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From: ugai@syslab.iias.flab.fujitsu.co.jp (Takanori Ugai)
Subject: VDM Frequently Asked Questions
Message-ID: <UGAI.95Mar31103037@indigo.syslab.iias.flab.fujitsu.co.jp>
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Date: Fri, 31 Mar 1995 01:30:37 GMT
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Archive-name: vdm-faq.japanese
Last-modified: March 31 1995

VDM FREQUENTLY-ASKED QUESTIONS
******************************


$B$3$N%U%!%$%k$OKh7n(B vdm-forum $B$N%a!<%j%s%0%j%9%H(B, comp.specification,
comp.specification.z, comp.software-eng, comp.answeres, news.answers $B$N(B
news group $B$KEj9F$5$l$F$$$^$9(B.
VDM(the Vienna Development Method) $B$K$D$$$F$h$/$5$l$k<ALd$H$=$NEz$($r5s$2$F$$(B
$B$^$9!%(B

$B<ALd$O9TF,$+$i$O$8$^$k(B "Subject:" $B$G6h@Z$i$l$F$$$^$9$N$G%K%e!<%9%j!<%@$G(B
$B8+$D$1$d$9$/$J$C$F$$$^$9!%(B($BNc$($P(B "rn" $B$r;H$C$F$$$k$J$i(B "^G")


$B$3$N(B FAQ $B$N:G$b:G6a$N%P!<%8%g%s$+$iDI2C$5$l$?9`L\$K$D$$$F$O(B
$B9TF,$K(B ">" $B$rF~$l$F$"$j$^$9!%(B

Version: 1.5, Date: 30/03/95
Source:John Fitzgerald (fitzgerj@cs.man.ac.uk)
Maintained by: Marcel Verhoef (marcel@dutct05.tudelft.nl)
Translated by: Takanori Ugai (ugai@iias.flab.fujitsu.co.jp)

$B$3$N(B FAQ $B$NF|K\8lHG$,$"$j(B Takanori Ugai (ugai@iias.flab.fujitsu.co.jp)
$B$,J]<i$7$F$$$^$9!%(B fj netgroups $B$rDL$7$FG[I[$5$l$^$9!%(B
$B$^$?<!$N$H$3$m$+$iF1$8$b$N$bF~<j2DG=$G$9!%(B
sa-ftp.cs.titech.ac.jp:/pub/VDM

$B1Q8lHG$HF|K\8lHG$N$I$A$i$b<!$NJ}K!$GF~<j$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!%(B
- Mailbase archives (mailbase.ac.uk, 128.240.2.118)
- anonymous ftp: ftp.ifad.dk (130.244.136.3) /pub/vdm

$B$3$N(B FAQ $B$N(B LaTeX $BHG$b$^$b$J$/=PMh>e$,$j$^$9(B. $B$3$l$i$N(B
$B%"!<%+%$%V$+$i$^$b$J$/F~<j2DG=$K$J$j$^$9(B.

$B<!HG$N%j%j!<%9$O(B 1995 $BG/(B 5 $B7n(B 1 $BF|$NM=Dj$G$9(B.

Subject: Index
***************

1)  What is VDM?
2)  Where are the other VDMers? 
3)  Where can I find papers on VDM? 
4)  Where do I start learning about VDM? 
5)  What is the semantics of VDM-SL?
6)  What Modularity is provided in VDM?
7)  I heard there's a Standard for VDM...
8)  Does VDM support object-orientation?
9)  Can VDM handle concurrency? 
10) Is VDM executable?
11) What is data reification? 
12) How is VDM related to algebraic specification languages?
13) How does VDM compare to Z?
14) What is the relationship between VDM and RSL? 
15) What is the relationship between VDM and the Refinement Calculus? 
16) Who is using VDM? 
17) What sorts of system can VDM be used to describe? 
18) What tools are available?
19) There's something missing from this FAQ! Whom do I tell?
20) References



Subject: What is VDM? 
**********************


VDM $B$H$O(B "The Vienna Development Method" $B$r<($7(B, $B7A<0;EMM$H7W;;5!%7%9(B
$B%F%`$N3+H/$N5;=Q$N=8$^$j$G$9(B. VDM $B$O(B VDM-SL $B$H$h$P$l$k;EMM5-=R8@8l$H;E(B
$BMM2=$5$l$?%7%9%F%`$N@-<A$H@_7WCJ3,$N7hDj$K$D$$$F(B, $B$=$N87L)$JO@>Z$r9T$J(B
$B$&$?$a$N>ZL@M}O@$+$i@.$jN)$C$F$$$^$9(B. VDM-SL $B$OMW5a;EMM$H%3!<%I$N%l%Y(B
$B%k$KMn$H$9$?$a$N>\:Y2=$5$l$?@_7W;EMM$N4V$N4X78$r>ZL@$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$k$h(B
$B$&$J%G!<%?$HA`:n$N%j%U%!%$%a%s%H$K4X$9$k5,B'$+$i@.$jN)$C$F$$$^$9(B.

"VDM" $B$H$$$&8@MU$,ITCm0U$K$b;EMM5-=R8@8l$@$1$N$3$H$r0UL#$9$k$h$&$K;H$o(B
$B$l$k$3$H$,$7$P$7$P$"$j$^$9(B.

VDM $B$O$b$H$b$H(B IBM $B$N(B Vienna $B8&5f=j$G(B 1960$BG/Be$+$i(B70$BG/Be$K$+$1$F%W%m%0(B
$B%i%_%s%08@8l$N7A<0E*0UL#O@$K4X$9$k8&5f$K$*$$$F(B VDL $B$H(B Meta-IV $B$J$I$H0l(B
$B=o$K:n$i$l$?$b$N$G$9!%(BVDM $B$O$3$l$i$NCf$G$O:G$b?7$7$$$b$N$G(B, $B8&5f$H$7$F(B
$B$@$1$G$O$J$/<B:]$N%7%9%F%`3+H/$K$*$$$F$b8@8l$N0UL#O@$r1[$($F$h$/;H$o$l(B
$B$F$$$^$9!%B?$/$N;EMM5-=R8@8l$,(B VDM-SL $B$r3HD%$9$k7A$GDs0F$5$l$F$-$^$7(B
$B$?!%$=$l$i$NCf$K$O(B RSL, VVSL, VDM++ $B$J$I$,$"$j$^$9(B. $B$3$l$i$K$D$$$F$O$"(B
$B$H$G$b$&0lEY?($l$^$9!%(B VDM-SL $B$O(B ISO $B$K$h$C$FI8=`2=$N:G=*CJ3,$K$"$j$^(B
$B$9!%(BVDM $B$NNr;K$K$D$$$F$O(B [HJN93] $B$r;2>H$7$F2<$5$$!%(B

VDM-SL $B$O%b%G%k;X8~;EMM5-=R8@8l$G$9!%(B VDM-SLt
$BJQ2=$5$;$k$h$&$K;EMM$,=q$+$l$k$3$H$K$J$j$^$9!%Nc$($P(B, $B%[%F%k$NM=Ls%7%9(B
$B%F%`$O(B $B5R$HIt20$HMxMQF|$r2C$($?$j:o=|$7$?$j$9$kA`:n$b;}$D(B,$BIt20HV9f$+$i(B
$B5R$NL>A0$H=;=j$X$N%^%C%W$H9M$($i$l$^$9(B.  $B$3$N5R$NL>A0$d=;=j$OJ8;zNs$H(B
$B$7$F%b%G%k2=$5$l$^$9!%(BVDM-SL $B$G$O?tCM(B, $BJ8;zNs$J$I$N4pK\7?$d=89g!$%^%C(B
$B%W$J$I$N7?$N9=@.;R$O(B "$B<+M3$K(B" $B;H$&$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!%(B

$B0J2<$3$N(B FAQ $B$G$O(B VDM $B$d$=$N3HD%$K4X$9$k5DO@$K$D$$$F=R$Y$^$9!%Nc$($P(B, 
$B$[$+$N7A<02=$H$I$N$h$&$J4X78$K$"$k$+(B, $B$I$3$G;H$o$l$F$-$?$+(B,$B$b$C$H>\:Y(B
$B$J>pJs$O$I$3$+$i<j$KF~$l$k$3$H$,$G$-$k$+(B, VDM $B$K4X$9$k;29MJ88%$d(B, $BI8=`(B
$B2=(B, $BF3F~E*$J652J=q(B, $B%D!<%k$K$h$k;Y1g(B, $B;:6HJ,Ln$G$NMxMQ$d9V=,2q$J$I$J(B
$B$I(B.


Subject: Where are the other VDMers? 
*************************************


vdm-forum $B$H$$$&%a!<%j%s%0%j%9%H$K(B200 $B?M$/$i$$$,;22C$7$F$$$^$9$,$=$l$[(B
$B$IN.DLNL$O$*$*$/$"$j$^$;$s!%;EMM5-=R$d(B refinement $B$K4X$9$kLdBjE@$d%3(B
$B%D(B, $B5;=Q(B, $B%D!<%k$d2q5D9V:BEy$K4X$9$k>pJs(B, $B8x$N4k6H$N$"$k$$$O%"%+%G%_%C(B
$B%/$J%W%m%8%'%/%H(BVDM-SL $B$N0UL#O@(B, $B>ZL@M}O@(B, $BI8=`2=$K4X$9$k$3$H$J$I$,OC(B
$B$79g$o$l$F$$$^$9!%;22C$9$k$K$O(B mailbase@mailbase.ac.uk $B$K<!$N(B 1 $B9T$r4^(B
$B$`%a!<%k$rAw$C$F2<$5$$(B.

join vdm-forum <YourName>

$BNc$($P(B :

join vdm-forum John Fitzgerald

$B$3$N%a!<%j%s%0%j%9%H$O5DD9$rCV$$$F$$$^$;$s$,(B John Fitzgerald $B$,(B
University of Manchester $B$G4IM}$7$F$$$^$9(B (John $B$,(B 
vdm-forum-request@mailbase.ac.uk) $B$G$9(B.  $B%a!<%j%s%0%j%9%H$K;22C$7$?$j(B
$BMxMQ$9$k$K$"$?$C$F2?$+LdBj$,$"$C$?$j(B, $B5?Ld$,$"$C$?$iH`$HO"Mm$r<h$C$F2<(B
$B$5$$!%(B $B$7$+$7$J$,$iH`$O%7%9%F%`4IM}<T$G$O$J$$$7(B,$B%\%i%s%F%#%"$G9T$J$($k(B
$B$3$H$N$_$r9T$J$C$F$$$k$3$H$KCm0U$7$F2<$5$$!%(B

$BB?$/$N2q5D$G@8$-$?(B VDMer $B$K$"$&$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!%$H$/$K(B Formal Methods
Europe (FME) $B%7%s%]%8%&%`$O(B 18 $B%u7nKh$K9T$J$o$l$^$9!%(B FME $B%7%s%]%8%&%`(B
$B$O(BVDM $B$K8BDj$7$F;O$a$i$l$^$7$?!%8=:_$G$O7A<0<jK!A4BN$K9-$2$F$$$^$9!%<!(B
$B$N%7%s%]%8%&%`$O(B 1994 $BG/(B 10 $B7n(B 24-28 $BF|$K(B Spain $B$N(B Barcelona $B$G9T$J$o(B
$B$l$^$9!%(B $B>\:Y$K$D$$$F$O(Bthe Organizing Chair, Daniel Cabedo (tel
+34-3-290-2400, fax +34-3-290-2416, email
felixrp@salleserver.url.es) $B$KJ9$$$F2<$5$$!%(B

FME $B$O%h!<%m%C%Q$NAH?%$G(B, $B%h!<%m%C%Q6&F1BN$+$i%5%]!<%H$r<u$1$F7A<0<jK!(B
$B$r4k6H$G;H$&$h$&$K%W%m%b!<%H$7%5%]!<%H$9$k%_%C%7%g%s$G$9!%(BFME $B%7%s%]%8(B
$B%&%`$HF1MM$K$3$N%0%k!<%W$O@x:_E*$J4k6H$N%f!<%6$K7A<0<jK!$N9M$(J}$r65(B
$B$((B, $B8=:_7A<0<jK!$rMxMQ$7$F$$$J$$%f!<%6$K$O$=$NMxE@$r65$($k%;%_%J!<$b9T(B
$B$J$C$F$$$^$9(B.  UK $B$G9T$J$o$l$k<!$N4k6H8~$1$N%;%_%J!<$O(B 1994 $BG/(B 9 $B7n(B 
22-23 $BF|$K(BLeeds (in conjunction with the Safety-critical Systems Club) 
$B$G9T$J$o$l$^$9!%(BFME Committee Secretary Tim Denvir, Translimina Ltd,
37 Orpington Road, Winchmore Hill, London N21 3PD, UK (E-mail:
timdenvir@cix.compulink.co.uk) $B$rO"Mm$r<h$C$F2<$5$$(B.
 
The British Computer Society's special interest group on Formal
Aspects of Computing Systems (BCS FACS) $B$K$b(B VDMer $B$,$$$^$9(B.  FME $B$H(B 
BCS FACS $B$O6&F1$G(B " FACS Europe" $B$H$$$&%K%e!<%9%l%?!<$rH/9T$7$F$$$F(B, 
$B$3$3$K$O(B VDM $B$N%3%i%`$,$"$j$^$9!%(BBCS FACS, Department of Computer
Science, Loughborough University of Technology, Loughborough,
Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK (E-mail: FACS@lut.ac.uk) $B$HO"Mm$r<h$C$F$_(B
$B$F2<$5$$!%(B



Subject: Where can I find papers on VDM? 
*****************************************

IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, The Software Engineering
Journal, Formal Aspects of Computing, The Computer Journal, Acta
Informatica, Science of Computer Programming $B$J$I$N;(;o$K(B VDM $B$K4X$9$k(B
$BO@J8$r8+$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!%$$$m$$$m$J$H$3$m$+$i=8$a$FMh$?(B VDM $B$K4X$9$k(B
$B2?I4$b$NO@J8(B, $BK\(B, $BJs9"(B\x{fffd}\x{fffd}
$B$G<j$KF~$l$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!%(B

  ftp.ifad.dk
  in directory /pub/docs

  chopwell.ncl.ac.uk
  in directory /pub/vdm_bibliography

  ftp.imada.ou.dk
  in directory /pub/docs

World-wide Web $B$K%"%/%;%92DG=$J$i$P$3$NJ88%$dI8=`$J$I$NB?$/$N>pJs$r(B
VDM $B$N%[!<%`%Z!<%8$+$i%"%/%;%9$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9(B.

   http://www.ifad.dk/vdm/vdm.html


Subject: Where do I start learning about VDM? 
**********************************************


$B<!$NF~Lg=q$,$*4+$a$G$7$g$&(B.

   C B Jones "Systematic Software Development using VDM" 
   Prentice Hall International ISBN 0-13-880733-7, 2nd Edn. 1990

   J Dawes "The VDM-SL Reference Guide" Pitman/UCL Press 
   ISBN 0-273-03151-1, 1991

   D Andrews and D Ince "Practical formal methods with VDM"
   McGraw Hill ISBN 0-07-707214-6, 1991

   J T Latham, I D Cottam and V Bush "The Programming Process: an
   introduction using VDM and Pascal", Addison Wesley, 1990

The VDM Bibliography $B$K$O$b$C$HB?$/$NAm9gE*$J%j%9%H$,$"$j(B,
$B$b$C$H9bEB%f!<%6$KE,Ev$JK\$b8+$i$l$^$9(B.

$B$*$*$/$N(B VDM $B$N9V:B$b$"$j$^$9(B. $B$$$/$D$+$r$$$+$K<($7$^$9(B.

Manchester University's Department of Computer Science (PEVE Unit)$B$O0l(B
$BDL$j$N(B VDM $B$N9V:B$rDs6!$7(B, $B$=$NCf$K$O(B 5 $BF|4V$G(B VDM $B$G;EMM2=(B,
refinement, $B>ZL@$r%+%P!<$9$k$b$N$d(B $B7A<0E*?dO@;Y1g%7%9%F%`$N;H$$J}$J$I(B
$B$b$"$j$^$9(B.  $B>\:Y$K$D$$$F$O(B Ursula Hayes $B$b$7$/$O(B Helen Sheehy - Tel
+44 (0)61 275 6172; Fax +44 (0)61 275 6172; E-mail:
uhayes@cs.man.ac.uk or hsheehy@cs.man.ac.uk $B$HO"Mm$r<h$C$FJ9$$$F2<$5(B
$B$$(B.

Adelard $B$K$b(B VDM $B$N9V:B$,$"$j$^$9(B. $B%H%l!<%K%s%0%3!<%9$ND9$5$O(B 1 $BF|$N$b(B
$B$N$+$i(B 5 $BF|$N$b$N(B 2,3 $B=54V$ND9$$$b$N$H$$$m$$$m$"$j$^$9$,(B, $B0MMj$K1~$8$F(B
$B@_Dj$7$^$9(B.  Adelard $B$N(B SpecBox VDM $B%A%'%C%+%D!<%k$r$3$N9V:B$G$O;H$$$^(B
$B$9(B.  $B0MMj<T$NA0DsCN<1$OJ?6QE*$J$b$N$G$h$/(B, $BB>$N>l=j$G9T$J$&$3$H$b2DG=(B
$B$G$9(B.  $B>\:Y$K$D$$$F$O(B Manchester office $B$N(B Ian Cottam - Tel +44 (0)61
861 7399, $B$^$?$O(B main London office $B$N(B Peter Froome - Tel +44 (0)81
983 1708 $B$HO"Mm$r<h$C$FJ9$$$F2<$5$$(B.

IFAD (the Institute of Applied Computer Science) $B$b(B VDM $B$N9V:B$rDs6!$7(B
$B$F$$$^$9(B. 5 $BF|4V$N%H%l!<%K%s%0%3!<%9$H(B 3 $BF|4V$N6/2=%3!<%9$rMQ0U$7$F$$(B
$B$F$I$A$i$b<B:]$N7P83$r9T$J$&$h$&$K$J$C$F$$$^$9(B. $B%H%l!<%K%s%0%3!<%9$O(B,
$B7A<0<jK!$NF3F~$r9T$J$$(B, VDM $B$r$D$+$C$F%3%s%;%W%H$d5-=R$NF3F~650i$r9T$J(B
$B$$$^$9!%(B $BN}=,$O(B FDAD VDM-SL Toolbox $B$r;H$&$h$&$K$J$C$F$$$^$9!%$3$N9V:B(B
$B$O4k6H$d1~MQJ,Ln$N?M$K8~$1$F:n$i$l$F$$$^$9(B. $B>\:Y$K$D$$$F$O(B,
Peter Gorm Larsen - Tel +45-63-157131; Fax: +45-65-932999; E-mail:
peter@ifad.dk $B$HO"Mm$r<h$C$FJ9$$$F2<$5$$(B.

Icon Computing (Europe) $B$O(B Rigorous Object Oriented Design $B$K4X$9$k%o(B
$B!<%/%7%g%C%W$rDs6!$7$F$$$^$9(B.  $B$3$l$OC;$/Hs7A<0E*$KN}=,$r<gBN$K$7$?9V(B
$B:B$G%*%V%8%'%/%H;X8~J,@O$d@_7W$G(B VDM $B$K4p$E$$$?5;=Q$NE,MQ$K4X$9$kF3F~(B
$B650i$r9T$J$$$^$9!%$=$NL\E*$O(B, $B<B:]E*$J%l%Y%k$GMW5a$NJ8=q2=$d5DO@(B, $BCj>](B
$BE*$J%/%i%9(B, $B:FMxMQ2DG=$JItIJ$K$h$k%7%9%F%`$N9=C[$K4X$9$k$3$H$b9T$J$$$^(B
$B$9!%(B $B>\:Y$K$D$$$F$O(B, Alan Wills, Icon Computing Europe Ltd., Tel: +44
(0)161 257 3292, Fax: +44 (0) 161 225 3240, Email:
info@icon.demon.co.uk$B$HO"Mm$r<h$C$FJ9$$$F2<$5$$!%(B

Praxis plc $B$O(B VDM $B$N(B 4 $BF|4V$N9V:B$rDs6!$7$F$$$^$9(B. $B$3$N9V:B$O$$$/$D$+(B
$B$N%b%8%e!<%k$KJ,$1$i$l$F$$$F$=$l$>$l(B VDM $B$N0c$C$?LL$r%+%P!<$7$F$$$^(B
$B$9!%$=$l$>$l$N%b%8%e!<%k$O%A%e!<%H%j%"%k$G%U%)%m!<$5$l$^$9(B.  $B:G=*F|$O(B
$B%1!<%9%9%?%G%#$,9T$J$o$l$^$9(B. $B1Q8l$G=q$+$l$?;EMM$r(BVDM $B$r;H$C$F;EMM2=$9(B
$B$k$b$N$G$9(B. $B$3$N9V:B$N:G8e$K>.5,LO$N(BVDM $B$N;EMM$rM}2r$7=q$/$3$H$,$G$-$k(B
$B$h$&$K$J$k$O$:$G$9(B.  $B<u9V$9$k$N$KI,MW$JCN<1$O(B, Pascal $B$N$h$&$J9b5i8@8l(B
$B$N7P83$,$"$k$3$H$G$9(B.  $B?t3X$N:G>.8B$NCN<1$O%$%.%j%9$N(B A-Level $B$+Bg3XDx(B
$BEY$N$b$N$G=89gO@$HO@M}$K4v$i$+DL$8$F$$$k$3(B\x{fffd}$(DL&$B<"<"(B\x{fffd}
$B$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!%>\:Y$K$D$$$F$O(B Mike Greenan $B$+(B Anthony Hall, Praxis
plc, 20 Manvers Street, Bath, AVON, BA1 1PX, UK , Tel: +44 225 444700,
Fax: +44 225 465205, Telex: 445848 PRAXIS G, Email: mpg@praxis.co.uk 
$B$HO"Mm$r<h$C$F2<$5$$!%(B

Subject: What is the semantics of VDM-SL?
******************************************


VDM-SL $B$O7A<0E*$KDj5A$5$l$?0UL#O@$r;}$A$^$9(B.  $BO@M}$r4pAC$H$9$k$3$N0UL#(B
$BO@$O(B Logic of Partial Functions (LPF) $B$K4p$E$/$b$N$G$9(B
[BCJ84,C86,CJ91,JM94]. $B0UL#O@$NDj5A$O(B VDM-SL Standard $B$G@k8@E*$KM?$($i$l$F(B
$B$$$^$9(B.  $B:F5"E*Dj5A$K$O(B, $B:G>.ITF0E@0UL#O@$,M?$($i$l$F$$$^$9(B.  VDM-SL 
$B$GM?$($i$l$F$$$kDj5A$O4K$$$b$N$G(B ($B0[$J$k5!G=$r;}$A(B)$B0lHLE*$K9=J8E*$J(B 
VDM-SL $B$N;EMM$O(B ($BL58B$N(B) $B%b%G%k$N=89g$r<($9(B.

$B0UL#O@$O(B VDM-SL draft Standard $B$GM?$($i$l$F$$$^$9(B.  Standard $B$K4X$7$F(B
$B>\$7$$$3$H$O$3$N(B FAQ $B$N(B "I heard there's a Standard for VDM..."  $B$N$H(B
$B$3$m$G(B $B8+$F2<$5$$!%(B


Subject: What Modularity is provided in VDM? 
*********************************************


$BNI$$(B VDM-SL $B$N;EMM$H$$$&$N$OCm0U?<$/9=B$2=$5$l$F$$$k$b$N$G$"$k(B.  $B4X78(B
$B$N$"$k%F%-%9%H$NItIJ$O6a$/$KG[CV$5$l(B, $B@bL@J8$,$"$A$i$3$A$i$KCV$+$l$k$b(B
$B$N$G$9(B. "$B=E$?$$(B" $B%W%m%0%i%_%s%08@8l$N463P$K$*$1$k(B "Modules" (parameter 
$B$d(B import, export, information hiding) $B$H$$$&$N$O(BISO $BI8=`8@8l$K$OB8:_(B
$B$7$J$$$b$N$G$9(B. $B$3$l$O(B VDM-SL $B$N%f!<%6$,$3$N5!G=$rI8=`2=$9$k$?$a$KCM$9(B
$B$k$h$&$J$b$N$,8+$D$+$C$F$$$J$$$+$i$G$9!%$7$+$7$J$,$i(B, $B$3$N$h$&$JF0$-$O(B
$B?J$s$G$$$F(B, $B$*$*$/$N%D!<%k(B ($BNc$($P(BAdelard $B$N(B SpecBox $B$d(B IFAD $B$N(B VDM-SL
Toolbox) $B$dI.<T(B ($BNc$($P(B[M93,F91]) $B$,%b%8%e!<%k2=$N5!9=$rDj5A$7$F$$$^(B
$B$9(B. $BBg$-$J;EMM$r9=@.$7$?$$>l9g$K$O$3$N$h$&$J5!9=$r;}$C$?%D!<%k$r;H$&$N(B
$B$,NI$$$G$7$g$&(B.  $B$b$C$H>\$7$/CN$j$?$$?M$O(B The VDM Bibliography $B$N(B "
Structuring" $B$N@a$r8+$F2<$5$$!%(B


Subject: I heard there's a Standard for VDM...
***********************************************


VDM $B$N;EMM5-=R8@8lItJ,(B (VDM-SL) $B$O8=:_(B ISO $B$H(B British Standards
Institute$B$N1g=u$N$b$HI8=`2=$,9T$J$o$l$F$$$^$9(B.  $B8=:_(B, $BI8=`$O(B Committee
Draft $B$K$J$C$F$$$^$9(B. 6 $B%u7n0L0JFb$K(BFraft International Standard $B$K$7(B,
1995 $BG/$K$O(BInternation Standard $B$K$7$?$$$H9M$($F$$$^$9(B.

$B<!$N>l=j$+$i(B anonymous ftp $B$K$h$C$FI8=`$N%3%T!<$r<j$KF~$l$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9(B.
$B6a$$$H$3$m$+$i<j$KF~$l$F2<$5$$!%(B

  The United Kingdom:                    Denmark:                          
  chopwell.ncl.ac.uk         ftp.imada.ou.dk                   
  in directory /pub/vdmsl_standard       in directory /pub/vdmsl_standard  
                                           
  The USA:                               The Netherlands:                  
  gatekeeper.dec.com dutiba.twi.tudelft.nl             
  in directory /pub/standards/vdmsl in directory /pub/vdmsl_standard  
                                     
  Australia:
  ftp.cs.uq.oz.au
  in directory /pub/vdmsl_standard

$BLu<TCm(B : official $B$J$b$N$G$O$"$j$^$;$s$,(B,
  Japan:
  sa-ftp.cs.titech.ac.jp
  in directory /pub/VDM/vdmsl

World-wide Web $B$K%"%/%;%9$,2DG=$J$i$P(B VDM Home Page $B$+$i(B
The Standard $B$b(B Bibliography $B$b$=$l0J30$NB?$/$N$b$N$b(B
$B<j$KF~$l$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9(B.

   http://www.ifad.dk/vdm/vdm.html

Subject: Does VDM support object-orientation?
**********************************************


VDM $B$N(B2 $B$D$N3HD%$,%*%V%8%'%/%H;X8~$r%5%]!<%H$7$F$$$^$9(B.

ESPRIT $B%W%m%8%'%/%H(B Afrodite (Project No. 6500) $B$G3+H/$5$l$?(B VDM++$B$O(B 
Standard VDM-SL $B$K%*%V%8%'%/%H;X8~$HJBNs@-$r3HD%$7$?$b$N$G$9(B.  $B>-MhE*(B
$B$K$O<B;~4V$N3HD%$b7W2h$5$l$F$$$^$9(B.  VDN++ $B$K$O%0%i%U%#%C%/%f!<%6%$%s(B
$B%?!<%U%'%$%9$N%D!<%k%;%C%H(B(VDM++ $B%A%'%C%+(B, $B%3!<%I%8%'%M%l!<%?(B, $B%W%j%F(B
$B%#%W%j%s%?(B) $B$,$"$j(B,$B%0%i%U%#%C%/(B OMT $B%b%G%k$+$i(B VDM++ $B$r@8@.$9$k$3$H$,(B
$B$G$-$k%D!<%k$b$"$j$^$9!%$5$i$K>\:Y$rCN$j$?$$>l9g$O(B, [DvK92], [DP94],
[DGP94] $B$J$I$rFI$`$+(B Nico Plat, Cap Volmac, Dolderseweg 2, 3712 BP
Huis ter Heide, The Netherlands (E-mail: Nico.Plat@ACM.org) $B$HO"Mm$r<h(B
$B$C$F$_$F2<$5$$(B.

Fresco $B$O7A<0<jK!$G(B Smalltalk $B$N%"%W%j%1!<%7%g%s$r3+H/$9$k$?$a$N(B
VDM-like $B$J4D6-$rDs6!$7$F$$$^$9(B.  $B%=%U%H%&%'%"$N3+H/$K$*$$$F(B,$B;EMM2=$H(B
$B>ZL@$r%5%]!<%H$7(B, $BJ8=q$r$b$C$?%3!<%I$r$D$/$j=P$7$^$9(B.  $B$3$N%7%9%F%`$K(B
$B$h$C$F(B "$B87L)$J(B" $B%"%W%m!<%A$r9T$J$&$3$H$,$G$-(B,$B%f!<%6$O7A<02=$K4X$7$F<+(B
$BM3$K%l%Y%k$rA*$V$3$H$,$G$-$^$9(B.  Fresco $B$O(B Fresco/SmallTalk $B%$%s%?%W%j(B
$B%?(B, mural theorem prover,$B%0%i%U%#%C%+%k%V%i%&%6$rHw$($F$$$^$9(B. $B;29MJ8(B
$B8%$H$7$F$O(B[Wills91,92,94] $B$r5s$2$F$*$-$^$9(B. $B>\:Y$K$D$$$F$O(BAlan
C. Wills, Icon Computing Europe Ltd, 24 Windsor Road, Manchester M19
2EB, UK (Tel: +44 (0)61 225 3240, E-mail: alan@cs.man.ac.uk) $B$HO"Mm$r(B
$B<h$C$F$_$F2<$5$$(B.


Subject: Can VDM handle concurrency? 
*************************************

VDM $B$GJBNs@-$r07$&$?$a$KB?$/$N%"%W%m!<%A$,9T$J$o$l$F$$$^$9(B.  $B$^$@$@$l(B
$B$b(B ISO Standard VDM-SL $B$N0lIt$K$9$k$?$a$KI,MW$H$5$l$k$h$&$J%l%Y%k$K$^(B
$B$GC#$7$?$b$N$O$"$j$^$;$s(B.

$B>uBV$NItJ,$G$O%7%9%F%`$O$$$/$D$+$N%W%m%;%9$K$h$C$FJQ2=$9$k$,(B ,$B$3$l$^$G(B
$B$N(B post-condition $B$G$OA`:n$N5!G=$r$9$Y$FI=8=$9$k$N$K==J,$G$O$J$$(B. $B$3$l(B
$B$OB>$N7A<0<jK!$K$bF1MM$N$3$H$,8@$($k(B.

VDM $B$N$h$&$J;EMM5-=R$KJBNs@-$N3HD%$r9T$J$&$?$a$N0l$D$N%"%W%m!<%A$O43>D(B
$B@-$K4X$9$k;EMM2=$d?dO@$HF1MM$K(Brely-/guarantee-condition $B$rF3F~$9$k$3$H(B
$B$G$9(B. $B$3$N$h$&$J%"%W%m!<%A$K$h$k:G=i$N;E;v$O(B [Jon81] $B$GJs9p$5$l$F$$$^(B
$B$9(B.  $B$^$?0lHVNI$$;29MJ88%$O(B, [Jon83] $B$G:G6a$N;E;v$K$O(B [Sto90], [Xu92],
[Col94] $B$,$"$j$^$9(B.

$BJL$N%"%W%m!<%A$H$7$F(B VVSL [M93] $B$N$h$&$K(B "inter" condition $B$rF3F~$9$k(B
$B$d$jJ}$,$"$j(B, $BJBNs%*%V%8%'%/%H;X8~$G43>D@-$K$D$$$F@)8f$d?dO@$r9T$J$&$N(B
$B$HF1$8$d$jJ}$G$"$k(B [Jon93]. $B$3$l$O(BVDM++ [DGP94] $B$G$b9T$J$o$l$F$$$k(B.

$B$5$i$K$b$C$HCN$j$?$$>l9g$O(B, The VDM Bibliography $B$N(B"Concurrency" $B$N>O(B
$B$r8+$F2<$5$$!%(B

Subject: Is VDM executable?
****************************


VDM-SL $B$G<B9T2DG=$K$b<B9T2DG=$G$J$$$h$&$K$b5-=R$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!%;E(B
$BMM$r<B9T$9$k$3$H$N@'Hs$K$D$$$F$O(B[HJ89], [F92], [A+92], [L94] $B$G5DO@$5(B
$B$l$F$$$^$9(B.

$BB?$/$N8&5f<T$,(B VDM-SL $B$N%5%V%;%C%H(B ($B$"$k$$$OE,Ev$JJ}8@(B)$B$K$D$$$F<B9T4o(B
$B$r3+H/$7$F$$$^$9!%(B $B$=$l$i$NB?$/$O;EMM$r%W%m%0%i%_%s%08@8l$N%W%m%0%i%`(B
$B$KJQ49$9$k$b$N$G$9(B. (The VDM Bibliography $B$N(B "Prototyping" $B$N>O$r8+$F(B
$B2<$5$$(B) $B:G6a$G$O(B VDM-SL $B$N;EMM$rD>@\2r<a$9$k<B9T4o$,<B8=$5$l$F$$$^$9!%(B
($B$3$N(B FAQ $B$N(B VDM tools $B$N>O$r$_$F$/$@$5$$(B)
 

Subject: What is data reification?
**********************************


$B%G!<%?%l%$%U%#%1%$%7%g%s!J6q>]2=!?6qBN2=!K$OB>$NBgItJ,$N?M!9$,%G!<%?%j(B
$B%U%!%$%s%a%s%H!J>\:Y2=!K$H8F$V$3$H$N(BVDM$BMQ8l$G$9(B.  $B%G!<%?%j%U%!%$%s%<"<(B
$B$N8@MU$GI=$;$k$h$&$K(B, $B$"$k$$$O>/$J$/$H$bI=$7$d$9$$$b$N$K!"CV$-49$($F$$(B
$B$/!J$?$H$($P0lHLE*$J=89g$r$"$k8GDj$5$l$?Dj5A0h$+$i$N<LA|$K$*$-$+$($k(B
$B$H!"DL>o$N%W%m%0%i%_%s%08@8l$NG[Ns$GI=8=$G$-$k!K$3$H$K$h$C$F<BAu!J%$%s(B
$B%W%j%a%s%F!<%7%g%s!K$K6aIU$1$k$3$H$G$9(B.  $B$3$3$G%G!<%?%l%$%U%#%1%$%7%g(B
$B%s(B($B6q>]2=(B/$B6qBN2=(B)$B$H$$$&8@MU$r%G!<%?%j%U%!%$%s%a%s%H(B($B>\:Y2=(B) $B$h$j9%$^$7(B
$B$$MQ8l$G$"$k$H$9$k$N$O(B, $B$3$N2aDx$,>\:Y2=$9$k$H$$$&$h$j$O%"%$%G%#%"$r6q(B
$BBNE*$K$7$F$$$/$H$$$C$?LL$,6/$$$+$i$G$9(B.

$B%l%$%U%#%1%$%7%g%s!J6q>]2=!?6qBN2=!K$N<B;\$O<!$N$3$H$,J]>Z$5$l$k$H$-$K(B
$B$N$_9T$J$($^$9(B. $B$=$l$O6qBN2=$7$?Dj5A$N?6Iq$$$,$b$H$NDj5A$N?6Iq$$$H(B, $B$=(B
$B$NDj5A$r;H$&N)>l(B($B;HMQ<T(B) $B$+$i8+$?8B$j(B, $B$^$C$?$/F1$8$G$"$k$3$H$G$9(B. VDM
$B$K$*$$$F%G!<%?6qBN2=$G>ZL@$9$Y$-$3$H(B(proof obligation)[Jones90,
appendix E.3]$B$O;HMQ<T$,$[$+$N(BVDM$B;EMM5-=R$G$"$C$?$H$-$K!">e5-$N>r7o$r3N(B
$BN)$9$k$N$K==J,$J$b$N$G$9(B. $B$?$@$7$3$l$i$O40A4$G$O$J$$$3$H$,CN$i$l$F$$$^(B
$B$9(B. $B$D$^$j$3$NJ}K!$G$OF10l$N?6Iq$$$r$9$k$$$/$D$+$NDj5A$O$=$l$i$N<BAu$H(B
$B$7$F@5Ev2=$G$-$J$$$3$H$G$9(B.  [Jon90] $B$G$O40A4$J0lHL2=$K$D$$$F5DO@$7$F(B
$B$$$^$9(B.  [Cl92] $B$G$OF1$8<gBj$K$D$$$F$h$j9-HO$J>u67$G$h$j>\$7$/5DO@$7$F(B
$B$$$^$9(B.  [Nip86] ($B0lHL2=$N5DO@$N;OAD(B) $B$G$O6qBN2=>r7o$r@5Ev2=$9$k>e$G(B,
$B2?$,4QB,2DG=$+$,=EMW$G$"$k$3$H$r6/D4$7$F$$$^$9(B. $B$=$7$F0[$J$k>u672<$G$N(B
$B$$$/$D$+$NBeBX>r7o$rDs0F$7$F$$$^$9(B.

Subject: How is VDM related to algebraic specification languages?
*****************************************************************


$BM}O@E*$K$O(B VDM $B$d(B Z $B$N$h$&$J%b%G%k%Y!<%9$N;EMM5-=R8@8l$H(B Larch $B$d(BOBJ 
$B$N$h$&$JBe?t7?;EMM5-=R8@8l$K$OL@$i$+$J0c$$$,$"$j$^$9(B.  $B%b%G%k%Y!<%9$N(B
$B8@8l$G$OA`:n$r$=$l$,F0:n$9$k$3$H$K$h$C$F%b%G%k$K$I$N$h$&$J1F6A$r5Z$\$9(B
$B$+$r5-=R$7$^$9!%$?$H$($P%9%?%C%/$O(B push $B$d(B pop $B$H$$$&A`:n$K$h$C$F@hF,(B
$B$KMWAG$r2C$($?$j<h$j=|$$$?$j$G$-$k$h$&$JNs$H$7$F%b%G%k2=$7$^$9!%Be?t7?(B
$B$N8@8l$G$O(B, $BA`:n$N@-<A$r5-=R$9$k$?$a$K$b$C$HCj>]E*$J%"%W%m!<%A$r<h$j$^(B
$B$9!%Nc$($P(B stack $B$O(B $B$9$Y$F$N(B stack s $B$HMWAG(B x $B$K4X$7(Bpop(push(x,s)) = s 
$B$HDj5A$7$^$9(B. $BB>$K$b$3$l$rK~B-$9$k$h$&$J%9%?%C%/$N%b%G%k$+$O$"$k$G$7$g(B
$B$&(B.

$B<B<AE*$K$O(B, $B0c$$$O>/$J$$$H8@$($^$9!%(B(set $B$N$h$&$J(B) $BBe?t7?8@8l$GDj5A$5(B
$B$l$k%G!<%?%?%$%W$NB?$/$O(B, VDM $B$G$O$"$i$+$8$aDj5A$5$l$F$$$F(B,$BBe?t;EMM$H(B
$BF1$8$h$&$K;H$&$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!%?7$7$$%G!<%?%?%$%W$r%b%G%k2=$9$k;~$K$OBe(B
$B?tE*@-<A$r>ZL@$7(B,$B$3$l$i$N%b%G%k$r3hMQ$9$k;~$K$O$=$N>ZL@$rMxMQ$7$^$9!%(B
$B5U$K(B, $BDL>oEy<0$@$1$G$O%G!<%?%?%$%W$NJ#;($J8xM}$rM?$($k$3$H$O$G$-$J$$$N(B
$B$GBe?t;EMM$G$NM#0l$N%"%W%m!<%A$O;EMM$N0UL#$H$7$F$"$k%b%G%k$r;}$C$FMh$^(B
$B$9!%(B $B$3$l$K$h$C$FEy<0$G$OI=8=$G$-$J$$$h$&$J@-<A$r<($9$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!%(B
$B$h$jBg$-$J;EMM$ODL>oBe?tE*$J$b$N$H%b%G%k%Y!<%9$N$b$N$H$NN>J}$N4pK\%?%$(B
$B%W$r;H$C$F5-=R$7$^$9!%(B $B$3$l$O4X?t7?%W%m%0%i%`$K;w$F$$$k$H8@$($k$G$7$g(B
$B$&(B.


Subject: How does VDM compare to Z?
************************************


VDM $B$H(B Z $B$N0c$$$O$=$s$J$K$"$j$^$;$s!%:Y$+$J$3$H$K$D$$$F$O(B
"Magic Roundabout" [HJN93] $B$H$$$&O@J8$G5DO@$5$l$F$$$^$9!%(B



Subject: What is the relationship between VDM and RSL? 
*******************************************************


RSL $B$H$O(B RAISE Specification Language $B$N$3$H$G(B FAISE $B$H(B LaCoS $B%W%m%8%'(B
$B%/%H$N0lIt$H$7$F3+H/$5$l$F$-$^$7$?!%(B RSL $B$O(B VDM $B$N1F6A$r<u$1(B, $B9=J8E*$K(B
$B$b0UL#O@E*$K$bB?$/$r6&M-$7$F$$$^$9!%$7$+$7(B RSL $B$O@-<A;X8~;EMM5-=R%9%?(B
$B%$%k$H;EMM$r%b%8%e!<%k2=$9$k$?$a$N9=@.;R$HJBNs@-$r;}$C$F$$$^$9!%$3$l$i(B
$B$N8@8l$N4X78$O(B [RAISE92] $B$H$$$&O@J8$G5DO@$5$l$F$$$^$9(B.



Subject: What is the relationship between VDM and the Refinement Calculus? 
**************************************************************************


To be compl
$B>pJs$r;}$C$F$$$?$i(BNico Plat, Cap Volmac, Dolderseweg 2, 3712 BP Huis
ter Heide, The Netherlands (E-mail: Nico.Plat@ACM.org) $B$HO"Mm$r<h$C$F(B
$B2<$5$$(B.


Subject: What sorts of system can VDM be used to describe? 
***********************************************************


The VDM Bibliography $B$,<j85$K$"$k$J$i(B, the use of VDM in the
development of compilers, databases, fault-tolerant storage systems,
graphics software, medical warning systems, novel computing
architectures, security-critical message processing systems $B$J$I$r;29M(B
$B$K$7$F2<$5$$(B.  $B<!$K5s$2$kK\$K$O(B VDM $B$N(B 13 $B$N%1!<%9%9%?%G%#$r:\$;$F$"$j(B
$B$^$9!%(B($B$3$NK\$O$+$J$j9bEY$JK\$G$O$"$j$^$9$,(B)

  C B Jones and R C Shaw (eds) "Case Studies in Systematic 
  Software Development" Prentice-Hall International Series 
  in Computer Science ISBN 0-13-116088-5, 387 pp

VDM Examples Repository $B$H$$$&$b$N$,$"$j$^$9(B. $B$3$N(B repository $B$O(B
Peter Gorm Larsen (peter@ifad.dk) $B$K$h$C$FJ]<i$5$l$F$$$^$9!%(B
$B6=L#$,$"$l$P(B ftp, WWW $B$J$I$G%"%/%;%9$7$F$_$F2<$5$$!%(B
 
By ftp:
 
    Site:     ftp.ifad.dk (130.225.136.3)
    Directory: /pub/vdm/examples
 
By WWW and Mosaic:
 
    http://www.ifad.dk/examples/examples.html

$B$3$l$i$NNc$O<!$N$h$&$J$b$N$r%+%P!<$7$F$$$^$9!%(B"Specification of an
ammunition control system", "Railway Interlocking Systems", "Formal
Semantics of Data Flow Diagrams", "Specification of the MAA standard",
"The Specification of a Binary Relational Database System", "
Denotational Semantics of the programming language NewSpeak" and "
Looseness Analysis Tool for a VDM-SL Subset".


Subject: What tools are available?
***********************************


SpecBox $B$O(B VDM $B$K$h$k;EMM$NF~NO(B, $B%A%'%C%/(B, $B%W%j%s%H$K4X$9$k>&6HE*$J%D(B
$B!<%k$G$9(B. $B$3$l$O9=J8%A%'%C%+(B, LaTex $B%8%'%M%l!<%?(B, $B0UL#O@2r@O4o(B, '
Mural' proof assistant $B$X$NJQ494o$N(B4$B$D$NItJ,$+$i$G$-$F$$$^$9!%(B 1988 $B$K(B
$B:G=i$K%j%j!<%9$5$l$F(B SpecBox $B$OIp4o(B, $B9R6uEE;R9)3X(B, $B86;RNO(B,$B<+F0<V(B, $BEE(B
$B<V(B, $B%;%-%e%j%F%#$J$I$N>&6HJ,Ln$d%"%+%G%_%C%/J,Ln$GMxMQ$5$l$F$$$^$9(B.
$B>\:Y$K$D$$$F$O(BPeter Froome, Adelard, Coborn House, 3 Coborn Road,
London E3 2DA, UK, Tel: +44 (0)81 983 0214, Fax: +44 (0)81 983 1845,
Email: pkdf@dcs.ed.ac.uk $B$HO"Mm$r<h$C$F2<$5$$!%(B

IFAD VDM-SL Toolbox $B$O9=J8%A%'%C%/(B, $B%o%$%I$J@EE*0UL#%A%'%C%/(B, latex$B%W(B
$B%j%F%#%W%j%s%H(B, $B%F%9%HHO0O2r@O(B, $B<B9T(B, $B%=!<%9%l%Y%k$N%G%P%C%0$r%5%]!<%H(B
$B$7$F$$$^$9!%(B
$B$3$N%D!<%k%\%C%/%9$O<BMQE*$K$b8&5fMQES$K$b9-$/MxMQ$5$l$F$$$F(B
$B:G?7HG$O(B, C++ $B$N%3!<%I@8@.4o$,AH$_9~$^$l$F$$$^$9(B.
$B$3$N(B toolbox $B$O(BIFAD, Forskerparken 10, 5230 Odense M, DK
(tel +45 63 15 71 31, fax +45 65 93 29 99, email peter@ifad.dk) $B$+$iF~(B
$B<j$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!%(B

Mural $B%7%9%F%`$O;EMM$K$D$$$F7A<0?dO@$r%5%]!<%H$7$F$$$^$9!%(B
$B$3$l$K$h$C$FE,Ev$J(B proof obligation $B$rMxMQ$7$F;EMM$NFbItE*$J(B
$BL5L7=b$rD4$Y$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!%(B
mural $B$N<g$JItJ,$O>ZL@;Y1g$G$9$,(B, VDM $B$G$N;EMM5-=R$d(B refinement $B$r(B
$B%5%]!<%H$9$k%D!<%k$b;}$C$F$$$^$9!%(B proof obligation $B$O(B
$B$3$l$i$+$i>ZL@;Y1g4o$r;H$C$F$D$/$j=P$9$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!%(B
Dr. Brian Ritchie, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory,
Informatics Department, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, UK, Tel: +44
(0)235 446147, Fax: +44 (0)235 445831, Email: br@inf.rl.ac.uk.
$B$HO"Mm$r<h$C$F2<$5$$!%(B

$B%U%j!<$N(B VDM $B%Q!<%6$K$O(B 2 $B<oN`$N(B VDM-SL $B%Q!<%6$,$"$j$^$9(B.  $B>\:Y$K$D$$(B
$B$F$O(B, Technical University of Braunsweig, Institut f\"{u}r
Programmiersprachen, Ga\"{u}sstrasse 17, 38092 Braunschweig, Germany 
$B$+$iF@$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!%(BBernd Fischer (email fisch@ips.cs.tu bs.de),
Matthias Kievernagel (email mkiever@ips.cs.tu bs.de) or J\"{o}rg
Rhiemeier (email rhiemeir@ips.cs.tu bs.de) $B$HO"Mm$r<h$C$F2<$5$$(B.

Centaur-VDM (I4D6-$O(B"(I<(B
$B%i%U%#%+%k$J%D!<%k$G$9(B. $B9=J8$H@EE*0UL#O@$N2r@O$r9T$J$$(B, refinement $B$r(B
$B;Y1g$7%F%9%H%1!<%9$r$D$/$j=P$9<j=u$1$r$7$F$/$l$^$9!%(BPhillippe Facon,
CEDRIC IIE, Institut d'Informatique d'Entreprise, 18, allee Jean
Rostand, F-91025 EVRY CEDEX, France (tel +33 16 1 60 77 97 40
ext. 165, fax +33 16 1 60 77 96 99, email facon@cnam.cnam.fr) $B$HO"Mm$r(B
$B<h$C$F2<$5$$!%(B

$B%D!<%k$K$D$$$F$b$C$HCN$j$?$$>l9g$O(B, The Formal Methods Tools Database 
$B$r$_$F$/$@$5$$(B. $B$3$l$O(B chopwell.ncl.ac.uk directory /pub/fm_tools/, $B$^(B
$B$?$O(B World-wide Web at URL
ftp://chopwell.ncl.ac.uk/pub/fm_tools/fm_tools_db $B$+$i(B anonymous ftp$B$G(B
$BF~<j$9$k$3$H$,2DG=$G$9(B.


Subject: There's something missing from this FAQ! Whom do I tell?
******************************************************************

$BJT=8<T$O(B, Marcel Verhoef  (marcel@dutct05.tudelft.nl) $B$G$9(B.

$B$b$H$b$H$O(B, John Fitzgerald (vdm-forum-request@mailbase.ac.uk) $B$,(BPeter
Gorm Larsen, Nico Plat, Cliff Jones, Tim Clement $B$dB>$N(B vdm-forum $B$N%a(B
$B!<%j%s%0%j%9%H$N%a%s%P!<$N6(NO$rF@$F:n$C$?$b$N$G$9!%(B


Subject: References
********************


[A+92]    M. Andersen, R. Elmstr/om, Poul B/ogh Lassen and 
          Peter Gorm Larsen. Making Specifications Executable --
          Using IPTES Meta-IV. Microprocessing and Microprogramming, 
          Vol 35 No 1-5, pp 521-528, September 1992

[BCJ84]   H. Barringer, J. H. Cheng and C. B. Jones. A Logic Covering
          Undefinedness in Program Proofs. Acta Informatica
  Vol 21, pp 251-269, 1984

[C86]     J. H. Cheng. A Logic for Partial Functions, Technical Report, 
  Dept. of Computer Science, University of
          Manchester, UK, No UMCS-86-7-1, 1986 

[CJ91]    J. H. Cheng and C. B. Jones. On the usability of logics which
          handle partial functions. In Proceedings of The 3rd Refinement
          Workshop, C. Morgan and J. C. P.  Woodcock (eds), pp 51-69,
          Springer-Verlag, 1991

[Cl92]    T. Clement. The role of data reification in program refinement.  
          Computer Journal 35(5), pp.451-459, 1992.

[Col94]   Pierre Collette. Design of Compositional Proof Systems
          Based on Assumption-Commitment Specifications --
          Application to UNITY. PhD Thesis. Louvain-la-Neuve, 1994
 
[DvK92]   E.H. Durr, J. van Katwijk. VDM++ -- A Formal Specification
          Language for Object-oriented Designs. In "Computer Systems
          and Software Engineering", Proceedings of CompEuro'92.
          IEEE Computer Society press. pages 214-219. 1992.

[DGP94]   E.H. Durr, S.J. Goldsack, N. Plat. Rigorous Development of
          Concurrent and Real-Time Object-oriented Systems. Tutorial
          presented at TOOLS Europe '94, Versailles, France. 1994.

[DP94]    E.H. Durr, N. Plat (editor). VDM++ Language Reference Manual.
          Afrodite (ESPRIT-III project number 6500) document
          AFRO/CG/ED/LRM/V9. Cap Volmac, 1994.

[F91]     J. S. Fitzgerald. Reasoning about a Modular Model-Oriented Formal
  Specification. In Harper and Norrie (eds),
          Proc. Intl. Workshop on Specifications of Database Systems,
  University of Glasgow 1991. Springer-Verlag Workshops
          Series. 1992

[F92]     N. E. Fuchs. Specifications are (Preferably) Executable.
          Software Engineering Journal, September 1992, pp323-324 

[HJ89]    I. J. Hayes and C. B. Jones. Specifications are not
          (necessarily) executable. Software Engineering Journal 
  Vol 4 No 6, pp 320-338, November 1989

[HJN93]   I. J. Hayes, C. B. Jones and J. Nicholls. Understanding the
   Differences Between VDM and Z. FACS Europe Newsletter,
          Autumn 1993, pp 7-30. Also available by anonymous ftp as a
          University of Manchester Technical Report in file
          pub/TR/UMCS-93-8-1.ps.Z at ftp.cs.man.ac.uk

[JM94]    C.B. Jones and C.A. Middelburg. A typed logic of partial
          functions reconstructed classically. Acta Informatica,
          31(5):399--430, 1994

[Jon81] "(I<(B"(I<(B"(I<(B
          including a Notion of Interference. DPhil thesis, Oxford
          University, printed as Programming Research Group Technical
          Monograph 25, June, 1981
 
[Jon83]   C. B. Jones. Specification and Design of (Parallel)
          Programs. Proceedings of IFIP'83, pp 321-332,
          North-Holland, 1983 

[Jon93]   C. B. Jones. Reasoning about Interference in an
          Object-Based Design Method. In FME'93: Industrial-Strength
          Formal Methods, J. C. P. Woodcock and P. G. Larsen (eds),
          Springer-Verlag, LNCS series vol 670, pp 1-18, 1993.
 
[L94]     Peter Gorm Larsen. Response to "The Formal Specification of
          Safety Requirements for Storing Explosives". Formal Aspects
          of Computing, Vol 6 No 4, 1994

[M93]     C. A. Middelburg. Logic and Specification. Chapman and Hall,
          Computer Science: Research and Practice 1. 1993

[Nip86]   T. Nipkow. Nondeterministic data types: models and 
          implementation. Acta Informatica 22, pp.629-661, 1986.

[RAISE92] The RAISE Language Group. The RAISE Specification Language. 
          Prentice Hall BCS Practitioner Series, 1992
          ISBN 0-13-752833-7

[Sto90]   K. St{\o}len. Development of Parallel Programs on
          Shared Data-Structures. PhD Thesis 1990, available as
          Manchester University Tech Report UMCS-91-1-1
 
[Wills91] Alan C. Wills. Capsules and types in Fresco. 
          ECOOP'91, Springer-Verlag LNCS 512

[Wills92] Alan C. Wills. Specification in Fresco.
          In Stepney et al, "Object Orientation in Z"(!) 
          Springer-Verlag Workshops Series. 1992

[Wills94] Alan C. Wills. Refinement in Fresco. 
          In Lano & Haughton "OO specification case studies" 
          Prentice Hall Object Orientation Series. 1994

[Xu92]    Qiwen Xu. A Theory of State-based Parallel Programming. 
          Phil Thesis, Oxford University, 1992
 

