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From: asada@icsd6.tj.chiba-u.ac.jp (Takuya Asada)
Subject: unix-faq.part2
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Archive-name: unix-faq/faq-jp/part2
Last-modified: 14 Mar 1994

$B$3$N5-;v$O(Btmatimar@empress.com$B$K$h$C$F:n@.$5$l$?(BUnix$B$K4X$9$k(BFAQ$B%j%9%H(B v 2.4$B$r!"(B
$B0J2<$N%a%s%P!<$,K]Lu$7$?$b$N$G$9!#(B

            $BD9(B@SRA ( m-cho@srasvc.sra.co.jp )
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$B$3$N0lO"$NJ8=q$NCx:n8"$OA4$F!"(BCopyright (c) 1994, Ted Timar $B$H$J$C$F$$$^$9!#(B 
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$B$H$$$&@55,I=8=$G8!:w$r$7$F2<$5$$!#(B

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( $BLu<TCm(B )

$BF|K\8lHG$K4X$9$k$*Ld$$9g$o$;$O!"<!$N08@h$^$G$I$&$>!#(B
satoh@icsd4.tj.chiba-u.ac.jp, asada@icsd6.tj.chiba-u.ac.jp

------------------------------
Subject: How do I remove a file whose name begins with a "-" ?
Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993

2.1) "-"$B$G;O$^$kL>A0$N%U%!%$%k$r$I$&$d$C$?$i>C$;$k$N$G$9$+!#(B
    
    $B%@%C%7%e$G;O$^$i$J$$$h$&$K%U%!%$%k$r;XDj$9$kJ}K!$O!"$$$/$D$+$"$j$^$9!#(B
    
    $B0lHV4JC1$JEz$($O!"(B
    
        rm ./-filename
    
    $B$r;H$&$3$H$G$9(B ($B$b$A$m$s(B "-filename" $B$O%+%l%s%H%G%#%l%/%H%j$K$"$k$H2>(B
    $BDj$7$F$$$^$9(B)$B!#(B"-" $B$r%*%W%7%g%s$@$H2r<a$5$l$k$N$rHr$1$k$3$NJ}K!$O!"B>(B
    $B$N%3%^%s%I$K$b;H$($^$9!#B?$/$N%3%^%s%I!"FC$K(B getopt(3) $B$H$$$&0z?t=hM}(B
    $B%k!<%A%s$r;H$C$F=q$+$l$F$$$k$b$N$O!"(B"$B$3$l$O:G8e$N%*%W%7%g%s$G!"$3$l$h(B
    $B$j8e$m$OA4It%*%W%7%g%s$G$O$"$j$^$;$s(B" $B$H$$$&$3$H$r<($9(B "--" $B$H$$$&0z?t(B
    $B$r<u$1IU$1$^$9!#$H$$$&$o$1$G!"$"$J$?$N;H$C$F$$$k(B rm $B$N%P!<%8%g%s$K$h$C(B
    $B$F$O!"(B"rm -- -filename" $B$H$$$&$N$,;H$($k$+$b$7$l$^$;$s!#(B
    
    getopt() $B$r;H$C$F$$$J$$%P!<%8%g%s$N(B rm $B$NCf$K$O!"0l$D$N(B "-" $B$rF1$8L\E*(B
    $B$G07$&$b$N$,$"$j$^$9!#(B"rm - -filename" $B$H$$$&$N$b;n$7$F$_$F2<$5$$!#(B
    
------------------------------
Subject: How do I remove a file with funny characters in the filename ?
Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993

2.2) $B%3%s%H%m!<%k%3!<%I$J$I!"JQ$JJ8;z$r4^$`L>A0$N%U%!%$%k$O$I$&$d$C$?$i>C(B
  $B$;$k$N$G$9$+!#(B
    
    '$BJQ$JJ8;z(B' $B$H$$$&$N$,(B '/' $B$J$i!"$3$N2rEz$N:G8e$N$[$&$r8+$F2<$5$$!#JQ$J(B
    $BJ8;z$,(B ' ' $B$d%3%s%H%m!<%k%3!<%I$d(B 8$B%S%C%H%-%c%i%/%?$J$I$=$l0J30$N$b$N(B
    $B$J$i!"$3$N$^$^FI$_?J$s$G2<$5$$!#(B
    
    $B8EE5E*$JEz$H$7$F$O!"(B
    
        rm -i some*pattern*that*matches*only*the*file*you*want
    
    $B$H$$$&$N$,$"$j$^$9!#$3$l$O%Q%?!<%s$K0lCW$9$k$=$l$>$l$N%U%!%$%k$KBP$7!"(B
    $B$"$J$?$,>C$7$?$$$+$I$&$+3NG'$r5a$a$F$-$^$9!#%7%'%k$K$h$C$F$O!"%U%!%$%k(B
    $BL>$N(B8$B%S%C%HL\$,N)$C$F$$$k$J$i$&$^$/$$$+$J$$$+$b$7$l$^$;$s(B($B%7%'%k$,Mn$H(B
    $B$7$F$7$^$&$+$b$7$l$^$;$s(B)$B!#(B
    
    $B$^$?!"(B
    
        rm -ri .
    
    $B$H$$$&$N$b$"$j$^$9!#$3$l$O%G%#%l%/%H%j$N3F%U%!%$%k$KBP$7!">C$9$+$I$&$+(B
    $B?R$M$F$-$^$9!#K>$`%U%!%$%k$KBP$7$F$O(B "y" $B$HEz$(!"$=$l0J30$K$O(B "n" $B$HEz(B
    $B$($F2<$5$$!#;DG0$J$,$i!"$3$l$OB?$/$N(B rm $B$G$OF0$-$^$;$s!#$5$i$K;DG0$J$3(B
    $B$H$K!"(B"." $B$NA4$F$N%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$K$bF/$$$F$7$^$&$G$7$g$&!#%5%V%G%#%l(B
    $B%/%H%j$K$OH?1~$G$-$J$$$h$&$K!"0l;~E*$K(B "chmod a-x" $B$r9T$J$o$J$/$F$O$$(B
    $B$1$J$$$+$b$7$l$^$;$s!#(B
    
    $B%3%^%s%I%i%$%s$+$i(B rm $B$N(B "-r" $B%U%i%0$d%o%$%k%I%+!<%I$r;H$&;~$O!"$$$D$b(B
    $B?<8F5[$7$F$d$C$F$$$k$3$H$r9M$(!"BG$C$?J8;z$r:FE@8!$7$^$7$g$&!#(B
    
    $B$=$l$+$i(B
    
        find . -type f ... -ok rm '{}' \;
    
    $B$H$$$&$N$b;H$($^$9!#(B"..." $B$G%U%!%$%k$r0l0UE*$K7h$a$^$9!#0l$D$N2DG=@-$O(B
    $B$H$7$F$O!"(B("ls -i ." $B$r;H$C$F(B)$BLdBj$H$7$F$$$k%U%!%$%k$N(B i-node $B$r5a$a!"(B
    
        find . -inum 12345 -ok rm '{}' \;
    
    $BKt$O(B
    
        find . -inum 12345 -ok mv '{}' new-file-name \;
    
    $B$r;H$&$3$H$G$9!#(B"-ok" $B$O0BA4$N$?$a$N%A%'%C%/$G$9!#$=$N%*%W%7%g%s$K$h$C(B
    $B$F!"%3%^%s%I$r<B9T$7$FNI$$$+$I$&$+3NG'$r5a$a$F$/$k$h$&$K$J$k$G$7$g$&!#(B
    $B$b$7$"$J$?$,4m81$G$bNI$$$H;W$C$?$j!"%U%!%$%kL>$KJQ$JJ8;zNs$,F~$C$F$$$F!"(B
    $BI=<($9$k$H2hLL$,%0%A%c%0%A%c$K$J$k$N$G$O$J$$$+$H;W$C$F$$$k$J$i!"3NG'$r(B
    $BHr$1$k$?$a$KBe$o$j$K(B "-exec" $B$r;H$&$3$H$b$G$-$^$9!#(B
    
    $B%U%!%$%kL>$NCf$K(B '/' $B$,F~$C$F$$$k;~$O$I$&$9$l$PNI$$$N$G$7$g$&$+!#(B
    
    $B$=$N$h$&$J$N$OK\Ev$KFCJL$J>l9g$G!"%+!<%M%k$K%P%0$N$"$k$H$-$N$_@8@.$5$l(B
    $B$^$9(B ($BE57?E*$J$N$O!"(BNFS $B$G%j%b!<%H%^%7%s$N%U%!%$%kL>$KF~$C$F$$$kIT@5$J(B
    $BJ8;z$rMn$H$9$3$H$,$G$-$J$$>l9g$G$9(B)$B!#:G=i$K$^$:!"$J$<$3$N$3$H$,$=$s$J(B
    $B$K4qL/$J$N$+$r@53N$KM}2r$9$k$h$&EXNO$7$F$_$^$7$g$&!#(B
    
    UNIX $B$N%G%#%l%/%H%j$O!"C1$K%U%!%$%kL>$H(B i-node $B$rBP$G$"$k$3$H$r;W$$=P(B
    $B$7$^$7$g$&!#%G%#%l%/%H%j$OK\<AE*$K$O!"<!$N$h$&$J>pJs$r4^$s$G$$$k$@$1$G(B
    $B$9!#(B
    
        filename  inode
        
        file1      12345
        file2.c    12349
        file3      12347
    
    $BM}O@E*$K$O!"(B'/' $B$H(B '\0' $B$N#2J8;z$@$1$O%U%!%$%kL>$K$O8=$l$^$;$s!#$J$<$J(B
    $B$i!"(B'/' $B$O%G%#%l%/%H%j$d%U%!%$%kL>$r6h@Z$k$N$K;H$o$l$k$7!"(B'\0' $B$O%U%!(B
    $B%$%kL>$N=*$j$rI=$7$^$9!#(B
    
    $BIT9,$K$b(B NFS $B$K$h$C$F$O!"%j%b!<%H%^%7%s$NMW5a$KBP$9$k%l%9%]%s%9$H$7$F!"(B
    $B%9%i%C%7%e$,Kd$a9~$^$l$?%U%!%$%kL>$r:n$j>e$2$k$G$7$g$&!#Nc$($P!"(BMac $B$J(B
    $B$I$N(B UNIX $B$G$J$$%^%7%s$N%f!<%6!<$,$"$J$?$N(B UNIX $B%^%7%s>e$K!"%U%!%$%kL>(B
    $B$KF|IU$NF~$C$?%j%b!<%H(B NFS $B%U%!%$%k$r:n$m$&$H$9$k;~$K5/$3$j$^$9!#$=$&(B
    $B$9$k$H!"$"$J$?$N(B UNIX $B$N%G%#%l%/%H%j$K$O$3$N$h$&$J$b$N$,$G$-$^$9!#(B
    
        $B%U%!%$%kL>(B  i-$B%N!<%I(B
    
        91/02/07    12357
    
    $B>e$N$h$&$J5-=R$r;H$C$F(B 'find' $B$d(B 'rm' $B$r$$$m$$$m$$$8$/$C$F$b!"$3$N%U%!(B
    $B%$%k$O>C$;$J$$$G$7$g$&!#$3$l$i$N%f!<%F%#%j%#$K8B$i$:(B UNIX $B$N%W%m%0%i%`(B
    $B$O!"(B'/' $B$rIaDL$N;H$$J}$K2r<a$9$k$h$&$K$J$C$F$$$k$+$i$G$9!#(B
    
    $BDL>o$N%W%m%0%i%`$O!"7k6I(B unlink("91/02/07") $B$r<B9T$7$h$&$H$7$^$9!#%+!<(B
    $B%M%k$K4X$9$k8B$j$G$O!"$=$l$O(B "$B%G%#%l%/%H%j(B 91 $B$N%5%V%G%#%l%/%H%j$N(B 02 
    $B$NCf$N%U%!%$%k(B 07 $B$r(B unlink $B$9$k(B" $B$H$$$&$3$H$r0UL#$7$^$9!#$7$+$7$=$l$O(B
    $BB8:_$7$^$;$s!#%+%l%s%H%G%#%l%/%H%j$K$O!"(B"91/02/07" $B$H$$$&L>A0$N%U%!%$(B
    $B%k$,$"$k$N$G$9!#$3$l$O=EBg$G$O$"$j$^$;$s$,!"9*L/$J0c$$$G$9!#(B
    
    $B$3$N>l9g!"2?$,$G$-$k$G$7$g$&$+!#:G=i$K$d$C$F$_$k$3$H$O!"$3$N$h$&$J5-=R(B
    $B$r$7$?(B Mac $B$KLa$k$3$H$G$9!#$=$7$F(B Mac $B$H%m!<%+%k(B NFS $B%G!<%b%s$K!"$=$N(B
    $B%U%!%$%k$r2?$+%9%i%C%7%e$r4^$^$J$$L>A0$KJQ$($5$;$k$3$H$,$G$-$k$+$I$&$+(B
    $B9M$($F$_$^$7$g$&!#(B
    
    $B$=$l$,$&$^$/9T$+$J$$$+IT2DG=$J$i!"%7%9%F%`4IM}<T$N=u$1$,I,MW$G$7$g$&!#(B
    $B$=$7$F<!$N$&$A$N0l$D$r;n$5$J$1$l$P$J$j$^$;$s!#(B"ls -i" $B$r;H$C$F!"$3$N<Y(B
    $BKb$J%U%!%$%k$N(B i-node $B$r8+$D$1$^$9!#$=$7$F%U%!%$%k%7%9%F%`$r(B unmount 
    $B$7!"(B"clri" $B$r;H$C$F(B i-node $B$r%/%j%"$7$^$9!#$=$N8e5'$j$J$,$i!"%U%!%$%k(B
    $B%7%9%F%`$K(B "fsck" $B$r$+$1$^$9!#(B 
    
    $B$3$l$O%U%!%$%k$N>pJs$r2u$7$^$9!#$b$7;D$7$F$*$-$?$1$l$P!"<!$N$3$H$r$d$C(B
    $B$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
        
        $B0-$$%U%!%$%kL>$,$"$k%G%#%l%/%H%j$HF1$8?F%G%#%l%/%H%j$K!"?7$7$$%G%#(B
        $B%l%/%H%j$r:n$k!#(B
        
        $B2DG=$J8B$jA4$F(B ($B$D$^$j0-$$L>A0$N0J30A4It(B) $B$r?7$7$$%G%#%l%/%H%j$K0\(B
        $BF0$9$k!#(B
        
        $B0-$$L>A0$N%U%!%$%k$r4^$`%G%#%l%/%H%j$G!"(Bi-node $B$rCN$k$?$a(B "ls -id"
        $B$r9T$J$&!#(B
        
        $B%U%!%$%k%7%9%F%`$r(B umount $B$9$k!#(B
        
        $B0-$$L>A0$N%U%!%$%k$N$"$k%G%#%l%/%H%j$G(B "clri" $B$r<B9T$9$k!#(B
        
        $B%U%!%$%k%7%9%F%`$K(B "fsck" $B$r<B9T$9$k!#(B
    
    $B$=$7$F%U%!%$%k$r8+$D$1$k$?$a$K!"(B
        
        $B%U%!%$%k%7%9%F%`$r%^%&%s%H$7D>$9!#(B
        
        $B$"$J$?$,:n$C$?%G%#%l%/%H%j$r!"8E$$%G%#%l%/%H%j$NL>A0$KJQ$($k!#(B
        ($B8E$$%G%#%l%/%H%j$O(B "fsck" $B$K$h$C$FL5$/$J$C$F$$$k$O$:$@$+$i$G$9(B)
        
        "lost+found" $B$NCf$+$i%G%#%l%/%H%j$NCf$K!"$A$c$s$H$7$?L>A0$G0\$9!#(B
        
    $B$b$7(B "fsdb" $B$,$"$k$J$i!"$=$l$r;H$C$FD>@\%U%!%$%k%7%9%F%`$NCf$r$O$$$:$j(B
    $B2s$k$H$$$&BgJQ$JJ}K!$G%G%#%l%/%H%j$r=$I|$9$k$3$H$b$G$-$^$9!#(B
    
------------------------------
Subject: How do I get a recursive directory listing?
Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993

2.3) $B:F5"E*$K%G%#%l%/%H%j$N%j%9%H$r$H$k$K$O$I$&$9$l$P$h$$$N$G$9$+!#(B
    
    $B<!$N$&$A$N9%$-$J$b$N$r9T$J$($PNI$$$G$7$g$&!#(B
    
    ls -R          ("ls" $B$NA4$F$N%P!<%8%g%s$K(B -R $B$,$"$k$o$1$G$O$"$j$^$;$s(B)
    find . -print  ($B$I$l$G$bF0$/$O$:$G$9!#(B)
    du -a .        ($BL>A0$H%5%$%:$NN>J}$rI=<($7$^$9(B)
    
    $B$b$7$b%+%l%s%H$H$=$N2<$N%G%#%l%/%H%j$NA4$F$N(B ".c" $B%U%!%$%k$K%^%C%A$9$k(B
    $B%o%$%k%I%+!<%I%Q%?!<%s$rC5$7$F$$$k$N$J$i!"$=$l$OL5$$$G$7$g$&$,!"$3$l$r(B
    $B;H$&$3$H$O$G$-$^$9!#(B
    
        % some-command `find . -name '*.c' -print`
    
    "find" $B$O6/NO$J%W%m%0%i%`$G$9!#JY6/$9$k$HNI$$$G$7$g$&!#(B
    
------------------------------
Subject: How do I get the current directory into my prompt?
Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993

2.4) $B%W%m%s%W%H$K!"%+%l%s%H%G%#%l%/%H%jL>$r=PNO$5$;$F$*$/$K$O$I$&$9$l$PNI$$(B
  $B$N$G$9$+!#(B
    
    $B$3$l$O!"$"$J$?$,$I$s$J%7%'%k$r;H$C$F$$$k$+$K$h$j$^$9!#4JC1$J$N$b$"$k$7!"(B
    $BFq$7$$$+IT2DG=$J$N$b$"$j$^$9!#(B
    
    C Shell (csh):
        $B$3$l$r$"$J$?$N(B .cshrc $B$KF~$l$F2<$5$$!#%W%m%s%W%HJQ?t$r9%$-$J$h$&$K(B
        $B2~NI$7$F2<$5$$!#(B
        
            alias setprompt 'set prompt="${cwd}% "'
            setprompt        # to set the initial prompt
            alias cd 'chdir \!* && setprompt'
            
        $B$b$7(B pushd $B$H(B popd $B$r;H$&$J$i!"$3$l$bI,MW$G$9!#(B
        
            alias pushd 'pushd \!* && setprompt'
            alias popd    'popd  \!* && setprompt'
            
        $cwd $BJQ?t$rJ]B8$7$F$*$+$J$$(B C $B%7%'%k$b$"$j$^$9!#Be$o$j$K(B 'pwd' $B$r(B
        $B;H$($PNI$$$N$G$9!#(B
        
        $B$b$7$"$J$?$,%W%m%s%W%H$K%+%l%s%H%G%#%l%/%H%j$N:G8e$NMWAG$@$1$,M_(B
        $B$7$$$N$J$i(B($BNc$($P(B "/usr/spool/mail%" $B$NBe$o$j$K(B "mail%")$B!"(B
        
            alias setprompt 'set prompt="$cwd:t% "'
            
        $B8E$$(B C $B%7%'%k$NCf$K$O!"(B&& $B$H(B || $B$N0UL#$r5U$K$H$k$b$N$,$"$j$^$9!#(B
        $B$3$l$r$d$C$F$_$F2<$5$$!#(B
        
            false && echo bug
            
        $B$b$7(B "bug" $B$HI=<($5$l$?$i!"(B&& $B$H(B || $B$r8r49$9$kI,MW$,$"$j$^$9!#(B
         ($B$=$7$F$b$C$HNI$$%P!<%8%g%s$N(B csh $B$r<j$KF~$l$F2<$5$$(B)
        
    Bourne Shell (sh):
        $B$b$7$b?7$7$$%P!<%8%g%s$N(B Bourn Shell(SVR2$B0J9_(B)$B$r;H$C$F$$$k$J$i!"(B
        $B<+J,@lMQ$N%3%^%s%I!"(B"xcd" $B$r:n$k$?$a$K%7%'%k4X?t$r;H$&$3$H$,$G$-(B
        $B$^$9!#(B
        
            xcd() { cd $* ; PS1="`pwd` $ "; }
            
        $B8E$$%P!<%8%g%s$N(B Bourn Shell $B$r;H$C$F$$$k$N$J$i!"J#;($K$J$j$^$9$,(B
        $BIT2DG=$G$O$"$j$^$;$s!#J}K!$r0l$D<($7$^$9!#(B.profile $B%U%!%$%k$K$3$l(B
        $B$rIU$1B-$7$F2<$5$$!#(B
        
            LOGIN_SHELL=$$ export LOGIN_SHELL
            CMDFILE=/tmp/cd.$$ export CMDFILE
            # 16 is SIGURG, pick a signal that's not likely to be used
            PROMPTSIG=16 export PROMPTSIG
            trap '. $CMDFILE' $PROMPTSIG
            
        $B$=$l$+$i$3$N<B9T2DG=%9%/%j%W%H(B($B%$%s%G%s%H$O$7$J$$$h$&$K(B)$B$r(B PATH $B$N(B
        $B$I$3$+$KCV$$$F2<$5$$!#$=$l$r(B "xcd" $B$H8F$V$3$H$K$7$^$9!#(B
        
            : xcd directory - change directory and set prompt
            : by signalling the login shell to read a command file
            cat >${CMDFILE?"not set"} <<EOF
            cd $1
            PS1="\`pwd\`$ "
            EOF
            kill -${PROMPTSIG?"not set"} ${LOGIN_SHELL?"not set"}
            
        $B$3$l$G!"(B"xcd /some/dir" $B$G%G%#%l%/%H%j$r0\$l$^$9!#(B
        
    Korn Shell (ksh):
        .profile $B%U%!%$%k$K$3$l$rF~$l$F2<$5$$!#(B
        
            PS1='$PWD $ '
        
        $B%G%#%l%/%H%j$N:G8e$NItJ,$@$1$,M_$7$1$l$P!"$3$l$r;H$$$^$9!#(B
        
            PS1='${PWD##*/} $ '
        
    T C shell (tcsh)
        Tcsh $B$OM-L>$J(B csh $B$KAH$_9~$_JQ?t$rIU$1B-$7$?(B csh $B$N3HD%HG$G$9(B($BB>$K(B
        $B$bBt;3$N5!G=$,IU$12C$($i$l$F$$$^$9(B)$B!#(B
        
            %~        $B%+%l%s%H%G%#%l%/%H%j$G!"(B$HOME $B$NBe$o$j$K(B ~ $B$r;H$&!#(B
            %/        $B%+%l%s%H%G%#%l%/%H%j$N%U%k%Q%9%M!<%`(B
            %c or %.  $B%+%l%s%H%G%#%l%/%H%j$N:G8e$NMWAG!#(B
            
        $B$G!"$"$J$?$O$3$l$r;H$($PNI$$$N$G$9!#(B
        
            set prompt='%~ '
            
    BASH (FSF's "Bourne Again SHell")
        $PS1 $B$NCf$G$O!"(B\w $B$O(B $HOME $B$NBe$o$j$K(B ~ $B$r;H$C$F%+%l%s%H%G%#%l%/%H(B
        $B%j$N@dBP%Q%9L>$rM?$($^$9!#(B\W $B$O%+%l%s%H%G%#%l%/%H%j$N%Y!<%9L>(B ($B@d(B
        $BBP%Q%9L>$N:G8e$NMWAG(B) $B$rM?$($^$9!#$=$3$G>e5-$N(B sh $B$H(B ksh $B$N2rEz$N(B
        $BB>$K!"$3$N$h$&$J$b$N$b;H$($^$9!#(B
        
            PS1='\w $ '    
            
        $BKt$O(B
        
            PS1='\W $ '
    
------------------------------
Subject: How do I read characters from the terminal in a shell script?
Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993

2.5) $B%7%'%k%9%/%j%W%H$G%-!<F~NO$r9T$J$&$K$O$I$&$9$l$PNI$$$N$G$9$+!#(B
    
    sh $B$G$O(B read $B$r;H$$$^$9!#$3$N$h$&$J%k!<%W$r;H$&$N$,0lHVIaDL$G$9!#(B
    
        while read line
        do
        ...
        done
    
    csh $B$G$O0J2<$N$h$&$K(B $< $B$r;H$$$^$9!#(B
    
        while ( 1 )
        set line = "$<"
        if ( "$line" == "" ) break
        ...
        end
    
    $B;DG0$J$,$i!"(Bcsh $B$G$O6u9T$H%U%!%$%k$N=*$j$H$r6hJL$9$kJ}K!$,$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
    
    sh $B$r;H$C$F$$$F!"C<Kv$+$iJ8;z$r(B1$BJ8;z$@$1FI$_$?$$;~$O!"$3$s$J46$8$NJ}K!(B
    $B$r;n$7$F2<$5$$!#(B
    
        echo -n "Enter a character: "
        stty cbreak        # or  stty raw
        readchar=`dd if=/dev/tty bs=1 count=1 2>/dev/null`
        stty -cbreak
        
        echo "Thank you for typing a $readchar ."
    
------------------------------
Subject: How do I rename "*.foo" to "*.bar", or change file names to lowercase?
Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993

2.6) "*.foo" $B$H$$$&%U%!%$%k%M!<%`$rA4It(B "*.bar" $B$H$$$&%U%!%$%k%M!<%`$KJQ$((B
  $B$?$j!"%"%k%U%!%Y%C%H$r>.J8;z$K$7$?$j$9$k$K$O$I$&$9$l$PNI$$$N$G$9$+!#(B
    
    $B$J$<(B "mv *.foo *.bar" $B$@$H$G$-$J$$$N$G$7$g$&$+!#%7%'%k$,$I$&$d$C$F%o%$(B
    $B%k%I%+!<%I$rE83+$7$F$$$k$+9M$($F2<$5$$!#(B"*.foo" $B$H(B "*.bar" $B$O!"(Bmv $B%3%^(B
    $B%s%I$,0z?t$rFI$`A0$KE83+$5$l$^$9!#%7%'%k$K$h$C$F!"Fs$D$NE@$G<:GT$9$k$3(B
    $B$H$,$"$j$^$9!#(Bcsh $B$O(B "*.bar" $B$K%^%C%A$9$k%U%!%$%k$,$J$$$N$G(B "No matcsh."
    $B$rI=<($7$^$9!#(Bsh $B$J$i!"$?$C$?0l$D$N(B "*.bar" $B$H$$$&L>A0$N%G%#%l%/%H%j$,(B
    $BB8:_$9$k!"$J$s$F$3$H$,$"$C$?>l9g$K$N$_!"(B"mv a.foo b.foo c.foo *.bar" 
    $B$r<B9T$7$^$9!#$7$+$7$3$l$O$"$jF@$=$&$K$J$/!"$[$H$s$I3N<B$K$"$J$?$,$d$m(B
    $B$&$H$7$F$$$k$3$H$H$O0c$&$G$7$g$&!#(B
    
    $B$=$l$>$l$N%7%'%k$K0MB8$7$^$9$,!"%k!<%W$r;H$C$F3F%U%!%$%k$4$H$K(B "mv" $B$r(B
    $B<B9T$9$l$P!"<ALd$NF0:n$r9T$J$&$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#;H$C$F$$$k%7%9%F%`$K(B 
    "basename" $B$,$"$k$J$i!"$3$N$h$&$K$G$-$^$9!#(B
    
    C Shell:
        foreach f ( *.foo )
        set base=`basename $f .foo`
        mv $f $base.bar
        end
        
    Bourne Shell:
        for f in *.foo; do
        base=`basename $f .foo`
        mv $f $base.bar
        done
        
    "basename" $B$r;H$&Be$o$j$KFH<+$NJQ?tCV495!G=$r;}$C$F$$$k%7%'%k$b$"$j$^(B
    $B$9!#$=$l$J$i!"$3$N$h$&$J$b$C$H4JC1$J%k!<%W$,;H$($^$9!#(B
    
    C Shell:
        foreach f ( *.foo )
        mv $f $f:r.bar
        end
        
    Korn Shell:
        for f in *.foo; do
        mv $f ${f%foo}bar
        done
        
    $B$b$7(B "basename" $B$,$J$$!"$^$?$O(B *.foo $B$r(B *.bar $B$K2~L>$9$k$N$H;w$?$h$&$J(B
    $B$3$H$r$d$j$?$$$J$i!"85$N%U%!%$%kL>$r$P$i$9$N$K(B "sed" $B$N$h$&$J$b$N$r;H(B
    $B$&J}K!$b$"$j$^$9!#$7$+$7%k!<%W$5$;$k9M$(J}A4BN$OF1$8$G$9!#(B'sed' $B$r;H$C(B
    $B$F%U%!%$%kL>$r(B "mv" $B%3%^%s%I$KJQ49$7!"<B9T$9$k$?$a$K(B "sh" $B$KEO$7$^$9!#(B
    
        ls -d *.foo | sed -e 's/.*/mv & &/' -e 's/foo$/bar/' | sh
        
    $B$3$N:n6H$r$&$^$/$d$k!"(BVladimir Lanin $B$N(B "mmv" $B$H$$$&%W%m%0%i%`$,(B
    comp.sources.unix(Volume 21, issues 87 and 88)$B$K(B1990$BG/(B4$B7n$KEj9F$5$l$^(B
    $B$7$?!#(B
    
        mmv '*.foo' '=1.bar'
        
    $B>e$N$h$&$J%7%'%k%k!<%W$O!"%U%!%$%kL>$rBgJ8;z$+$i>.J8;z!"$^$?$O$=$N5U$N(B
    $BJQ49$K;H$&$3$H$b$G$-$^$9!#$b$7BgJ8;z$N%U%!%$%kL>$+$i>.J8;z$N%U%!%$%kL>(B
    $B$KJQ$($k$J$i!"$3$N$h$&$K$9$l$PNI$$$N$G$9!#(B
    
    C Shell:
        foreach f ( * )
        mv $f `echo $f | tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]'`
        end
        
    Bourne Shell:
        for f in *; do
        mv $f `echo $f | tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]'`
        done
        
    Korn Shell:
        typeset -l l
        for f in *; do
        l="$f"
        mv $f $l
        done
        
    $B$b$7$"$J$?$,40`z<g5A$G!"(B($B6uGr$J$I$r4^$`(B) $BJQ$JL>A0$N%U%!%$%k$r07$$$?$$(B
    $B;~$O!"$3$l$r;H$&I,MW$,$"$k$G$7$g$&!#(B
    
        g=`expr "xxx$f" : 'xxx\(.*\)' | tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]'`
        
    'expr' $B%3%^%s%I$O!"Nc$(L>A0$,(B '-n' $B$H$+!"(B'\c' $B$NMM$J(B System V $B$N%(%9%1!<(B
    $B%W%7!<%1%s%9$r4^$s$G$$$k;~$G$5$(!">o$K%U%!%$%kL>$H$7$FI=<($9$k$G$7$g$&!#(B
    
    "tr" $B$N%P!<%8%g%s$K$h$C$F!"(B[ $B$d(B ] $B$,I,MW$J$b$N$H$=$&$G$J$$$b$N$,$"$j$^(B
    $B$9!#$3$N>e5-$NNc$K$=$l$i$r4^$^$;$k$N$ONI$/$J$$$+$b$7$l$;$s!#(B[] $B$rMW5a(B
    $B$7$J$$%P!<%8%g%s$N(Btr$B$O!"(B'[' $B$r(B '[' $B$K(B(A-Z $B$O(B a-z $B$K(B)$B!"(B']' $B$O(B ']' $B$KJQ(B
    $B49$9$l$PNI$$$N$@$J!"$HET9gNI$/9M$($k$G$7$g$&!#(B
    
    "perl" $B$,%$%s%9%H!<%k$5$l$F$$$l$P!"(BLarry Wall$B$N%j%M!<%`%9%/%j%W%H$,$H(B
    $B$F$bJXMx$@$H;W$&$G$7$g$&!#$3$l$O9-$/MM!9$J%U%!%$%kL>JQ99$r9T$J$&$N$K;H(B
    $B$($^$9!#(B
    
        #!/usr/bin/perl
        #
        # rename script examples from lwall:
        #    rename 's/\.orig$//' *.orig
        #    rename 'y/A-Z/a-z/ unless /^Make/' *
        #    rename '$_ .= ".bad"' *.f
        #    rename 'print "$_: "; s/foo/bar/ if <stdin> =~ /^y/i' *
    
        $op = shift;
        for (@ARGV) {
            $was = $_;
            eval $op;
            die $@ if $@;
            rename($was,$_) unless $was eq $_;
        }
    
------------------------------
Subject: Why do I get [some strange error message] when I "rsh host command" ?
Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993

2.7) "rsh host command"$B$r<B9T$7$?$i!"%(%i!<$,=P$F$7$^$$$^$7$?!#(B
    
    ($B%j%b!<%H%7%'%k%W%m%0%i%`(B "rsh" $B$^$?$O(B "remsh", "remote" $B$K$D$$$F@bL@(B
    $B$7$^$9!#$"$k%^%7%s$G$O(B "rsh" $B$H$$$&(B "$B5!G=8BDj%7%'%k(B" $B$,$"$j$^$9$,!"$=(B
    $B$l$OJL$N$b$N$G$9!#(B)
    
    $B$b$7$"$J$?$N%j%b!<%H%"%+%&%s%H$,(B C $B%7%'%k$r;H$&$N$J$i!"%j%b!<%H%[%9%H(B
    $B$O$"$J$?$N;XDj$7$?%3%^%s%I$r<B9T$9$k$?$a$K(B C $B%7%'%k$rN)$A$"$2$^$9!#%7%'(B
    $B%k$O%j%b!<%H%[%9%H>e$N$"$J$?$N(B .cshrc $B%U%!%$%k$rFI$`$G$7$g$&!#$*$=$i$/!"(B
    $B$"$J$?$N(B .cshrc $B$K$O(B "stty" $B$d(B "biff" $B$J$I!"BPOCE*$G$J$$%7%'%k$K$OI,MW(B
    $B$N$J$$%3%^%s%I$,4^$^$l$F$$$^$9!#$3$l$i$N%3%^%s%I$+$i$NM=A[30$N=PNO$d%((B
    $B%i!<%a%C%;!<%8$O!"(Brsh $B$rJQ$J$H$3$m$G<:GT$5$;$^$9!#(B
    
    $B$3$l$O$=$NNc$G$9!#$"$J$?$N(B .cshrc $B%U%!%$%k$K$3$s$J5-=R$,$"$k$H$7$^$9!#(B
    
        stty erase ^H
        biff y
        
    $B$9$k$H$3$s$J4qL/$J%a%C%;!<%8$,H/@8$9$k$G$7$g$&!#(B
    
        % rsh some-machine date
        stty: : Can't assign requested address
        Where are you?
        Tue Oct     1 09:24:45 EST 1991
        
    $BF1MM$K!"(B.cshrc $B%U%!%$%k$rFI$`$"$k(B "at" $B$d(B "cron" $B$N%8%g%V$,<B9T$5$l$F(B
    $B$$$k$H$-$K$b;w$?$h$&$J%(%i!<$,H/@8$9$k$+$b$7$l$^$;$s!#(B
    
    $B9,1?$K$b!"D>$9$N$O4JC1$G$9!#$^$:$*$=$i$/$O!"$"$J$?$N(B ".cshrc" $B$K$OBPOC(B
    $BE*$J%7%'%k0J30$G$OC1$K2ACM$,$J$$$@$1$N0lO"$NA`:n(B ($BNc(B "set history=N") 
    $B$,$"$j$^$9!#$"$J$?$,$9$k$3$H$O!"(B".cshrc" $B$NCf$G$=$l$i$r$3$NMM$K<h$j0O(B
    $B$`$3$H$G$9!#(B
    
        if ( $?prompt ) then
            operations....
        endif
        
    $B$9$k$HBPOCE*$8$c$J$$%7%'%k$N(B "prompt" $B$O%;%C%H$5$l$J$$$N$G!"LdBj$H$J$k(B
    $BA`:n$OBPOCE*$J%7%'%k$G$N$_<B9T$5$l$^$9!#(B
    
    $B$"$J$?$O$^$?!"$$$/$D$+$N%3%^%s%I$r(B .login $B%U%!%$%k$K0\$7$?$$$H;W$&$+$b(B
    $B$7$l$^$;$s!#$b$7$=$l$i$N%3%^%s%I$,(B login $B%;%C%7%g%s$,;O$^$k;~$N$_$KI,(B
    $BMW$J$b$N$J$i(B ($B?7$7$$%a!<%k$dFI$s$G$$$J$$%K%e!<%9$N%A%'%C%/$J$I(B) .login
    $B%U%!%$%k$KF~$l$?J}$,NI$$$G$9!#(B
    
------------------------------
Subject: How do I ... and have that change affect my current shell?
Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993

2.8) $B%W%m%0%i%`$d%7%'%k%9%/%j%W%H$NCf$+$i!"4D6-JQ?t$rA`:n$7$?$j%+%l%s%H%G%#(B
  $B%l%/%H%j$rJQ99$7$?$j$7$F!"$J$*$+$D$=$l$,8=:_$N%7%'%k$K:nMQ$9$k$h$&$K$9(B
  $B$k$K$O!"$I$&$9$l$PNI$$$N$G$9$+!#(B
    
    $B0lHL$K$O!">/$J$/$H$bFCJL$J=`Hw$r$7$J$$8B$j$O!"$G$-$^$;$s!#;R%W%m%;%9$,(B
    $B:n$i$l$?;~!"?F%W%m%;%9$NJQ?t$N%3%T!<(B($B$H%+%l%s%H%G%#%l%/%H%j(B)$B$O7Q>5$5$l(B
    $B$^$9!#;R%W%m%;%9$OCM$rJQ99$7$h$&$H;W$($P$$$/$i$G$b$G$-$k$N$G$9$,!"JQ99(B
    $B$O?F%7%'%k$K$O1F6A$rM?$($J$$$G$7$g$&!#;R%W%m%;%9$O85$N%G!<%?$N%3%T!<$r(B
    $BJQ99$7$F$$$k$+$i$G$9!#(B
    
    $BFCJL$J=`Hw$H$$$&$N$,$"$k$3$H$O$"$j$^$9!#$b$7$b?F%W%m%;%9$,=PNO$rFI$_!"(B
    $B<+J,$NJQ?t$r%;%C%H$9$k%3%^%s%I$@$H2r<a$9$k=`Hw$,$"$l$P!";R%W%m%;%9$OJQ(B
    $B99$7$?JQ?t$r=q$-=P$9$3$H$,2DG=$G$9!#(B
    
    $B$^$?%7%'%k$O;R%W%m%;%9$NCf$G$H8@$&$h$j!"8=:_$N%7%'%k$NCf$N5-=R$G!"B>$N(B
    $B%7%'%k%9%/%j%W%H$r<B9T$9$k=`Hw$,$G$-$^$9!#$=$&$9$k$HJQ99$O85$N%7%'%k$K(B
    $B1F6A$7$^$9!#(B
    
    $BNc$($P!"<!$N$h$&$J(B "myscript" $B$H$$$&(BC$B%7%'%k%9%/%j%W%H$,$"$k$H$7$^$9!#(B
    
        cd /very/long/path
        setenv PATH /something:/something-else
        
    $B$b$7$/$O(B Bourne $B%7%'%k$+(B Korn $B%7%'%k$J$i$3$&$J$j$^$9!#(B
    
        cd /very/long/path
        PATH=/something:/something-else export PATH
        
    $B$=$7$F%7%'%k$+$i(B "myscript" $B$r<B9T$9$k$H!"%7%'%k$O%5%V%W%m%;%9$KJ,4t$7(B
    $B$F%7%'%k%9%/%j%W%H$r<B9T$9$k$G$7$g$&!#$=$N%5%V%W%m%;%9$O$^$?%7%'%k$r<B(B
    $B9T$7$^$9!#%7%'%k$,(B "cd" $B%3%^%s%I$r8+$D$1$?;~!"$=$N%7%'%k$N%+%l%s%H%G%#(B
    $B%l%/%H%j$rJQ99$7!"(B"setenv" $B%3%^%s%I$r8+$D$1$?;~$O$=$l<+?H$N4D6-JQ?t$r(B
    $BJQ99$7$^$9!#$7$+$7$I$A$i$b$"$J$?$,%3%^%s%I$rBG$A9~$s$G$$$k%7%'%k(B 
    (login $B%7%'%k$H8F$S$^$7$g$&(B) $B$K$O1F6A$7$^$;$s!#(B
    
    login $B%7%'%k$rJ,4t$5$;$:$K%9%/%j%W%H$r<B9T$5$;$k$?$a$K$O!"(B"." $B%3%^%s%I(B
    (Bourne $B%7%'%k$d(B Korn $B%7%'%k(B) $B$d(B "source" $B%3%^%s%I(B (C$B%7%'%k(B) $B$r;H$o$J(B
    $B$1$l$P$J$j$^$;$s!#$D$^$j(B Bourne $B%7%'%k$d(B Korn $B%7%'%k$G$O(B
    
        . myscript
        
    C$B%7%'%k$G$O(B
    
        source myscript
        
    $B$r<B9T$7$^$9!#(B
    
    $B$b$7$b$"$J$?$,$d$m$&$H$7$F$$$k$3$H$,%G%#%l%/%H%j$rBe$o$k$3$H$d4D6-JQ?t(B
    $B$r%;%C%H$9$k$3$H$@$1$J$i!"(BC$B%7%'%k$N%(%$%j%"%9$d(B Bourne/Korn $B%7%'%k$N4X(B
    $B?t$r;H$&$3$H$GB?J,$b$C$H4JC1$K$J$j$^$9!#$3$N5-;v$N(B "$B%W%m%s%W%H$K8=:_$N(B
    $B%G%#%l%/%H%jL>$r=PNO$5$;$F$*$/$K$O$I$&$9$l$P$h$$$N$G$9$+(B" $B$N$$$/$D$+$N(B
    $BNc$r;2>H$7$F2<$5$$!#(B
    
    Thomas.Michanek@lin.infolog.se (Thomas Michanek) $B$K$h$k!"$5$i$K>\:Y$J(B
    $B2rEz$,!"(Bftp.wg.omron.co.jp in /pub/unix-faq/docs/script-vs-env $B$K$"$j(B
    $B$^$9!#(B
    
------------------------------
Subject: How do I redirect stdout and stderr separately in csh?
>From: msb@sq.com (Mark Brader)
Date: Mon, 26 Oct 1992 20:15:00 -0500

2.9) C $B%7%'%k$+$i!"I8=`=PNO$HI8=`%(%i!<=PNO$KJL!9$K%j%@%$%l%/%H$9$k$K$O$I(B
  $B$&$9$l$PNI$$$N$G$9$+!#(B
    
    C $B%7%'%k$G$O!"(B">" $B$r;H$($PI8=`=PNO$K$O%j%@%$%l%/%H$G$-$k$7!"I8=`=PNO$H(B
    $BI8=`%(%i!<=PNO0l=o$K$O(B ">&" $B$r;H$($P%j%@%$%l%/%H$G$-$^$9!#$7$+$7I8=`%((B
    $B%i!<=PNO$@$1$K%j%@%$%l%/%H$9$kD>@\$NJ}K!$O$"$j$^$;$s!#:G$bNI$$J}K!$O!"(B
    
        ( command >stdout_file ) >&stderr_file
        
    $B$H$d$C$F%5%V%7%'%k$G(B "command" $B$rAv$i$;$k$3$H$G$9!#I8=`=PNO$O%5%V%7%'(B
    $B%k$NCf$G(B stdout_file $B$K%j%@%$%l%/%H$5$l!"$^$?%5%V%7%'%k$+$i$NI8=`=PNO(B
    $B$HI8=`%(%i!<=PNO$O(B stderr_file $B$K%j%@%$%l%/%H$5$l$^$9!#$7$+$7$3$N;~$9(B
    $B$G$KI8=`=PNO$O%j%@%$%l%/%H$5$l$F$$$k$N$G!"<B:]$K$OI8=`%(%i!<=PNO$@$1$,(B 
    strdrr_file $B$KF~$j$^$9!#(B
    
    $B$b$7$d$j$?$$$3$H$,!"I8=`=PNO$X%j%@%$%l%/%H$9$k$N$rHr$1$k$@$1$J$i!"(Bsh 
    $B$K$d$i$;$k$3$H$b$G$-$^$9!#(B
    
        sh -c 'command 2>stderr_file'
        
------------------------------
Subject: How do I tell inside .cshrc if I'm a login shell?
Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993

2.10) $B%m%0%$%s%7%'%k$K$$$k;~$K!"(B.cshrc $B$NCf$+$i$=$l$rCN$i$;$k$K$O$I$&(B
  $B$9$l$PNI$$$N$G$9$+!#(B 
    
    $B$3$N<ALd$O!"DL>o<!$N$I$A$i$+$N0UL#$G$7$g$&!#(B
    
        $BBPOCE*$J%7%'%k$+$I$&$+CN$k$K$O$I$&$9$l$PNI$$$N$G$7$g$&$+!#(B
    
    $BKt$O!"(B
    
        $B0lHV>e$N%7%'%k$+$I$&$+CN$k$K$O$I$&$9$l$PNI$$$N$G$7$g$&$+!#(B
    
    $B%7%'%k$,K\Ev$K%m%0%$%s%7%'%k(B (.cshrc $B$N<B9T$,=*$C$?8e!"(B.login $B$r<B9T$9(B
    $B$k(B) $B$+$I$&$+$O$@$1$J$i!"(B"ps" $B$H(B "$$" $B$r;H$C$F$_$l$PH=Dj$G$-$k$G$7$g$&!#(B
    $B%m%0%$%s%7%'%k$O0lHLE*$K(B "-" $B$G;O$^$k%W%m%;%9L>$K$J$C$F$$$^$9!#$b$7!"(B
    $B$"$J$?$,>e$NFs$D$N<ALd$K6=L#$,$"$k$J$i!"$=$l$rCN$k$?$a$K(B .cshrc $B$K=q$-(B
    $BF~$l$kJ}K!$N0l$D$r<($7$^$9!#(B
    
        if (! $?CSHLEVEL) then
            #
            # $B$3$l$O%H%C%W%l%Y%k$N%7%'%k$G$9!#(B
            # $B62$i$/$O%m%0%$%s%7%'%k$+(B"rsh machine some-command"
            # $B$GN)$A$"$2$i$l$?%7%'%k$G$7$g$&!#(B
            # $B$3$l$O(BPATH$B$J$I%7%'%k$NA4$F$KE,MQ$7$?$$$b$N$r@_Dj(B
            # $B$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$>l=j$G$9!#(B
            setenv        CSHLEVEL        0
            set home = ~username        # $B$3$l$O$^$5$K$3$3$G(B
            source ~/.env            # $B$$$D$b;H$&4D6-(B
        else
            # $B$3$l$OB>$N%7%'%k$N;R$J$N$G!"A4$F$N4D6-JQ?t$r:F$S@_Dj$9$k(B
            # $BI,MW$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
            #
            set tmp = $CSHLEVEL
            @ tmp++
            setenv        CSHLEVEL        $tmp
        endif
        
        # rsh$B$J$I!"BPOCE*$G$J$$%7%'%k$J$i(B.cshrc$B$+$iH4$1$k(B
        if (! $?prompt) exit
        # $B$3$3$GBPOCE*$J%7%'%k$@$1$KM-MQ$J%W%m%s%W%H$d%(%$%j%"%9$N(B
        # $B@_Dj$r$7$^$9!#(B
        
        source ~/.aliases
    
------------------------------
Subject: How do I construct a ... matches all files except "." and ".." ?
Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993

2.11) "." $B$H(B ".." $B0J30$NA4$F$N%U%!%$%k$K%^%C%A$9$k!"%7%'%k$N%U%!%$%kL>E83+(B
  $B%Q%?!<%s$r:n$j$?$$$N$G$9$,!#(B
    
    $B$3$&$9$l$P!"4JC1$KJ,$+$k$G$7$g$&!#(B
    
        *   "." $B0J30$G;O$^$kA4$F$N%U%!%$%k$K%^%C%A$7$^$9!#(B
        
        .*  "." $B$G;O$^$kA4$F$N%U%!%$%k$K%^%C%A$7$^$9!#$7$+$7$3$l$K$OFCJL$K(B
            $BEPO?$5$l$F$$$k(B "." $B$H(B ".." $B$,4^$^$l$F$7$^$$$^$9!#DL>o$3$l$i$O(B
            $BI,MW$J$$$O$:$G$9!#(B
        
        .[!.]*  ($B?7$7$$%7%'%k$@$1$G$9!#(B"!" $B$NBe$o$j$K(B "^" $B$r;H$&%7%'%k$b$"(B
            $B$j$^$9!#(BPOSIX $B$N%7%'%k$O4V0c$$$J$/(B "!" $B$r<u$1IU$1$^$9$,!"99$K(B 
            "^" $B$b<u$1IU$1$k$+$b$7$l$^$;$s!#8_49@-$N$"$k%"%W%j%1!<%7%g%s$J(B
            $B$i!"(B"[" $B$ND>8e$N%/%)!<%H$5$l$F$$$J$$(B "^"$B$O;HMQ$7$J$$$G$7$g$&(B)$B!#(B
            "." $B$G;O$^$j!"(B"." $B0J30$NJ8;z$,B3$/A4$F$N%U%!%$%k$K%^%C%A$7$^$9!#(B
            $B;DG0$J$,$i$3$l$O(B "..foo" $B$K%^%C%A$9$k$N$O<:GT$7$^$9!#(B
        
        .??*    "." $B$G;O$^$j!">/$J$/$H$b(B3$BJ8;z$ND9$5$O$"$k%U%!%$%k$K%^%C%A(B
            $B$7$^$9!#$3$l$O$-$A$s$H(B "." $B$H(B ".." $B$OHr$1$^$9$,!"(B".a" $B$b$^$?Hr(B
            $B$1$F$7$^$$$^$9!#(B
    
    $B$H$$$&$o$1$G!"3N<B$K(B "." $B$H(B ".." $B0J30$NA4$F$N%U%!%$%k$K%^%C%A$5$;$k$?(B
    $B$a$K$O!"(B3$B$D$N%Q%?!<%s$r;H$o$J$1$l$P$J$j$^$;$s(B($B$b$7(B ".a" $B$N$h$&$J%U%!%$(B
    $B%k$r;}$C$F$$$J$1$l$P!":G=i$N$O>JN,$G$-$^$9(B)$B!#(B
    
        .[!.]* .??* *
        
    $BBe$o$j$K!"0l$D$+Fs$D$N30It%W%m%0%i%`$H%P%C%/%/%)!<%H$K$h$k%3%^%s%ICV49(B
    $B$r;HMQ$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#$3$l$O$+$J$jNI$$J}K!$G$9!#(B
    
        `ls -a | sed -e '/^\.$/d' -e '/^\.\.$/d'`
        
    ($BKt$O(B 'ls -A' $B$r;H$&(B UNIX $B$N%P!<%8%g%s$b$"$k(B)
    
    $B$7$+$7$3$l$G$5$(!"%U%!%$%kL>$K2~9T!"(BIFS $BJ8;z!"%o%$%k%I%+!<%I$,$"$k$H!"(B
    $B$&$^$/F0:n$7$^$;$s!#(B 
    
------------------------------
Subject: How do I find the last argument in a Bourne shell script?
Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993

2.12) Bourne $B%7%'%k$G:G8e$N0z?t$r8+$D$1$k$K$O!"$I$&$9$l$PNI$$$N$G$9$+!#(B
    
    $B$b$7$b0z?t$N?t$,:GBg$G$b(B9$B8D$@$H3N>Z$,$"$k$J$i!"$3$l$,;H$($^$9!#(B
    
        eval last=\${$#}
        
    POSIX $B$K%3%s%Q%A%V%k$J%7%'%k$J$i!"0z?t$N?t$,$$$/$D$G$b;HMQ$G$-$^$9!#(B
    $B<!$K<($9$N$b>o$K;HMQ$G$-$^$9!#(B
    
        for last
        do
           :
        done
        
    $B>e5-$N$O<!$N$h$&$K0lHL2=$G$-$^$9!#(B
    
        for i
        do
            third_last=$second_last
            second_last=$last
            last=$i
        done
        
    $B$5$F!"$"$J$?$,%j%9%H$+$i:G8e$N0z?t$r:o=|$7$?$$!"$^$?$O0z?t%j%9%H$r5U=g(B
    $B$K$7$?$$!"G$0U$N(B N $B$KBP$7$F(B N $BHV$a$N0z?t$rD>@\A`:n$7$?$$!"$H$7$^$9!#$3(B
    $B$l$,$=$l$i$r9T$J$&$NJ}K!$N4pAC$G!"%5%V%W%m%;%9$N:n@.$r$7$J$$$G%7%'%kAH(B
    $B$_9~$_5!G=$@$1$r;H$$$^$9!#(B
    
        t0= u0= rest='1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9' argv=
        
        for h in '' $rest
        do
            for t in "$t0" $rest
            do
            for u in $u0 $rest
            do
                case $# in
                0)
                break 3
                esac
                eval argv$h$t$u=\$1
                argv="$argv \"\$argv$h$t$u\""    # (1)
                shift
            done
            u0=0
            done
            t0=0
        done
        
        # $B$3$3$G0z?t$r@_Dj$7D>$9(B
        eval set x "$argv"                # (2)
        shift
    
    $B$3$NNc$O:G=i$N(B 999 $B8D$N0z?t$KF/$-$^$9!#==J,$G$7$g$&$+!#(B
    
    (1), (2) $B$H0u$r$D$1$?9T$rNI$/8+$F2<$5$$!#$=$7$F$I$s$JJQ$JJ8;z$,4^$^$l(B
    $B$F$$$F$b!"3N$+$K85$N0z?t$,<h$jLa$;$F$$$k$3$H$r<+J,<+?H$GG<F@$7$F2<$5$$!#(B
    
    N $BHV$a$N0z?t$r8+$D$1$k>l9g$K$O!"$3$l$r;H$$$^$9!#(B
    
        eval argN=\$argv$N
        
    $B0z?t$r5U=g$K$9$k$N$J$i(B (1) $B$H0u$r$D$1$?9T$r$3$&JQ$($J$1$l$P$J$j$^$;$s!#(B
    
        argv="\"\$argv$h$t$u\" $argv"
        
    $B:G8e$N0z?t$r<h$j=|$/J}K!$O!"N}=,$H$7$F;D$7$F$*$-$^$9!#(B
    
    $B%5%V%W%m%;%9$r;H$&$N$H!"30It%3%^%s%I$r;H$&$N$b5v$9$H$7$?$i!"JQ?t(B 
    'argvN' $B$O$b$C$H4JC1$K@_Dj$G$-$^$9!#(B
       
        N=1
        for i
        do
            eval argv$N=\$i
            N=`expr $N + 1`
        done
        
    $B0z?t$r5U=g$K$9$k$?$a$N!"$h$j4JC1$JJ}K!$,$"$j$^$9!#%5%V%W%m%;%9$5$(:n$j(B
    $B$^$;$s!#$3$NJ}K!$ONc$($P:G8e$N0z?t$r:o=|$7$?$$;~$K$b;H$($^$9!#$7$+$7!"(B
    $B$3$N>l9g!"(B'argvN' $BJQ?t$O5U=g$K@_Dj$5$l$k$H$G!"(BN $BHV$a$N0z?t$rD>@\;2>H$9(B
    $B$k$3$H$O$G$-$J$/$J$j$^$9!#(B
    
        argv=
        for i
        do
            eval argv$#=\$i
            argv="\"\$argv$#\" $argv"
            shift
        done
        
        eval set x "$argv"
        shift
    
------------------------------
Subject: What's wrong with having '.' in your $PATH ?
Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993

2.13) $PATH $B$K(B '.' $B$rF~$l$k$H!"$I$s$JITET9g$,5/$3$k$N$G$9$+!#(B
    
    $B>/$7JdB-(B: $B4D6-JQ?t(B PATH $B$O%3%m%s$G6h@Z$i$l$?%G%#%l%/%H%j$N%j%9%H$G$9!#(B
    $BL@<(E*$K%Q%9$rM?$($J$$$G%3%^%s%IL>$rF~NO$7$?$H$7$^$9(B ($BNc$($P(B "bin/ls" 
    $B$G$O$J$/(B "ls" $B$HF~NO(B)$B!#$9$k$H%7%'%k$O(B PATH $B$N%j%9%H$N3F%G%#%l%/%H%j$r!"(B
    $B%j%9%H$K=q$$$F$"$k=gHV$K!"$=$N%3%^%s%IL>$G<B9T2DG=$J%U%!%$%k$rC5$7$^$9!#(B
    $B$=$7$F8+$D$1$?:G=i$N%W%m%0%i%`$r<B9T$9$k$G$7$g$&!#(B
    
    PATH $B%j%9%H$NCf$N0l$D$N%G%#%l%/%H%j$O!"%+%l%s%H%G%#%l%/%H%j(B "." $B$G$"$C(B
    $B$F$b9=$$$^$;$s!#%+%l%s%H%G%#%l%/%H%j$r;XDj$9$k$?$a$K(B PATH $B%j%9%H$NCf$G(B
    $B6u$N%G%#%l%/%H%jL>$r;HMQ$9$k$N$b5v$5$l$^$9!#$3$l$i$O8_$$$KF1Ey$G$9!#(B
    
    csh $B$N%f!<%6!<$J$i(B:
    
        setenv PATH :/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin
        setenv PATH .:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin
        
    sh $B$+(B ksh $B$N%f!<%6!<$J$i(B:
    
        PATH=:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin export PATH
        PATH=.:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin export PATH
        
    PATH $B$N$I$3$+$K(B "." $B$rF~$l$k$HJXMx$G$9!#%+%l%s%H%G%#%l%/%H%j$N%W%m%0%i(B
    $B%`$r<B9T$9$k;~!"(B"./a.out" $B$NBe$o$j$K(B "a.out" $B$HF~NO$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#(B
    $B$7$+$7$=$3$K$OMn$77j$,$"$j$^$9!#(B
    
    "." $B$,(B PATH $B$N:G=i$K$"$k>l9g$K2?$,5/$3$k$+9M$($^$9!#%+%l%s%H%G%#%l%/%H(B
    $B%j$O(B "/tmp" $B$N$h$&$K$@$l$G$b=q$-9~$a$k$H$7$^$7$g$&!#$b$7!"$?$^$?$^C/$+(B
    $B0c$&%f!<%6!<$,;D$7$?(B "/tmp/ls" $B$H8@$&L>A0$N%W%m%0%i%`$,$"$C$?$H$7$^$9!#(B
    $B$=$7$F$=$N;~(B ($B$b$A$m$sIaDL$N(B "/bin/ls" $B%W%m%0%i%`$rAv$i$;$k$D$b$j$G(B)
    "ls" $B$HF~NO$9$k$H(B $B!"%7%'%k$OB>$N%f!<%6!<$,:n$C$?%W%m%0%i%`$N(B "./ls" $B$r(B
    $BBe$o$j$KAv$i$;$k$G$7$g$&!#$9$k$H8@$&$^$G$b$J$/!"$3$N$h$&$J8+CN$i$L%W%m(B
    $B%0%i%`$r<B9T$7$F$7$^$$6C$/$3$H$G$7$g$&!#(B
    
    "." $B$,(B PATH $B$N:G8e$K$"$k$H!">/$7NI$$$G$9!#(B
    
        setenv PATH /usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin:.
        
    /tmp $B$G(B "ls" $B$rF~NO$9$k$H%7%'%k$O(B "ls" $B$H$$$&L>A0$N%W%m%0%i%`$rC5$7$^(B
    $B$9$,!":#EY$O(B "." $B$NCf$rC5$=$&$H$9$kA0$K(B /usr/ucb, /bin, /usr/bin $B$r8+(B
    $B$k$G$7$g$&!#$9$k$HC/$+B>$N%f!<%6!<$N:n$C$?(B "ls" $B$H$$$&%W%m%0%i%`$rITCm(B
    $B0U$K<B9T$9$k4m81$O>/$J$/$J$j$^$9!#$H$O8@$&$b$N$N!"$3$l$O(B 100% $B0BA4$JLu(B
    $B$G$O$"$j$^$;$s!#$"$J$?$,IT4oMQ$J%?%$%T%9%H$G!"$$$D$+(B "ls -l" $B$NBe$j$K(B 
    "sl -l" $B$HBG$A9~$s$@$H$7$?$i(B "./sl" $B$r<B9T$9$k$H$$$&4m81$rKA$7$^$9!#(B
    "./sl" $B$H$$$&%W%m%0%i%`$,B8:_$9$l$P$NOC$G$9$,!#(B"$B8-$$(B" $B%W%m%0%i%^!<$NCf(B
    $B$K$O!"$"$j$U$l$?F~NO%_%9$rM=4|$7!"$=$N$h$&$JL>A0$N%W%m%0%i%`$r8x$N%G%#(B
    $B%l%/%H%jCf$K$P$i$^$$$F$*$/<T$b$$$^$9!#5$$r$D$1$^$7$g$&!#B?$/$N=ON}$7$?(B 
    UNIX $B%f!<%6$O!"(BPATH $B$KA4$/(B "." $B$rF~$l$J$/$F$b$&$^$/$d$C$F$$$^$9!#(B
    
        setenv PATH /usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin
        
    $B$3$&$9$k$H!"%+%l%s%H%G%#%l%/%H%j$G%W%m%0%i%`$rAv$i$;$k$?$a$K(B "program" 
    $B$NBe$o$j$K(B "./program" $B$HBG$A9~$`I,MW$,$"$j$^$9!#$7$+$70BA4@-$N8~>e$O(B
    $B62$i$/<j4V$r$+$1$?$@$1$N2ACM$,$"$k$G$7$g$&!#(B
    
------------------------------
Subject: Subject: How do I ring the terminal bell during a shell script?
>From: uwe@mpi-sb.mpg.de (Uwe Waldmann)
Date: Fri, 30 Apr 93 16:33:00 +0200

2.14) $B%7%'%k%9%/%j%W%H$NCf$G!"C<Kv$N%Y%k$rLD$i$9$K$O!"$I$&$9$l$PNI$$$G$9$+!#(B
    
    $BEz$O(B UNIX $B$N%P!<%8%g%s(B ($B$5$i$K$"$J$?$N%^%7%s$GMxMQ$G$-$k(B echo $B%W%m%0%i(B
    $B%`$N<oN`(B) $B$K$h$j$^$9!#(B
    
    BSD $B7O$N(B "echo" $B$O(B "-n" $B%*%W%7%g%s$r;H$&$3$H$K$h$C$F9TKv$N2~9T$rM^;_$G(B
    $B$-!"(B\nnn $B$N#8?J5-K!$rM}2r$G$-$^$;$s!#$7$?$,$C$F!"%3%^%s%I$O(B
    
        echo -n '^G'
        
    $B$N$h$&$K$J$j$^$9!#$3$3$G(B ^G $B$O(B BEL $B%-%c%i%/%?$N%j%F%i%k$G$9(B($B$3$l$O!"(B 
    emacs $B$G$O(B "Ctrl-Q Ctrl-G"$B!"(Bvi $B$G$O(B "Ctrl-V Ctrl-G" $B$H$7$FF~NO$G$-$^$9(B)$B!#(B
    
    SystemV $B7O$N(B "echo" $B$O(B \nnn $B$N#8?J5-K!$rM}2r$G$-!"(B\c $B$rMQ$$$F9TKv$N2~(B
    $B9T$rM^;_$G$-$^$9!#$7$?$,$C$FEz$O<!$N$h$&$K$J$j$^$9!#(B
    
        echo '\007\c'
        
    ($BLu<TCm(B) $B@53N$K$O(B \0n (n $B$O(B 1$B!A(B3 $B7e$N(B 8 $B?J?t(B)$B$rM}2r$G$-$k$H$$$&$N$,(B
        $B;EMM$G!"(B '\07\c','\007\c','\0007\c' $B$N$I$l$G$b$+$^$$$^$;$s!#(B
        '\7\c' $B$@$H!"(B\ $B$H(B 7 $B$,=PNO$5$l$^$9!#(B
    
------------------------------
Subject: Why can't I use "talk" to talk with my friend on machine X?
>From: tmatimar@empress.com (Ted Timar)
Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993

2.15) $B2?8N%^%7%s(B X $B$r;H$C$F$kM'C#$H(B "talk" $B$G$*OC$G$-$J$$$N$G$9$+!#(B
    
    UNIX $B$K$O(B 3 $B$D$NI8=`E*$J(B "talk" $B%W%m%0%i%`$,$"$j!"$I$N%W%m%0%i%`$bB>$N(B
    $B$b$N$H8_$$$KOC$9$3$H$O$G$-$^$;$s!#(B"$B8E$$(B" talk $B$,;O$a$N(B 2 $B%?%$%W$r@j$a(B
    $B$F$$$^$9!#$3$N%P!<%8%g%s(B ($B$7$P$7$P(B otalk $B$H8F$P$l$k(B) $B$OB>$N%^%7%s$K8l(B
    $B$j$+$1$k$H$-!"(B"endian" $B$r9MN8$7$^$;$s!#$=$N$?$a(B VAX $BHG$N(B otalk $B$O(B Sun 
    $BHG$N(B otalk $B$HOC$9$3$H$,$G$-$^$;$s!#$3$l$i$N%P!<%8%g%s$N(B talk $B$O%]!<%H(B 
    517 $B$r;H$$$^$9!#(B
    
    1987 $BG/:"!"$[$H$s$I$N%Y%s%@!<(B ($B$=$3$K2C$o$k$^$G$5$i$K(B 6 $BG/$rMW$7$?(B Sun 
    $B$r=|$/(B) $B$O!"%M%C%H%o!<%/$N%P%$%H%*!<%@$r9MN8$7$??7$7$$(B talk ($B$7$P$7$P(B 
    ntalk $B$H8F$P$l$k(B) $BI8=`$H$7$^$7$?!#$3$N(B talk $B$O!"$=$l$r;H$C$F$$$kA4$F$N(B
    $B%^%7%s4V$GF0:n$7$^$9!#$3$N%P!<%8%g%s$N(B talk $B$O%]!<%H(B 518 $B$r;H$$$^$9!#(B
    
    $B8=:_$o$:$+$J$,$i(B ntalk $B$HJRJ}$NHG$N(B otalk $B$NN>J}$rOC$9(B talk $B$,$"$j$^$9!#(B
    $B$3$l$i$OIaDL(B "ytalk" $B$H8F$P$l$F$$$^$9!#(B
    
------------------------------

End of unix/faq Digest part 2 of 7
*********************************
------------------------------$B$3$3$^$G(B------------------------------
