can now visit and save files on any other
internet host directly from Emacs with the commands M-x ftp-find-file
and M-x ftp-write-file.  Specify an argument of the form HOST:FILENAME.
Since standard internet FTP is used, the other host may be any kind
of machine and is not required to have any special facilities.

The first time any one remote host is accessed, you will be asked to
give the user name and password for use on that host.  FTP is reinvoked
each time you ask to use it, but previously specified user names and
passwords are remembered automatically.

** Dired `g' command.

`g' in Dired mode is equivalent to M-x revert-buffer; it causes the
current contents of the same directory to be read in.

* Changes in major modes.

** C mode indentation change.

The binding of Linefeed is no longer changed by C mode.  It once again
has its normal meaning, which is to insert a newline and then indent
afterward.

The old definition did one additional thing: it reindented the line
before the new newline.  This has been removed because it made the
command twice as slow.  The only time it was really useful was after the
insertion of an `else', since the fact of starting with `else' may change
the way that line is indented.  Now you will have to type TAB again
yourself to reindent the `else' properly.

If the variable `c-tab-always-indent' is set to `nil', the TAB command
in C mode, with no argument, will just insert a tab character if there
is non-whitespace preceding point on the current line.  Giving it a
prefix argument will force reindentation of the line (as well as
of the compound statement that begins after point, if any).

** Fortran mode now exists.

This mode provides commands for motion and indentation of Fortran code,
plus built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords.  For details, see the manual
or the on-line documentation of the command `fortran-mode'.

** Scribe mode now exists.

This mode does something useful for editing files of Scribe input.
It is used automatically for files with names ending in ".mss".

** Modula2 and Prolog modes now exist.

These modes are for editing programs in the languages of the same names.
They can be selected with M-x modula-2-mode and M-x prolog-mode.

** Telnet mode changes.

The telnet mode special commands have now been assigned to C-c keys.
Most of them are the same as in Shell mode.

** Picture mode changes.

The special picture-mode commands to specify the direction of cursor
motion after insertion have been moved to C-c keys.  The commands to
specify diagonal motion were already C-c keys; they are unchanged.
The keys to specify horizontal or vertical motion are now
C-c < (left), C-c > (right), C-c ^ (up) and C-c . (down).

** Nroff mode comments.

Comments are now supported in Nroff mode.  The standard comment commands
such as M-; and C-x ; know how to insert, align and delete comments
that start with backslash-doublequote.

** LaTeX mode.

LaTeX mode now exists.  Use M-x latex-mode to select this mode, and
M-x plain-tex-mode to select the previously existing mode for Plain
TeX.  M-x tex-mode attempts to examine the contents of the buffer and
choose between latex-mode and plain-tex-mode accordingly; if the
buffer is empty or it cannot tell, the variable `TeX-default-mode'
controls the choice.  Its value should be the symbol for the mode to
be used.

The facilities for running TeX on all or part of the buffer
work with LaTeX as well.

Some new commands available in both modes:

C-c C-l		recenter the window showing the TeX output buffer
		 so most recent line of output can be seen.
C-c C-k		kill the TeX subprocess.
C-c C-q		show the printer queue.
C-c C-f		close a block (appropriate for LaTeX only).
		 If the current line contains a \begin{...},
		 this inserts an \end{...} on the following line
		 and puts point on a blank line between them.

** Outline mode changes.

Invisible lines in outline mode are now indicated by `...' at the
end of the previous visible line.

The special outline heading motion commands are now all on C-c keys.
A few new ones have been added.  Here is a full list:

C-c C-n   Move to next visible heading (formerly M-})
C-c C-p   Move to previous visible heading (formerly M-{)
C-c C-f   Move to next visible heading at the same level.
	   Thus, if point is on a level-2 heading line,
	   this command moves to the next visible level-2 heading.
C-c C-b   Move to previous visible heading at the same level.
C-c C-u   Move up to previous visible heading at a higher level.

The variable `outline-regexp' now controls recognition of heading lines.
Any line whose beginning matches this regexp is a heading line.
The depth in outline structure is determined by the length of
the string that matches.

A line starting with a ^L (formfeed) is now by default considered
a header line.

* Mail reading and sending.

** MH-E changes.

MH-E has been extensively modified and improved since the v17 release.
It contains many new features, including commands to: extracted failed
messages, kill a draft message, undo changes to a mail folder, monitor
delivery of a letter, print multiple messages, page digests backwards,
insert signatures, and burst digests.  Also, many commands have been
made to able to deal with named sequences of messages, instead of
single messages.  MH-E also has had numerous bugs fixed and commands
made to run faster.  Furthermore, its keybindings have been changed to
be compatible with Rmail and the rest of GNU Emacs.

** Mail mode changes.

The C-c commands of mail mode have been rearranged:

C-c s, C-c c, C-c t and C-c b (move point to various header fields)
have been reassigned as C-c C-f C-s, C-c C-f C-c, C-c C-f C-t and C-c
C-f C-b.  C-c C-f is for "field".

C-c y, C-c w and C-c q have been changed to C-c C-y, C-c C-w and C-c C-q.

Thus, C-c LETTER is always unassigned.

** Rmail C-r command changed to w.

The Rmail command to edit the current message is now `w'.  This change
has been made because people frequently type C-r while in Rmail hoping
to do a reverse incremental search.  That now works.

* Rnews changes.

** Caesar rotation added.

The function news-caesar-buffer-body performs encryption and
decryption of the body of a news message.  It defaults to the USENET
standard of 13, and accepts any numeric arg between 1 to 25 and -25 to -1.
The function is bound to C-c C-r in both news-mode and news-reply-mode.

** rmail-output command added.

The C-o command has been bound to rmail-output in news-mode.
This allows one to append an article to a file which is in either Unix
mail or RMAIL format.

** news-reply-mode changes.

The C-c commands of news reply mode have been rearranged and changed,
so that C-c LETTER is always unassigned:

C-c y, C-c w and C-c q have been changed to C-c C-y, C-c C-w and C-c C-q.

C-c c, C-c t, and C-c b (move to various mail header fields) have been
deleted (they make no sense for posting and replying to USENET).

C-c s (move to Subject: header field) has been reassigned as C-c C-f
C-s.  C-c C-f is for "field".  Several additional move to news header
field commands have been added.

The local news-reply-mode bindings now look like this:

C-c C-s  news-inews (post the message)    C-c C-c  news-inews
C-c C-f	 move to a header field (and create it if there isn't):
	 C-c C-f C-n  move to Newsgroups:	C-c C-f C-s  move to Subj:
	 C-c C-f C-f  move to Followup-To:      C-c C-f C-k  move to Keywords:
	 C-c C-f C-d  move to Distribution:	C-c C-f C-a  move to Summary:
C-c C-y  news-reply-yank-original (insert current message, in NEWS).
C-c C-q  mail-fill-yanked-message (fill what was yanked).
C-c C-r  caesar rotate all letters by 13 places in the article's body (rot13).

* Existing Emacs usable as a server.

Programs such as mailers that invoke "the editor" as an inferior
to edit some text can now be told to use an existing Emacs process
instead of creating a new editor.

To do this, you must have an Emacs process running and capable of
doing terminal I/O at the time you want to invoke it.  This means that
either you are using a window system and give Emacs a separate window
or you run the other programs as inferiors of Emacs (such as, using
M-x shell).

First prepare the existing Emacs process by loading the `server'
library and executing M-x server-start.  (Your .emacs can do this
automatically.)

Now tell the other programs to use, as "the editor", the Emacs client
program (etc/emacsclient, located in the same directory as this file).
This can be done by setting the environment variable EDITOR.

When another program invokes the emacsclient as "the editor", the
client actually transfers the file names to be edited to the existing
Emacs, which automatically visits the files.

When you are done editing a buffer for a client, do C-x # (server-edit).
This marks that buffer as done, and selects the next buffer that the client
asked for.  When all the buffers requested by a client are marked in this
way, Emacs tells the client program to exit, so that the program that
invoked "the editor" will resume execution.

You can only have one server Emacs at a time, but multiple client programs
can put in requests at the same time.

The client/server work only on Berkeley Unix, since they use the Berkeley
sockets mechanism for their communication.
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Changes in Lisp programming in Emacs version 18.

* Init file changes.

** Suffixes no longer accepted on `.emacs'.

Emacs will no longer load a file named `.emacs.el' or `emacs.elc'
in place of `.emacs'.  This is so that it will take less time to
find `.emacs'.  If you want to compile your init file, give it another
name and make `.emacs' a link to the `.elc' file, or make it contain
a call to `load' to load the `.elc' file.

** `default-profile' renamed to `default', and loaded after `.emacs'.

It used to be the case that the file `default-profile' was loaded if
and only if `.emacs' was not found.

Now the name `default-profile' is not used at all.  Instead, a library
named `default' is loaded after the `.emacs' file.  `default' is loaded
whether the `.emacs' file exists or not.  However, loading of `default'
can be prevented if the `.emacs' file sets `inhibit-default-init' to non-nil.

In fact, you would call the default file `default.el' and probably would
byte-compile it to speed execution.

Note that for most purposes you are better off using a `site-init' library
since that will be loaded before the runnable Emacs is dumped.  By using
a `site-init' library, you avoid taking up time each time Emacs is started.

** inhibit-command-line has been eliminated.

This variable used to exist for .emacs files to set.  It has been
eliminated because you can get the same effect by setting
command-line-args to nil and setting inhibit-startup-message to t.

* `apply' is more general.

`apply' now accepts any number of arguments.  The first one is a function;
the rest are individual arguments to pass to that function, except for the
last, which is a list of arguments to pass.
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Previously, `apply' required exactly two arguments.  Its old behavior
follows as a special case of the new definition.
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* New code-letter for `interactive'.
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(interactive "NFoo: ") is like (interactive "nFoo: ") in reading
a number using the minibuffer to serve as the argument; however,
if a prefix argument was specified, it uses the prefix argument
value as the argument, and does not use the minibuffer at all.

This is used by the `goto-line' and `goto-char' commands.

* Semantics of variables.

** Built-in per-buffer variables improved.

Several built-in variables which in the past had a different value in
each buffer now behave exactly as if `make-variable-buffer-local' had
been done to them.

These variables are `tab-width', `ctl-arrow', `truncate-lines',
`fill-column', `left-margin', `mode-line-format', `abbrev-mode',
`overwrite-mode', `case-fold-search', `auto-fill-hook',
`selective-display', `selective-display-ellipses'.

To be precise, each variable has a default value which shows through
in most buffers and can be accessed with `default-value' and set with
`set-default'.  Setting the variable with `setq' makes the variable
local to the current buffer.  Changing the default value has retroactive
effect on all buffers in which the variable is not local.

The variables `default-case-fold-search', etc., are now obsolete.
They now refer to the default value of the variable, which is not
quite the same behavior as before, but it should enable old init files
to continue to work.

** New per-buffer variables.

The variables `fill-prefix', `comment-column' and `indent-tabs-mode'
are now per-buffer.  They work just like `fill-column', etc.

** New function `setq-default'.

`setq-default' sets the default value of a variable, and uses the
same syntax that `setq' accepts: the variable name is not evaluated
and need not be quoted.

`(setq-default case-fold-search nil)' would make searches case-sensitive
in all buffers that do not have local values for `case-fold-search'.

** Functions `global-set' and `global-value' deleted.

These functions were never used except by mistake by users expecting
the functionality of `set-default' and `default-value'.

* Changes in defaulting of major modes.

When `default-major-mode' is `nil', new buffers are supposed to
get their major mode from the buffer that is current.  However,
certain major modes (such as Dired mode, Rmail mode, Rmail Summary mode,
and others) are not reasonable to use in this way.

Now such modes' names have been given non-`nil' `mode-class' properties.
If the current buffer's mode has such a property, Fundamental mode is
used as the default for newly created buffers.

* `where-is-internal' requires additional arguments.

This function now accepts three arguments, two of them required:
DEFINITION, the definition to search for; LOCAL-KEYMAP, the keymap
to use as the local map when doing the searching, and FIRST-ONLY,
which is nonzero to return only the first key found.

This function returns a list of keys (strings) whose definitions
(in the LOCAL-KEYMAP or the current global map) are DEFINITION.

If FIRST-ONLY is non-nil, it returns a single key (string).

This function has changed incompatibly in that now two arguments
are required when previously only one argument was allowed.  To get
the old behavior of this function, write `(current-local-map)' as
the expression for the second argument.

The incompatibility is sad, but `nil' is a legitimate value for the
second argument (it means there is no local keymap), so it cannot also
serve as a default meaning to use the current local keymap.

* Abbrevs with hooks.

When an abbrev defined with a hook is expanded, it now performs the
usual replacement of the abbrev with the expansion before running the
hook.  Previously the abbrev itself was deleted but the expansion was
not inserted.

* Function `scan-buffer' deleted.

Use `search-forward' or `search-backward' in place of `scan-buffer'.
You will have to rearrange the arguments.

* X window interface improvements.

** Detect release of mouse buttons.

Button-up events can now be detected.  See the file `lisp/x-mouse.el'
for details.

** New pop-up menu facility.

The new function `x-popup-menu' pops up a menu (in a X window)
and returns an indication of which selection the user made.
For more information, see its self-documentation.

* M-x disassemble.

This command prints the disassembly of a byte-compiled Emacs Lisp function.

Would anyone like to interface this to the debugger?

* `insert-buffer-substring' can insert part of the current buffer.

The old restriction that the text being inserted had to come from
a different buffer is now lifted.

When inserting text from the current buffer, the text to be inserted
is determined from the specified bounds before any copying takes place.

* New function `substitute-key-definition'.

This is a new way to replace one command with another command as the
binding of whatever keys may happen to refer to it.

(substitute-key-definition OLDDEF NEWDEF KEYMAP) looks through KEYMAP
for keys defined to run OLDDEF, and rebinds those keys to run NEWDEF
instead.

* New function `insert-char'.

Insert a specified character, a specified number of times.

* `mark-marker' changed.

When there is no mark, this now returns a marker that points
nowhere, rather than `nil'.

* `ding' accepts argument.

When given an argument, the function `ding' does not terminate
execution of a keyboard macro.  Normally, `ding' does terminate
all macros that are currently executing.

* New function `minibuffer-depth'.

This function returns the current depth in minibuffer activations.
The value is zero when the minibuffer is not in use.
Values greater than one are possible if the user has entered the
minibuffer recursively.

* New function `documentation-property'.

(documentation-property SYMBOL PROPNAME) is like (get SYMBOL PROPNAME),
except that if the property value is a number `documentation-property'
will take that number (or its absolute value) as a character position
in the DOC file and return the string found there.

(documentation-property VAR 'variable-documentation) is the proper
way for a Lisp program to get the documentation of variable VAR.

* New documentation-string expansion feature.

If a documentation string (for a variable or function) contains text
of the form `\<FOO>', it means that all command names specified in
`\[COMMAND]' construct from that point on should be turned into keys
using the value of the variable FOO as the local keymap.  Thus, for example,

  `\<emacs-lisp-mode-map>\[eval-defun] evaluates the defun containing point.'

will expand into

  "ESC C-x evaluates the defun containing point."

regardless of the current major mode, because ESC C-x is defined to
run `eval-defun' in the keymap `emacs-lisp-mode-map'.  The effect is
to show the key for `eval-defun' in Emacs Lisp mode regardless of the
current major mode.

The `\<...>' construct applies to all `\[...]' constructs that follow it,
up to the end of the documentation string or the next `\<...>'.

Without `\<...>', the keys for commands specified in `\[...]' are found
in the current buffer's local map.

The current global keymap is always searched second, whether `\<...>'
has been used or not.

* Multiple hooks allowed in certain contexts.

The old hook variables `find-file-hook', `find-file-not-found-hook' and
`write-file-hook' have been replaced.

The replacements are `find-file-hooks', `find-file-not-found-hooks'
and `write-file-hooks'.  Each holds a list of functions to be called;
by default, `nil', for no functions.  The functions are called in
order of appearance in the list.

In the case of `find-file-hooks', all the functions are executed.

In the case of `find-file-not-found-hooks', if any of the functions
returns non-`nil', the rest of the functions are not called.

In the case of `write-file-hooks', if any of the functions returns
non-`nil', the rest of the functions are not called, and the file is
considered to have been written already; so actual writing in the
usual way is not done.  If `write-file-hooks' is local to a buffer,
it is set to its global value if `set-visited-file-name' is called
(and thus by C-x C-w as well).

`find-file-not-found-hooks' and `write-file-hooks' can be used
together to implement editing of files that are not stored as Unix
files: stored in archives, or inside version control systems, or on
other machines running other operating systems and accessible via ftp.

* New hooks for suspending Emacs.

Suspending Emacs runs the hook `suspend-hook' before suspending
and the hook `suspend-resume-hook' if the suspended Emacs is resumed.
Running a hook is done by applying the variable's value to no arguments
if the variable has a non-`nil' value.  If `suspend-hook' returns
non-`nil', then suspending is inhibited and so is running the
`suspend-resume-hook'.  The non-`nil' value means that the `suspend-hook'
has done whatever suspending is required.

* Disabling commands can print a special message.

A command is disabled by giving it a non-`nil' `disabled' property.
Now, if this property is a string, it is included in the message
printed when the user tries to run the command.

* Emacs can open TCP connections.

The function `open-network-stream' opens a TCP connection to
a specified host and service.  Its value is a Lisp object that represents
the connection.  The object is a kind of "subprocess", and I/O are
done like I/O to subprocesses.

* Display-related changes.

** New mode-line control features.

The display of the mode line used to be controlled by a format-string
that was the value of the variable `mode-line-format'.

This variable still exists, but it now allows more general values,
not just strings.  Lists, cons cells and symbols are also meaningful.

The mode line contents are created by outputting various mode elements
one after the other.  Here are the kinds of objects that can be
used as mode elements, and what they do in the display:

  string        the contents of the string are output to the mode line,
		and %-constructs are replaced by other text.

  t or nil	ignored; no output results.

  symbol	the symbol's value is used.  If the value is a string,
		the string is output verbatim to the mode line
		(so %-constructs are not interpreted).  Otherwise,
		the symbol's value is processed as a mode element.

  list (whose first element is a string or list or cons cell)
		the elements of the list are treated as as mode elements,
		so that the output they generate is concatenated,

  list (whose car is a symbol)
		if the symbol's value is non-nil, the second element of the
		list is treated as a mode element.  Otherwise, the third
		element (if any) of the list is treated as a mode element.

  cons (whose car is a positive integer)
		the cdr of the cons is used as a mode element, but
		the text it produces is padded, if necessary, to have
		at least the width specified by the integer.

  cons (whose car is a negative integer)
		the cdr of the cons is used as a mode element, but
		the text it produces is truncated, if necessary, to have
		at most the width specified by the integer.

There is always one mode element to start with, that being the value of
`mode-line-format', but if this value is a list then it leads to several
more mode elements, which can lead to more, and so on.

There is one new %-construct for mode elements that are strings:
`%n' displays ` Narrow' for a buffer that is narrowed.

The default value of `mode-line-format' refers to several other variables.
These variables are `mode-name', `mode-line-buffer-identification',
`mode-line-process', `mode-line-modified', `global-mode-string' and
`minor-mode-alist'.  The first four are local in every buffer in which they
are changed from the default.

mode-name	Name of buffer's major mode.  Local in every buffer.

mode-line-buffer-identification
		Normally the list ("Emacs: %17b"), it is responsible
		for displaying text to indicate what buffer is being shown
		and what kind of editing it is doing.  `Emacs' means
		that a file of characters is being edited.  Major modes
		such as Info and Dired which edit or view other kinds
		of data often change this value.  This variables becomes
		local to the current buffer if it is setq'd.

mode-line-process
		Normally nil, this variable is responsible for displaying
		information about the process running in the current buffer.
		M-x shell-mode and M-x compile alter this variable.

mode-line-modified
		This variable is responsible for displaying the indication
		of whether the current buffer is modified or read-only.
		By default its value is `("--%*%*-")'.

minor-mode-alist
		This variable is responsible for displaying text for those
		minor modes that are currently enabled.  Its value
		is a list of elements of the form (VARIABLE STRING),
		where STRING is to be displayed if VARIABLE's value
		(in the buffer whose mode line is being displayed)
		is non-nil.  This variable is not made local to particular
		buffers, but loading some libraries may add elements to it.

global-mode-string
		This variable is used to display the time, if you ask
		for that.

The idea of these variables is to eliminate the need for major modes
to alter mode-line-format itself.

** `window-point' valid for selected window.

The value returned by `window-point' used to be incorrect when its
argument was the selected window.  Now the value is correct.

** Window configurations may be saved as Lisp objects.

The function `current-window-configuration' returns a special type of
Lisp object that represents the current layout of windows: the
sizes and positions of windows, which buffers appear in them, and
which parts of the buffers appear on the screen.

The function `set-window-configuration' takes one argument, which must
be a window configuration object, and restores that configuration.

** New hook `temp-output-buffer-show-hook'.

This hook allows you to control how help buffers are displayed.
Whenever `with-output-to-temp-buffer' has executed its body and wants
to display the temp buffer, if this variable is bound and non-`nil'
then its value is called with one argument, the temp buffer.
The hook function is solely responsible for displaying the buffer.
The standard manner of display--making the buffer appear in a window--is
used only if there is no hook function.

** New function `minibuffer-window'.

This function returns the window used (sometimes) for displaying
the minibuffer.  It can be used even when the minibuffer is not active.

** New feature to `next-window'.

If the optional second argument is neither `nil' nor `t', the minibuffer
window is omitted from consideration even when active; if the starting
window was the last non-minibuffer window, the value will be the first
non-minibuffer window.

** New variable `minibuffer-scroll-window'.

When this variable is non-`nil', the command `scroll-other-window'
uses it as the window to be scrolled.  Displays of completion-lists
set this variable to the window containing the display.

** New argument to `sit-for'.

A non-nil second argument to `sit-for' means do not redisplay;
just wait for the specified time or until input is available.

** Deleted function `set-minor-mode'; minor modes must be changed.

The function `set-minor-mode' has been eliminated.  The display
of minor mode names in the mode line is now controlled by the
variable `minor-mode-alist'.  To specify display of a new minor
mode, it is sufficient to add an element to this list.  Once that
is done, you can turn the mode on and off just by setting a variable,
and the display will show its status automatically.

** New variable `cursor-in-echo-area'.

If this variable is non-nil, the screen cursor appears on the
last line of the screen, at the end of the text displayed there.

Binding this variable to t is useful at times when reading single
characters of input with `read-char'.

** New per-buffer variable `selective-display-ellipses'.

If this variable is non-nil, an ellipsis (`...') appears on the screen
at the end of each text line that is followed by invisible text.

If this variable is nil, no ellipses appear.  Then there is no sign
on the screen that invisible text is present.

Text is made invisible under the control of the variable
`selective-display'; this is how Outline mode and C-x $ work.

** New variable `no-redraw-on-reenter'.

If you set this variable non-nil, Emacs will not clear the screen when
you resume it after suspending it.  This is for the sake of terminals
with multiple screens of memory, where the termcap entry has been set
up to switch between screens when Emacs is suspended and resumed.

** New argument to `set-screen-height' or `set-screen-width'.

These functions now take an optional second argument which says
what significance the newly specified height or width has.

If the argument is nil, or absent, it means that Emacs should
believe that the terminal height or width really is as just specified.

If the argument is t, it means Emacs should not believe that the
terminal really is this high or wide, but it should use the
specific height or width as the number of lines or columns to display.
Thus, you could display only 24 lines on a screen known to have 48 lines.

What practical difference is there between using only 24 lines for display
and really believing that the terminal has 24 lines?

1. The ``real'' height of the terminal says what the terminal command
to move the cursor to the last line will do.

2. The ``real'' height of the terminal determines how much padding is
needed.

* File-related changes.

** New parameter `backup-by-copying-when-mismatch'.

If this variable is non-`nil', then when Emacs is about to save a
file, it will create the backup file by copying if that would avoid
changing the file's uid or gid.

The default value of this variable is `nil', because usually it is
useful to have the uid of a file change according to who edited it
last.  I recommend thet this variable be left normally `nil' and
changed with a local variables list in those particular files where
the uid needs to be preserved.

** New parameter `file-precious-flag'.

If this variable is non-`nil', saving the buffer tries to avoid
leaving an incomplete file due to disk full or other I/O errors.
It renames the old file before saving.  If saving is successful,
the renamed file is deleted; if saving gets an error, the renamed
file is renamed back to the name you visited.

Backups are always made by copying for such files.

** New variable `buffer-offer-save'.

If the value of this variable is non-`nil' in a buffer then exiting
Emacs will offer to save the buffer (if it is modified and nonempty)
even if the buffer is not visiting a file.  This variable is
automatically made local to the current buffer whenever it is set.

** `rename-file', `copy-file', `add-name-to-file' and `make-symbolic-link'.

The third argument to these functions used to be `t' or `nil'; `t'
meaning go ahead even if the specified new file name already has a file,
and `nil' meaning to get an error.

Now if the third argument is a number it means to ask the user for
confirmation in this case.

** New optional argument to `copy-file'.

If `copy-file' receives a non-nil fourth argument, it attempts
to give the new copy the same time-of-last-modification that the
original file has.

** New function `file-newer-than-file-p'.

(file-newer-than-file-p FILE1 FILE2) returns non-nil if FILE1 has been
modified more recently than FILE2.  If FILE1 does not exist, the value
is always nil; otherwise, if FILE2 does not exist, the value is t.
This is meant for use when FILE2 depends on FILE1, to see if changes
in FILE1 make it necessary to recompute FILE2 from it.

** Changed function `file-exists-p'.

This function is no longer the same as `file-readable-p'.
`file-exists-p' can now return t for a file that exists but which
the fascists won't allow you to read.

** New function `file-locked-p'.

This function receives a file name as argument and returns `nil'
if the file is not locked, `t' if locked by this Emacs, or a
string giving the name of the user who has locked it.

** New function `file-name-sans-versions'.

(file-name-sans-versions NAME) returns a substring of NAME, with any
version numbers or other backup suffixes deleted from the end.

** New functions for directory names.

Although a directory is really a kind of file, specifying a directory
uses a somewhat different syntax from specifying a file.
In Emacs, a directory name is used as part of a file name.

On Unix, the difference is small: a directory name ends in a slash,
while a file name does not: thus, `/usr/rms/' to name a directory,
while `/usr/rms' names the file which holds that directory.

On VMS, the difference is considerable: `du:[rms.foo]' specifies a
directory, but the name of the file that holds that directory is
`du:[rms]foo.dir'.

There are two new functions for converting between directory names
and file names.  `directory-file-name' takes a directory name and
returns the name of the file in which that directory's data is stored.
`file-name-as-directory' takes the name of a file and returns
the corresponding directory name.  These always understand Unix file name
syntax; on VMS, they understand VMS syntax as well.

For example, (file-name-as-directory "/usr/rms") returns "/usr/rms/"
and (directory-file-name "/usr/rms/") returns "/usr/rms".
On VMS, (file-name-as-directory "du:[rms]foo.dir") returns "du:[rms.foo]"
and (directory-file-name "du:[rms.foo]") returns "du:[rms]foo.dir".

** Value of `file-attributes' changed.

The function file-attributes returns a list containing many kinds of
information about a file.  Now the list has eleven elements.

The tenth element is `t' if deleting the file and creating another
file of the same name would result in a change in the file's group;
`nil' if there would be no change.  You can also think of this as
comparing the file's group with the default group for files created in
the same directory by you.

The eleventh element is the inode number of the file.

** VMS-only function `file-name-all-versions'.

This function returns a list of all the completions, including version
number, of a specified version-number-less file name.  This is like
`file-name-all-completions', except that the latter returns values
that do not include version numbers.

** VMS-only variable `vms-stmlf-recfm'.

On a VMS system, if this variable is non-nil, Emacs will give newly
created files the record format `stmlf'.  This is necessary for files
that must contain lines of arbitrary length, such as compiled Emacs
Lisp.

When writing a new version of an existing file, Emacs always keeps
the same record format as the previous version; so this variable has
no effect.

This variable has no effect on Unix systems.

** `insert-file-contents' on an empty file.

This no longer sets the buffer's "modified" flag.

** New function (VMS only) `define-logical-name':

(define-logical-name LOGICAL TRANSLATION) defines a VMS logical name
LOGICAL whose translation is TRANSLATION.  The new name applies to
the current process only.

** Deleted variable `ask-about-buffer-names'.

If you want buffer names for files to be generated in a special way,
you must redefine `create-file-buffer'.

* Subprocess-related changes.

** New function `process-list'.

This function takes no arguments and returns a list of all
of Emacs's asynchronous subprocesses.

** New function `process-exit-status'.

This function, given a process, process name or buffer as argument,
returns the exit status code or signal number of the process.
If the process has not yet exited or died, this function returns 0.

** Process output ignores `buffer-read-only'.

Output from a process will go into the process's buffer even if the
buffer is read only.

** Switching buffers in filter functions and sentinels.

Emacs no longer saves and restore the current buffer around calling
the filter and sentinel functions, so these functions can now
permanently alter the selected buffer in a straightforward manner.

** Specifying environment variables for subprocesses.

When a subprocess is started with `start-process' or `call-process',
the value of the variable `process-environment' is taken to
specify the environment variables to give the subprocess.  The
value should be a list of strings, each of the form "VAR=VALUE".

`process-environment' is initialized when Emacs starts up
based on Emacs's environment.

** New variable `process-connection-type'.

If this variable is `nil', when a subprocess is created, Emacs uses
a pipe rather than a pty to communicate with it.  Normally this
variable is `t', telling Emacs to use a pty if ptys are supported
and one is available.

** New function `waiting-for-user-input-p'.

This function, given a subprocess as argument, returns `t' if that
subprocess appears to be waiting for input sent from Emacs,
or `nil' otherwise.

** New hook `shell-set-directory-error-hook'.

The value of this variable is called, with no arguments, whenever
Shell mode gets an error trying to keep track of directory-setting
commands (such as `cd' and `pushd') used in the shell buffer.

* New functions `user-uid' and `user-real-uid'.

These functions take no arguments and return, respectively,
the effective uid and the real uid of the Emacs process.
The value in each case is an integer.

* New variable `print-escape-newlines' controls string printing.

If this variable is non-`nil', then when a Lisp string is printed
by the Lisp printing function `prin1' or `print', newline characters
are printed as `\n' rather than as a literal newline.

* New function `sysnetunam' on HPUX.

This function takes two arguments, a network address PATH and a
login string LOGIN, and executes the system call `netunam'.
It returns `t' if the call succeeds, otherwise `nil'.
d1095 1
a1095 3
News regarding installation:

* Many `s-...' file names changed.
d1097 50
a1146 84
Many `s-...' files have been renamed.  All periods in such names,
except the ones just before the final `h', have been changed to
hyphens.  Thus, `s-bsd4.2.h' has been renamed to `s-bsd4-2.h'.

This is so a Unix distribution can be moved mechanically to VMS.

* `DOCSTR...' file now called `DOC-...'.

The file of on-line documentation strings, that used to be
`DOCSTR.mm.nn.oo' in this directory, is now called `DOC-mm.nn.oo'.
This is so that it can port to VMS using the standard conventions
for translating filenames for VMS.

This file also now contains the doc strings for variables as
well as functions.

* Emacs no longer uses floating point arithmetic.

This may make it easier to port to some machines.

* Macros `XPNTR' and `XSETPNTR'; flag `DATA_SEG_BITS'.

These macros exclusively are used to unpack a pointer from a Lisp_Object
and to insert a pointer into a Lisp_Object.  Redefining them may help
port Emacs to machines in which all pointers to data objects have
certain high bits set.

If `DATA_SEG_BITS' is defined, it should be a number which contains
the high bits to be inclusive or'ed with pointers that are unpacked.

* New flag `HAVE_X_MENU'.

Define this flag in `config.h' in addition to `HAVE_X_WINDOWS'
to enable use of the Emacs interface to X Menus.  On some operating
systems, the rest of the X interface works properly but X Menus
do not work; hence this separate flag.  See the file `src/xmenu.c'
for more information.

* Macros `ARRAY_MARK_FLAG' and `DONT_COPY_FLAG'.

* `HAVE_ALLOCA' prevents assembly of `alloca.s'.

* `SYSTEM_MALLOC' prevents use of GNU `malloc.c'.

SYSTEM_MALLOC, if defined, means use the system's own `malloc' routines
rather than those that come with Emacs.

Use this only if absolutely necessary, because if it is used you do
not get warnings when space is getting low.

* New flags to control unexec.

See the file `unexec.c' for a long comment on the compilation
switches that suffice to make it work on many machines.

* `PNTR_COMPARISON_TYPE'

Pointers that need to be compared for ordering are converted to this type
first.  Normally this is `unsigned int'.

* `HAVE_VFORK', `HAVE_DUP2' and `HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY'.

These flags just say whether certain system calls are available.

* New macros control compiler switches, linker switches and libraries.

The m- and s- files can now control in a modular fashion the precise
arguments passed to `cc' and `ld'.

LIBS_STANDARD defines the standard C libraries.  Default is `-lc'.
LIBS_DEBUG defines the extra libraries to use when debugging.  Default `-lg'.
LIBS_SYSTEM can be defined by the s- file to specify extra libraries.
LIBS_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra libraries.
LIBS_TERMCAP defines the libraries for Termcap or Terminfo.
  It is defined by default in a complicated fashion but the m- or s- file
  can override it.

LD_SWITCH_SYSTEM can be defined by the s- file to specify extra `ld' switches.
  The default is `-X' on BSD systems except those few that use COFF object files.
LD_SWITCH_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra `ld' switches.

C_DEBUG_SWITCH defines the switches to give `cc' when debugging.  Default `-g'.
C_OPTIMIZE_SWITCH defines the switches to give `cc' to optimize.  Default `-O'.
C_SWITCH_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra `cc' switches.
a1147 2
For older news, see the file OOONEWS.

d1151 1
a1151 1
Copyright (C) 1988 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@


1.1.1.3
log
@import emacs-20.1
@
text
@d1 2
a2 2
GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes.  1992.
Copyright (C) 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
a6 48
Changes in version 18.58.

* RMAIL reply now properly parses nested comments in addesses.

* The "visual bell" feature when used with X windows
now flashes only 1/4 of the window's total area.  This is because
flashing the whole window is too slow on some systems.

* `call-process' and `call-process-region' now return an indication
of the exit status of the subprocess: either a numeric exit code
or a string describing the signal which caused termination.

* It is possible for regular expression matching to overflow the stack
of failure points.  In the past, such overflow was treated as simple
failure to match.  Now it causes an error.

* You can use C-u to end a numeric argument.  Thus, type C-u 1 0 0 C-u 1
to insert 100 1's.

* Emacs now knows how to get resource values from the X server.

* Job control commands in shell mode work properly on more systems
because they now work by "typing" signal characters such as C-c.

* copy-keymap no longer recursively copies keymaps reached through
symbols' function definitions (i.e., those that have names).  It does
copy nested keymaps that appear directly in the other copied keymaps.

Changes in version 18.56.

* C-g should now work to interrupt a running program
on all kinds of systems even when using X windows.

* Quitting is inhibited while a filter or sentinel is running.
Those functions can run asynchronously while Emacs is waiting
for keyboard input, and if they allow quitting, they
make the behavior of C-g unpredictable.

* Storing text into the X windows cut buffer
now clears out any selection.

* The undo facility is completely rewritten, and now
uses Lisp data structures.  It can record much more
information.  You can use the variables undo-threshold
and undo-high-threshold to control how much.

* There is no longer a maximum screen height or width. 

d63 1
a63 2
** `kill-emacs' calls the value of `kill-emacs-hook' as a function of no args
unless Emacs is running in batch mode.
d399 4
d510 1
a510 1
** C-x n p now disabled.
d512 2
a513 2
The command C-x n p, a nonrecomended command which narrows to the current
page, is now initially disabled like C-x n n.
d730 4
a733 4
The function news-caesar-buffer-body performs the rot13 code on the
body of a news message.  You can also specify the number to rotate by,
as a prefix argument.  The function is bound to C-c C-r in both
News mode and News Reply mode.
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* Changes in tags handling.

** M-. (`find-tag') and similar commands now look first for an exact
match in the tags table, and try substring matches only afterward.

** The new command `find-tag-regexp' visits successively the tags that
match a specified regular expression.

** You can now use more than one tags table.  Using `visit-tags-table'
to load a new tags table does not discard the other tables previously
loaded.  The other tags commands use all the tags tables that are loaded;
the first tags table used is the one that mentions the current visited file.

** Tags tables can now be told to "include" other tags tables.  This means
the tags table gives the file names of other tags tables.  Tags command
then search included tags tables after the including table (but before any
other tags tables you have loaded).  Included tags tables can make it much
easier and more efficient to maintain a tags table for a large package with
many subdirectories--there is one tags table for each subdirectory, and a
master tags table that includes each subdirectory table.  You use `-i'
options to `etags' when creating the tags table to give the file names of
the included tables.

** You can now use the tags table for completion of names during
ordinary editing.  The command M-TAB (except in Emacs Lisp mode)
completes the identifier in the buffer before point, using the set of
all tags as the list of possible completions.

** `tags-query-replace' and `tags-search' changes.

These functions no longer permanently create buffers for files that
are searched but that do not contain any matches for the search
pattern.

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You can set multiple variables sequentially, each with its own value,
in `setq-default' just as in `setq'.

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1. The "real" height of the terminal says what the terminal command
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2. The "real" height of the terminal determines how much padding is
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For older news, see the file OONEWS.
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Copyright (C) 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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