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From: asada@icsd6.tj.chiba-u.ac.jp (Takuya Asada)
Subject: Unix - Frequently Asked Questions (3/7)
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Archive-name: unix-faq/faq-jp/part3
Last-modified: 2 Jul 1994

$B$3$N5-;v$O(B tmatimar@isgtec.com $B$K$h$C$F:n@.$5$l$?(B Unix $B$K4X$9$k(B FAQ $B%j%9%H(B 
v 2.5 $B$r!"0J2<$N%a%s%P!<$,K]Lu$7$?$b$N$G$9!#(B

        $BD9(B@SRA ( m-cho@srasvc.sra.co.jp )
        $BF#:j(B@NTT$B%=%U%H%&%'%"8&5f=j(B (fujisaki@nttslb.ntt.jp)
        $BEgED(B@$BK-665;=Q2J3XBg3X(B (shimada@tut.ac.jp)
        $B@uED(B@$B@iMUBg3X(B (asada@icsd6.tj.chiba-u.ac.jp)
        $B:4F#(B@$B%=%U%H%&%'%"8&5f%"%+%G%_!<(B (tetu-s@is.aist-nara.ac.jp)

$BK]Lu$K:]$7!"86:n<T5Z$S(Bv 1.4$B$NK]Lu<T$G$"$k=);3(B@$B%;%$%3!<%(%W%=%sMM!"EDCg(B@$B%;(B
$B%$%3!<%(%W%=%sMM$+$iN;>5$H=u8@$r$$$?$@$-$^$7$?!#$^$?CfLn!w(BNSIS$B$5$s$K$O!"J8(B
$B=q$NBN:[$r@0$($FD:$-$^$7$?!#?<$/46<U$7$^$9!#(B

------------------------------$B$3$3$+$i(B------------------------------ 
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$B$G$/$@$5$$!#$G$O!#(B

$B$3$N0lO"$NJ8=q$NCx:n8"$OA4$F!"(BCopyright (c) 1994, Ted Timar $B$H$J$C$F$$$^$9!#(B 
$B$3$l$i$NJ8=q$NG[I[$O!"EE;RE*$K!"L5NA$G!":G?7%P!<%8%g%s$r;H$&$?$a$NBEEv$JEX(B
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$B$$$F$NJ]>Z$O$G$-$^$;$s!#$3$N>pJs$rMxMQ$9$kJ}$O!"$=$l$K$h$C$F@8$?2?$i$+$N>c(B
$B32$N@UG$$b0z$-$&$1$F2<$5$$!#(B

$B$3$N(B FAQ $B0J30$K$b$?$/$5$s$N(B FAQ $B$,$"$j$^$9$,!"$3$l$i$O$9$Y$F!"(Brtfm.mit.edu 
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"Archive-Name:" $B$N9T$G3NG'$G$-$^$9!#$3$N(B FAQ $B$O!"(B"unix-faq/faq/part[1-7]" 
$B$H$$$&L>A0$G%"!<%+%$%V$5$l$F$$$^$9!#(B

$B5-;v$O!"$*$*$h$=!"0J2<$N$h$&$JFbMF$KJ,$1$F$"$j$^$9!#(B

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$B$3$N5-;v$O!"<!$N$h$&$J;vJA$K$D$$$F2rEz$7$?$b$N$G$9!#(B

    3.1)  $B%U%!%$%k$N:n$i$l$?;~9o$O$I$&$9$l$PJ,$j$^$9$+!#(B
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          $B$F$b$h$$J}K!$O$"$j$^$;$s$+!#(B
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    3.10) $B%7%'%k%9%/%j%W%H$d(B C $B%W%m%0%i%`$NCf$G!"%W%m%;%9$NL>A0$+$i%W%m%;%9(B
          ID $B$rD4$Y$k$K$O!#(B
    3.11) "rsh" $B$G<B9T$7$?%j%b!<%H%3%^%s%I$N=*N;%9%F!<%?%9$rD4$Y$k$K$O!#(B
    3.12) $B%7%'%kJQ?t$NFbMF$r(B awk $B$N%W%m%0%i%`$KEO$9J}K!$O!#(B
    3.13) $B$7$D$3$$%>%s%S%W%m%;%9$rB`<#$9$kJ}K!$O!#(B
    3.14) $B%Q%$%W$+$i0l9T$rF@$k$H$-!"C1$KBg$-$J%V%m%C%/$H$7$F$G$J$/!"=q$-$3(B
          $B$^$l$?$h$&$K$9$kJ}K!$O$"$j$^$;$s$+!#(B

$BNc$($P!"$b$7(B 1.5) $B$N<ALd$K$@$14X?4$,$"$C$F!"B>$O$$$i$J$$$N$G$7$?$i!"(B"^1.5)"
$B$H$$$&@55,I=8=$G8!:w$r$7$F2<$5$$!#(B

$B$3$3$K=P$F$/$k<ALd$O!"$@$$$?$$!"I8=`E*$J$b$N$P$+$j$G$9!#KhG/OCBj$K$J$k$h$&(B
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$B%U%)%m!<$r$?$/$5$s<u$1$k$3$H$K$J$k$G$7$g$&(B ($B$G$b!"$=$l$i$,$9$Y$F$,I,$:$7$b(B
$B@5$7$$$o$1$G$O$"$j$^$;$s(B) $B!#$=$7$F!"F1$8<ALd$,!"$J$<7+$jJV$7$F=P$5$l$k$N$+(B
$B$H!"2??M$b$N$R$H$+$i$*>.8@$rD:BW$7$F$7$^$&$+$b$7$l$^$;$s!#(B
"news.announce.newsusers" $B$$$&%K%e!<%9%0%k!<%W$KKh7nEj9F$5$l$k!V2?EY$b2?EY(B
$B$b<ALd$5$l$kOCBj$KBP$9$k2rEz!W$rFI$s$G$_$l$P!"(B"UNIX" $B$,2?$rI=$9$N$+$b!"M}(B
$B2r$G$-$k$3$H$G$7$g$&!#(B

$B@$3&$K$O!"MM!9$J(B UNIX $B%7%9%F%`$,$"$j$^$9$+$i!"$3$3$G<($7$?2rEz$,;HMQ$5$l$k(B
$B%^%7%s$4$H$K$I$N$h$&$J7k2L$r$b$?$i$9$+$O!"J]>Z$7$-$l$k$b$N$G$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
$B$3$3$GDs<($5$l$?$3$H$r3NG'$9$k>l9g$O!"<+J,$G;H$C$F$$$k%^%7%s$N%^%K%e%"%k$r(B
$B;vA0$KFI$s$G2<$5$$!#$=$7$F!"$b$7!"$3$3$K$"$2$?2rEz$N$&$A$N$I$l$+$KBP$7$FDs(B
$B0F$dD{@5$r4uK>$5$l$k>l9g$O!"(Btmatimar@isgtec.com $B$^$G%a!<%k$r2<$5$$!#(B

( $BLu<TCm(B )

$BF|K\8lHG$K4X$9$k$*Ld$$9g$o$;$O!"<!$N08@h$^$G$I$&$>!#(B
asada@icsd6.tj.chiba-u.ac.jp

------------------------------
Subject: How do I find the creation time of a file?
Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993

3.1) $B%U%!%$%k$N:n$i$l$?;~9o$O$I$&$9$l$PJ,$j$^$9$+!#(B
    
    $B$G$-$^$;$s!#$=$l$O$I$3$K$b5-O?$5$l$F$$$^$;$s!#%U%!%$%k$O:G8e$K=$@5$5$l(B
    $B$?;~9o(B("ls -l" $B$G8+$l$^$9(B)$B!":G8e$K%"%/%;%9$5$l$?;~9o(B("ls -lu" $B$G8+$l$^(B
    $B$9(B)$B!"(Bi-$B%N!<%IJQ99;~9o(B("ls -lc" $B$G8+$l$^$9(B)$B$r5-O?$7$F$"$j$^$9!#(Bi-$B%N!<%I(B
    $BJQ99;~9o$O!"$h$/!V:n@.;~9o!W$H$7$F(B($B;~!9!"(Bman $B$NCf$G$9$i(B)$B;2>H$5$l$^$9$,!"(B
    $B$=$l$O4V0c$C$F$$$^$9!#(Bi-$B%N!<%IJQ99;~9o$O(B mv, ln, chmod, chown, chgrp 
    $B$J$I$NA`:n$G$b99?7$5$l$^$9!#(B
    
    man $B$N(B "stat(2)" $B$K!"$3$N;v$K4X$9$k5DO@$,$"$j$^$9!#(B
    
------------------------------
Subject: How do I use "rsh" without having the rsh hang around ... ?
Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993

3.2) "rsh" $B$r;H$&$H$-!"%j%b!<%H$N%3%^%s%I$,=*N;$9$k$^$G;~4V$rDY$5$J$/$F$b$h$$J}(B
  $BK!$O$"$j$^$;$s$+!#(B
    
    ($B<ALd(B 2.7 $B$N(B "rsh" $B$K4X$9$kOCBj$b8+$F2<$5$$!#(B)
    
    $B0J2<$N$h$&$J>o<1E*$OEz$($G$O>e<j$/$$$-$^$;$s!#(B
    
        rsh machine command &
        rsh machine 'command &'
    
    $BNc$($P!"(Brsh machine 'sleep 60 &' $B$H$7$F$_$F2<$5$$!#(B"rsh" $B$O$9$0$K$O=*(B
    $BN;$7$J$$$G$7$g$&!#(B"rsh" $B$O!"%j%b!<%H$N(B 'sleep' $B%3%^%s%I$r%P%C%/%0%i%&(B
    $B%s%I$G<B9T$7$F$b!"$=$l$,=*N;$9$k$^$G(B 60 $BIC4VBT$A$^$9!#$5$F!"(B'sleep' $B$r(B
    $B3+;O$7$?8e!"$9$0$K(B "rsh" $B$r=*N;$9$k$K$O$I$&$9$l$PNI$$$G$7$g$&!#(B
    
    $B2rEz(B:
    $B$b$7!"%j%b!<%H%^%7%s>e$G(B csh $B$r;H$C$F$$$k>l9g$O!"(B
    
        rsh machine -n 'command >&/dev/null </dev/null &'
    
    $B%j%b!<%H%^%7%s>e$G(B sh $B$r;H$C$F$$$k>l9g$O!"(B
    
        rsh machine -n 'command >/dev/null 2>&1 </dev/null &'
    
    $B2?8N$+$H$$$$$^$9$H!"(B"-n" $B$O(B rsh $B$NI8=`F~NO$r(B /dev/null $B$K@\B3$9$k$?$a!"(B
    rsh $B$r%m!<%+%k%^%7%s$N%P%C%/%0%i%&%s%I$G<B9T$G$-$k$h$&$K$J$j$^$9!#$h$C(B
    $B$F!"(B"-n" $B$O(B "< /dev/null" $B$H$9$k>l9g$HF1$8$G$9!#$5$i$K!"%j%b!<%H%^%7%s(B
    $BB&$NF~=PNO$N%j%@%$%l%/%7%g%s(B('' $B$NCf?H(B)$B$O!"(Brsh $B$K(B($B%G!<%?$NN.$l$,L5$$$N(B
    $B$G(B)$B%;%C%7%g%s$O$b$&=*N;$7$?$H;W$o$;$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#(B
    
    $BCm!'(B
    $B%j%b!<%H%^%7%s>e$G$NF~=PNO$N%j%@%$%l%/%H$K;H$&%U%!%$%k$O(B /dev/null $B$G$J(B
    $B$/$F$b9=$$$^$;$s!#IaCJ$I$&$j!"$I$N$h$&$J%U%!%$%k$G$bF0$-$^$9!#(B
    
    $BB?$/$N>l9g!"$3$N$h$&$JJ#;($J%3%^%s%I$N3FItJ,$OI,MW$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
    
------------------------------
Subject: How do I truncate a file?
Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993

3.3) $B%U%!%$%k$N%5%$%:$r@Z$j$D$a$k$K$O$I$&$9$l$PNI$$$G$9$+!#(B
    
    BSD $B$N(B ftruncate() $B4X?t$O!"%U%!%$%k$ND9$5$r;XDj$7$^$9!#(BXenix $B$K$O(B($B$7$?(B
    $B$,$C$F(BSysV r3.2 $B0J9_$K$b(B) chsize() $B$H$$$&%7%9%F%`%3!<%k$,$"$j$^$9!#$=(B
    $B$NB>$N%7%9%F%`$G$O!"(Bcreate() $B$+(B open(..., O_TRUNC) $B$r;H$C$F!"D9$5$r%<(B
    $B%m$K@Z$j$D$a$k$3$H$7$+$G$-$^$;$s!#(B
    
------------------------------
Subject: Why doesn't find's "{}" symbol do what I want?
Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993

3.4) find $B$N(B "{}" $B$,;W$&$h$&$KF0$+$J$$$N$G$9$,!#(B
    
    "find" $B$K$O!"A*Br$5$l$?A4%U%!%$%k$KBP$7$F;XDj$7$?%3%^%s%I$r<B9T$9$k(B
    -exec $B%*%W%7%g%s$,$"$j$^$9!#(Bfind $B$O(B "{}" $B$r$=$N;~E@$G8!:w$5$l$?%U%!%$%k(B
    $B$NL>A0$KCV$-49$($^$9!#(B
    
    $B$5$F!"$"$kF|$"$J$?$O(B "find" $B$r;H$C$F!"3F%G%#%l%/%H%j$N2<$NA4%U%!%$%k$K(B
    $B$"$k(B command $B$r<B9T$7$h$&$H$7$^$7$?!#$"$J$?$O$3$&$9$k$+$b$7$l$^$;$s!#(B
    
        find /path -type d -exec command {}/\* \;
    
    $B$9$k$H(B find $B$O<!$N$h$&$K!"3F%G%#%l%/%H%j$KBP$7$F=g$K(B command $B$r<B9T$9$k(B
    $B$H;W$&$G$7$g$&!#(B
    
        command directory1/*
        command directory2/*
        ...
    
    $B;DG0$J$,$i!"(Bfind $B$K$h$C$F(B "{}" $B5-9f$,E83+$5$l$k$N$O!"(B "{}" $B5-9f$,FHN)$7(B
    $B$F;HMQ$5$l$k>l9g$@$1$G$9!#B>$NMQK!!"Nc$($P(B "{}/*" $B$J$I$N>l9g!"(B"{}" $B$OE8(B
    $B3+$5$l$:$K$=$N$^$^;D$C$F$7$^$$$^$9!#=>$C$F!">e$NNc$N(B find $B$N;HMQNc$G$O(B
    $BM=A[$I$&$j$NF0:n$O$7$J$$$G!"$=$l$>$l$N%G%#%l%/%H%j$KBP$7$F(B
    
        command {}/*
        command {}/*
        ...
    
    $B$r<B9T$9$k$3$H$K$J$j$^$9!#$3$l$,(B find $B$N%P%0$G$"$l7h$a$i$l$?;EMM$G$"(B
    $B$l!"(Bfind $B$,$3$N$h$&$KF0:n$9$k;v<B$OJQ$o$j$^$;$s!#(B
    
    $B$5$F!"$G$O$3$NLdBj$K$I$&BP=h$7$?$i$$$$$G$7$g$&!#J}K!$N$R$H$D$O!"(B
    
        command "$1"/*
    
    $B$H$$$&(B 1 $B9T$N>.$5$J%7%'%k%9%/%j%W%H$r:n$j(B($B$3$l$r(B "./doit" $B$HL>IU$1$?$H(B
    $B$7$F(B)$B!"(B
    
        find /path -type d -exec ./doit {} \;
    
    $B$H$9$k$3$H$G$9!#%7%'%k%9%/%j%W%H(B "./doit" $B$r;H$$$?$/$J$+$C$?$i!"(B
    
        find /path -type d -exec sh -c 'command $0/*' {} \;
    
    $B$H$7$F$bF1$8$G$9(B("sh -c 'command' A B C" $B$H$9$k$H!"(B'command' $B$NFbIt$G(B
    $B$O(B $0 $B$O(B A$B!"(B$1 $B$O(B B$B!"(B... $B$KE83+$5$l$^$9!#>e$NNc$G$O!"(B$0 $B$,A*Br$5$l$?(B
    $B%G%#%l%/%H%j$NL>A0$KE83+$5$l$k$o$1$G$9(B)$B!#(B
    
    sed $B$r;H$C$F(B
    
        find /path -type d -print | sed 's:.*:command &/*:' | sh
    
    $B$H$$$&$h$&$K%3%^%s%I%i%$%s$r(B sed $B$G:n$C$F$7$^$&J}K!$b$"$j$^$9!#(B
    
    "command" $B$,8F$S=P$5$l$k2s?t$r>/$J$/$7$?$$$H$$$&$3$H$G$"$l$P!"(Bxargs $B%3(B
    $B%^%s%I$,;H$($k$+$I$&$+D4$Y$F$_$^$7$g$&!#(Bxargs $B$O(B "command" $B$KM?$($k0z?t(B
    $B$r<!!9$HI8=`F~NO$+$iFI$_9~$_!"#19T$N%3%^%s%I%i%$%s$K5M$a9~$a$k$@$15M$a(B
    $B9~$s$G(B "command" $B$r8F$S=P$7$^$9!#=>$C$F!"(B
    
        find /path -print | xargs command
    
    $B$H$9$k$H(B
    
        command file1 file2 file3 file4 dir1/file1 dir1/file2
    
    $B$,<B9T$5$l$k$o$1$G$9(B($B%U%!%$%k$N?t$,B?$/$F#19T$KG<$^$i$J$$>l9g$O2?2s$+$K(B
    $BJ,$1$F(B "command" $B$,<B9T$5$l$^$9(B) $B!#(B
    
    $B$7$+$7$3$l$O40A4$K3N<B$G0BA4$J2r7hK!$G$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(Bxargs $B$,I8=`F~NO$+(B
    $B$iFI$_9~$`0z?t$O2~9T5-9f$G6h@Z$i$l$k$3$H$K$J$C$F$*$j!"2~9T5-9f$N$h$&$J(B
    $BFC<l5-9f$r4^$`L>A0$r;}$D%U%!%$%k$KBP$7$F$OF0:n$,IT0BDj$K$J$k$N$GCm0U$,(B
    $BI,MW$G$9!#(B
    
------------------------------
Subject: How do I set the permissions on a symbolic link?
Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993

3.5) $B%7%s%\%j%C%/%j%s%/$N%Q!<%_%C%7%g%s$r@_Dj$9$kJ}K!$O$"$j$^$9$+!#(B
    
    $B%7%s%\%j%C%/%j%s%/$N%Q!<%_%C%7%g%s$K$O!"<B:]$O2?$N0UL#$b$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
    $B%Q!<%_%C%7%g%s$H$7$F;2>H$5$l$k$N$O!"%j%s%/@h$N%U%!%$%k$K$D$$$F$k%Q!<(B
    $B%_%C%7%g%s$@$1$G$9!#(B
    
------------------------------
Subject: How do I "undelete" a file?
Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993

3.6) "rm"$B$7$F$7$^$C$?%U%!%$%k$rI|3h$9$k$K$O!#(B
    
    $B$"$kF|!"$"$J$?$O6vA3$K(B 'rm * .foo' $B$H%?%$%W$7$F$7$^$$!"(B'*.foo' $B$NBe$j$K(B
    '*' $B$G:o=|$5$l$F$7$^$C$?$N$K5$$,$D$/$G$7$g$&!#$=$l$ODL2a57Ni$@$H;W$C$F(B
    $B2<$5$$!#(B
    
    $B$b$A$m$sIaDL$N%7%9%F%`4IM}<T$O!"Dj4|E*%P%C%/%"%C%W$r9T$C$F$$$k$O$:$G(B
    $B$9!#$"$J$?$N%U%!%$%k$N:G6a$N%P%C%/%"%C%W$,MxMQ2DG=$+$I$&$+%7%9%F%`4IM}(B
    $B<T$KJ9$$$F2<$5$$!#$=$&$G$J$1$l$P!"$3$N5-;v$rFI$s$G2<$5$$!#(B
    
    $B;v<B>e!"(B'rm' $B$rMQ$$$F%U%!%$%k$r:o=|$7$?;~E@$G!"%U%!%$%k$O$*K4$/$J$j$K(B
    $B$J$C$F$7$^$$$^$9!#$R$H$?$S%U%!%$%k$r(B "rm" $B$9$k$H!"%7%9%F%`$O%G%#%9%/$N(B
    $BCf$G%U%!%$%k$r9=@.$7$F$$$?!"$P$i$P$i$KG[CV$5$l$?%V%m%C%/$r40A4$KK:$l$F(B
    $B$7$^$$$^$9!#$5$i$K0-$$$3$H$K!"%7%9%F%`$,$5$i$J$k%G%#%9%/%9%Z!<%9$rI,MW(B
    $B$H$7$?>l9g!"$^$::G=i$K$"$J$?$,:o=|$7$?$P$+$j$N%V%m%C%/$,<h$i$l!">e=q$-(B
    $B$5$l$F$7$^$&$G$7$g$&!#$7$+$7!"7h$7$FL5M}$@$H$$$&Lu$G$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B'rm'
    $B$7$?8e$K%G!<%?$NItJ,$r<h$jLa$9$3$H$O!"M}O@E*$K$O!"$"$J$?$,$9$0$K%7%9%F(B
    $B%`$r%7%c%C%H%@%&%s$9$l$P2DG=$G$9!#$7$+$7!"2?F|$b2?;~4V$b$+$1$F!"$9$Y$F(B
    $B$r<h$jLa$9$h$&$J$?$$$=$&(B wizard $B$J?M$r<j6a$K$*$$$F$*$/$[$&$,$h$$$G$7$g(B
    $B$&!#(B
    
    $B8m$C$F%U%!%$%k$r(B rm $B$7$F$7$^$C$?$H$-$N:G=i$NH?1~$O!"!V$J$s$G(B rm $B$r(B
    $B!X%U%!%$%k$r>C$7$F$7$^$&Be$j$K!"%4%_H"$K$[$&$j9~$`!Y$H$$$C$?<jB3$-$d(B
    $B%7%'%k$N(B alias $B$K$7$F$*$+$J$+$C$?$N$@$m$&!W$H8@$&$3$H$G$7$g$&!#$3$NJ}K!(B
    $B$J$i$P!"8m$C$F>C$7$F$7$^$C$?%U%!%$%k$r<h$jLa$9$3$H$,$G$^$9!#$"$H$ODj4|(B
    $BE*$K%4%_H"$r$-$l$$$K$9$l$P$h$m$7$$!#(B
    $BCm0UE@$O#2$D(B:
    $B$^$:!"0lHL$K:G=i$K$3$l$O0-$$9M$($H$5$l$F$$$^$9!#$"$J$?$O(B "rm" $B$NF0:n$K(B
    $B0MB8$9$k$h$&$K$J$j$^$9!#$=$7$F!"$$$D$+(B "rm" $B$,K\Ev$K(B "rm" $B$G$"$k$h$&$J(B
    $B%7%9%F%`$,IaDL$G$"$k$N$,$o$+$j!"%H%i%V%k$K4,$-9~$^$l$k$G$7$g$&!#Bh#2(B
    $B$K!"%4%_H"$N4IM}$K$+$+$k;~4V$H%G%#%9%/$NJ,G[$r$a$0$C$F8}O@$,5/$-!"(Brm $B$r(B
    $B$b$&>/$75$$r$D$1$F;H$&J}$,4JC1$@$H$o$+$k$G$7$g$&!#=i?4<T$O!"(Bman $B$NCf$N(B
    'rm' $B$N(B '-i' $B%*%W%7%g%s$r8+$k$HNI$$$G$7$g$&!#(B
    
    $B$^$@$R$k$^$J$$$N$J$i!"$b$C$H$bC1=c$JEz$($rMQ0U$7$^$7$g$&!#$"$J$?$O(B
    trashcan $B%G%#%l%/%H%j$K%U%!%$%k$rF0$+$9(B `can' $B%3%^%s%I$r:n$l$P$h$m$7(B
    $B$$!#(B 
    csh(1) $B$G$O!"%[!<%`%G%#%l%/%H%j$N(B '.login' $B%U%!%$%k$K<!$N$h$&$J%3%^%s%I(B
    $B$r$*$-$^$9!#(B
    
    alias can'mv \!* ~/.trashcan'# junk file(s) to trashcan
    alias mtcan'rm -f ~/.trashcan/*'# irretrievably empty trash
    if ( ! -d ~/.trashcan) mkdir ~/.trashcan # ensure trashcan exists
    
    logout $B$7$?$H$-$K<+F0E*$K%4%_H"$,6u$K$J$k$h$&$K!"(B
    
        rm -f ~/.trashcan/*
    
    $B$H$$$&$N$r(B '.logout' $B%U%!%$%k$NCf$KCV$/$N$bNI$$$G$7$g$&(B(sh $B$H(B ksh $B%P!<(B
    $B%8%g%s$OFI<T$N$?$a$NN}=,$H$7$F$*$-$^$9(B)$B!#(B
    
    MIT $B$N(B Athena $B%W%m%8%'%/%H$O!"%U%!%$%k$r<h$jLa$9$3$H$r2DG=$K$9$k(B "rm" 
    $B$r40A4$KCV$-49$($k$3$H$,$G$-$kJq3gE*$J(B delete/undelete/expunge/purge 
    $B%Q%C%1!<%8$r:n$j$^$7$?!#$3$N%Q%C%1!<%8$O!"(B comp.sources.misc $B$KEj9F$5(B
    $B$l$^$7$?(B(volume 17,issue 023-026)$B!#(B
    
------------------------------
Subject: How can a process detect if it's running in the background?
Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993

3.7) $B$"$k%W%m%;%9$,%P%C%/%0%i%&%s%I$GF0$$$F$$$k$+$I$&$+D4$Y$k$K$O!#(B
    
    $B$^$::G=i$K(B:
    $B%P%C%/%0%i%&%s%I$G<B9T$5$l$F$I$&$+CN$j$?$$$N$G$9$+!"$=$l$H$b!"BPOCE*$K(B
    $B<B9T$7$F$$$k$+$I$&$+CN$j$?$$$N$G$9$+!#%W%m%s%W%H$r=PNO$9$k$+$I$&$+7h$a(B
    $B$h$&$H$7$F$$$k$H$+!"$=$NN`$N$3$H$J$i!"B?J,8e<T$N$[$&$,NI$$H=CG4p=`$G(B
    $B$9!#I8=`F~NO$,C<Kv$K$J$C$F$$$k$+<!$N$h$&$K$7$FD4$Y$^$7$g$&!#(B
    
        Bsh: if [ -t 0 ]; then ... fi
        Csh: if(isatty(0)) { ... }
    
    $B0lHL$K!"%P%C%/%0%i%&%s%I$K$$$k$N$+$I$&$+$$$&$3$H$O$G$-$^$;$s!#%7%'%k$,(B
    $B0c$C$?$j!"(BUNIX $B$N%P!<%8%g%s$,0c$&$H!"!V%U%)%"%0%i%s%I!W!V%P%C%/%0%i%&%s(B
    $B%I!W$,0UL#$9$k35G0$,0c$&$3$H$,:,K\E*$JLdBj$H$J$j$^$9!#$3$l$i$,0UL#$9$k(B
    $B35G0$,$h$j$h$/Dj5A$5$l$?:G$b0lHLE*$J%7%9%F%`$G$O!"%W%m%0%i%`$O%U%)%"%0(B
    $B%i%s%I!"%P%C%/%0%i%&%s%I4V$rG$0U$K9T$-Mh$G$-$^$9!#(B
    
    $B%8%g%V%3%s%H%m!<%k5!G=$N$J$$(B UNIX $B%7%9%F%`$OIaDL!"(BSIGINT $B$H(B SIGQUIT $B$r(B
    $BL5;k$7I8=`F~NO$r(B /dev/null $B$K%j%@%$%l%/%H$9$k$3$H$K$h$C$F%W%m%;%9$r%P%C(B
    $B%/%0%i%&%s%I$K$*$-$^$9!#$3$l$O%7%'%k$K$h$C$F9T$J$o$l$^$9!#(B
    
    $B%8%g%V%3%s%H%m!<%k$r%5%]!<%H$7$F$$$k(B UNIX $B%7%9%F%`>e$G$O!"%7%'%k$O%?!<(B
    $B%_%J%k$,B0$7$F$$$k%W%m%;%9%0%k!<%W$H0c$&%W%m%;%9%0%k!<%W(BID$B$rIUM?$9$k$3(B
    $B$H$K$h$C$F%W%m%;%9$r%P%C%/%0%i%&%s%I$K$*$-$^$9!#%8%g%V%3%s%H%m!<%k$r%5(B
    $B%]!<%H$7$F$$$k(B UNIX $B%7%9%F%`>e$G!"%8%g%V%3%s%H%m!<%k$r%5%]!<%H(B "$B$7$J$$(B"
    $B%7%'%k$O!"DL>o%8%g%V%3%s%H%m!<%k$r%5%]!<%H$7$J$$%7%9%F%`$N>e$G%7%'%k$,(B
    $B9T$J$&$N$HF1$8$3$H$r$7$F$$$^$9!#(B
    
------------------------------
Subject: Why doesn't redirecting a loop work as intended?  (Bourne shell)
Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993

3.8) $B$J$<%k!<%W$N=PNO$r%j%@%$%l%/%H$7$F$b;W$$$I$&$jF0$+$J$$$N$+(B(B-shell)$B!#(B
    
    $B<!$N$h$&$JNc$G9M$($F$_$^$9!#(B
    
        foo=bar
        
        while read line
        do
            # do something with $line
            foo=bletch
        done < /etc/passwd
        
        echo "foo is now: $foo"
        
    $BB?$/$N(B Bourne $B%7%'%k$N<BAu$G$O!"(B``foo=bletch'' $B$H$7$?$N$K(B
    ``foo is now: bar'' $B$H=PNO$5$l$F$7$^$$$^$9!#$J$<$G$7$g$&!#$3$l$O0J2<$N(B
    $B$h$&$J!"$"$^$jJ8=q2=$5$l$F$$$^$;$s$,!"NrBe$N(BBourne$B%7%'%k$N;EMM$N$;$$$G(B
    $B$9!#(B($B%k!<%W$d(B if $BJ8$J$I$N(B) $B@)8f9=B$$r%j%@%$%l%/%H$9$k$H%5%V%7%'%k$,$D$/(B
    $B$i$l!"$=$NCf$G@)8f9=B$$,<B9T$5$l$^$9!#$@$+$i(B(``foo=bletch'' $B$N$h$&$K(B)$B%5(B
    $B%V%7%'%k$G%;%C%H$5$l$?JQ?t$O!"%+%l%s%H$N%7%'%k$K$O!"EvA3!"1F6A$rM?$($^(B
    $B$;$s!#(B
    
    POSIX 1003.2 $B$N(B Shell and Tools Interface $BI8=`2=0Q0w2q$O>e5-$N$h$&$JF0(B
    $B:n$r6X;_$7$F$$$^$9!#$D$^$j!"(BP1003.2 $B=`5r$N(B Bourne $B%7%'%k$O!"$3$NNc$N>l(B
    $B9g(B``foo is now: bletch''$B$H=PNO$9$k$G$7$g$&!#(B
    
    $BNrBe$N(B ($B$=$7$F(B P1003.2 $B=`5r$N(B) $B<BAu$G!"$3$N%j%@%$%l%/%7%g%sLdBj$r2sHr$9(B
    $B$k$?$a$K$O!"<!$N$h$&$J!V%H%j%C%/!W$,;H$($^$9!#(B
    
        foo=bar
        
        # $B%U%!%$%k5-=R;R#9$r%U%!%$%k5-=R;R#0(B ($BI8=`F~NO(B) $B$NJ#@=$K$9$k!#(B
        # $B$=$N8e!"I8=`F~NO$r(B /etc/passwd $B$K@\B3$9$k(B; $B$b$H$NI8=`F~NO$O(B
        # $B%U%!%$%k5-=R;R#9$K!V5-21!W$5$l$F$$$k(B; dup(2)$B!"(Bsh(1) $B$r;2>H!#(B
        exec 9<&0 < /etc/passwd
        
        while read line
        do
            # $line $B$KBP$7$F2?$+$9$k!#(B
            foo=bletch
        done
    
        # $BI8=`F~NO$r%U%!%$%k5-=R;R#9$NJ#@=$K$9$k!#$D$^$j!"I8=`F~NO$r(B
        # $B$b$H$NI8=`F~NO$K@\B3$7D>$9(B; $B$=$N8e!"%U%!%$%k5-=R;R#9$r(B
        # $B%/%m!<%:$9$k!#(B
        exec 0<&9 9<&-
        
        echo "foo is now: $foo"
        
    $B$3$l$O!">o$K(B``foo is now: bletch''$B$r=PNO$9$G$7$g$&!#$h$m$7$$!"$G$O<!$N(B
    $BNc$G$9!#(B
    
        foo=bar
        
        echo bletch | read foo
        
        echo "foo is now: $foo"
    
    $B$3$l$OB?$/$N<BAu$G$O!"(B``foo is now: bar''$B$H=PNO$5$l$^$9$,!"(B
    ``foo is now: bletch'' $B$H=PNO$5$l$k$b$N$b$"$j$^$9!#$J$<$G$7$g$&$+!#0lHL(B
    $BE*$K$O!"%Q%$%W%i%$%s$N3FIt$OJL!9$N%5%V%7%'%k$G<B9T$5$l$^$9!#$7$+$7!"$$(B
    $B$/$D$+$N<BAu$G$O!"%Q%$%W%i%$%s$N:G8e$N%3%^%s%I$K$D$$$F$ONc30$H$J$C$F$$(B
    $B$^$9!#%Q%$%W%i%$%s$N:G8e$N%3%^%s%I$,(B ``read'' $B$N$h$&$JAH$_9~$_%3%^%s%I(B
    $B$@$H!"%+%l%s%H%7%'%k$K$h$C$F<B9T$5$l!"$=$&$G$J$1$l$P!"%5%V%7%'%k$,:n$i(B
    $B$l$k$h$&$K$J$C$F$k>l9g$,$"$k$+$i$G$9!#(B
    
    Posix 1003.2 $B$O$I$A$i$NF0:n$b5v$7$F$$$k$N$G!"0\?"@-$N$"$k%9%/%j%W%H$K$9(B
    $B$k$K$O!"$3$NF0:n$K0MB8$7$J$$$h$&$K$7$F2<$5$$!#(B
    
------------------------------
Subject: How do I run ... interactive programs from a shell script ... ?
Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993

3.9) "passwd","ftp","telnet","tip" $BEy$NBPOC7A%W%m%0%i%`$r%7%'%k%9%/%j%W%H(B
  $B$d%P%C%/%0%i%&%s%I$G<B9T$9$k$K$O!#(B
    
    $B$3$l$i$N%W%m%0%i%`$OC<Kv$+$i$N%$%s%?!<%U%'!<%9$rMW5a$7$^$9!#%7%'%k$O$3(B
    $B$N$h$&$J>l9g$N$3$H$K$D$$$F$O2?$b5,Dj$7$F$$$^$;$s!#$@$+$i!"$3$&$$$&%W%m(B
    $B%0%i%`$O%7%'%k%9%/%j%W%H$r;H$C$F<+F02=$9$k$3$H$O$G$-$^$;$s!#(B
    
    'expect' $B$H$$$&%W%m%0%i%`$,!"$3$N$h$&$J%W%m%0%i%`$r<+F0$G<B9T$9$k$?$a$N(B
    $B%W%m%0%i%`2DG=$J%$%s%?!<%U%'!<%9$rDs6!$7$F$/$l$^$9!#0J2<$O(B expect $B%9%/(B
    $B%j%W%H$r;H$C$?HsBPOC%P!<%8%g%s$N(B passwd(1) $B$NNc$G$9!#(B
    
        # $B:G=i$N0z?t$,%f!<%6!<L>!"#2HV$a$,%Q%9%o!<%I(B
        set password [index $argv 2]
        spawn passwd [index $argv 1]
        expect "*password:"
        send "$password\r"
        expect "*password:"
        send "$password\r"
        expect eof
    
    expect $B$O$A$g$C$H$7$?<+F0Av9T$r$9$k$H$-!"FC$K(B telnet, rlogin, $B%G%P%C(B
    $B%,!"$=$NB>$NAH$_9~$_$N%3%^%s%I8@8l$r;}$C$F$$$J$$%W%m%0%i%`$r;H$&;~$KJX(B
    $BMx$G$9!#%W%m%0%i%`$NG[I[$N$J$+$K$ONc$H$7$F!"%2!<%`%W%m%0%i%`$N(B rogue $B$r(B
    $BNI$$=i4|CM$,$G$k$^$G:F<B9T$7$F$/$l$k$h$&$J%9%/%j%W%H$,F~$C$F$$$^$9!#<B(B
    $B9T8e$O!"%2!<%`$r3Z$7$`$?$a%f!<%6!<$K%3%s%H%m!<%k$,JV$5$l$^$9!#(B
    
    $B$5$i$K2>A[C<Kv$rA`:n$9$k$?$a$K:n$i$l$?%W%m%0%i%`$b$$$/$D$+$"$j!"%9%/%j(B
    $B%W%H$NCf$K$3$N$h$&$J%W%m%0%i%`$NJB$S$r=q$$$F<B9T$9$k$3$H$b$G$-$^$9!#(B
    
    expect $B$r<j$KF~$l$k$K$O!"(B"send pub/expect/expect.shar.Z" $B$H$$$&%a!<%k$r(B
    library@cme.nist.gov $B$K=P$9$+!"F1$8$h$&$K$7$F(B ftp.cme.nist.gov $B$+$i(B 
    anonymous ftp $B$7$F2<$5$$!#(B
    
    $B$b$&0l$D$NJ}K!$,(B pty 4.0 $B$r;H$&;v$G$9!#$3$l$O%W%m%0%i%`$r2>A[C<Kv%;%C(B
    $B%7%g%s$N4p$GAv$i$;$k(B comp.sources.unix $B$N(B volume 25 $B$KEj9F$5$l$?$b$N$G(B
    $B$9!#(B pty $B$r4p$K$7!"L>A0IU$-%Q%$%W(B (named pipes) $B$r;H$C$F!">e$HF1$8$3$H(B
    $B$r$9$k$H$7$?$i$3$s$J6q9g$K$J$k$G$7$g$&!#(B
    
        #!/bin/sh
        /etc/mknod out.$$ p; exec 2>&1
        ( exec 4<out.$$; rm -f out.$$
        <&4 waitfor 'password:'
            echo "$2"
        <&4 waitfor 'password:'
            echo "$2"
        <&4 cat >/dev/null
        ) | ( pty passwd "$1" >out.$$ )
    
    $B$3$3$G(B 'waitfor' $B$O!"F~NO$NCf$+$i0z?t$NFbMF$r#1J8;z$:$DC5$9!"4JC1$J(B C
    $B$N%W%m%0%i%`$G$9!#(B
    
    pty $B$r;H$C$?$5$i$K4JC1$JJ}K!(B ( passwd $B$H$OF14|$7$J$$J}K!(B) $B$O!"<!$N$h$&(B
    $B$K$J$j$^$9!#(B
    
        #!/bin/sh
        ( sleep 5; echo "$2"; sleep 5; echo "$2") | pty passwd "$1"
    
------------------------------
Subject: How do I find the process ID of a program with a particular name ... ?
Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993

3.10) $B%7%'%k%9%/%j%W%H$d(B C $B%W%m%0%i%`$NCf$G!"%W%m%;%9$NL>A0$+$i%W%m%;%9(BID $B$rD4(B
  $B$Y$k$K$O!#(B
    
    $B%7%'%k%9%/%j%W%H$N>l9g(B:
    $B%W%m%0%i%`L>$H%W%m%;%9(B ID $B$H$N4V$r%^%C%T%s%0$9$k$h$&$KFCJL$K@_7W$5$l$?(B
    $B%f!<%F%#%j%F%#!<$O$"$j$^$;$s!#$5$i$K!"$=$N$h$&$J%^%C%T%s%0$O$7$P$7$PEv(B
    $B$F$K$J$j$^$;$s!#$H$$$&$N$O!"0l$D0J>e$N%W%m%;%9$,F1$8L>A0$r;}$AF@$k$7!"(B
    $B%W%m%;%9$O!"$=$l$,Av$j$@$7$F$+$iL>A0$rJQ$($k$3$H$,2DG=$@$+$i$G$9!#$7$+(B
    $B$7!"0J2<$N$h$&$J%Q%$%W%i%$%s$r!"(B($B$"$J$?$,=jM-$7$F$$$k(B) $B$"$kL>A0$N%W%m%;(B
    $B%9$N%j%9%H$rF@$k$?$a$K;H$($^$9(B:
    
    ps ux | awk '/name/ && !/awk/ {print $2}'
    
    `name' $B$rA\$7$F$$$k%W%m%;%9$NL>A0$KCV$-49$($^$7$g$&!#(B
    
    $B0lHLE*$J9M$($+$?$O!"(Bps $B$N=PNO$r$"$kL>A0$r4^$`9T$rA\$7$@$9$?$a$K(B awk,
    grep $B$=$NB>$N%f!<%F%#%j%F%#!<$r;H$C$F2r@O$7$F!"$=$7$F$=$N9T$K$"$k(B PID
    $B$r%W%j%s%H%"%&%H$9$k$3$H$G$9!#>e5-$N>l9g(B `!/awk/' $B$,$k$?$a(B awk $B%W%m%;%9(B
    $B<+?H$OI=<($5$l$J$$$3$H$KCm0U$7$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
    
    $B$"$J$?$,$I$s$J(B UNIX $B$r;H$C$F$$$k$+$G!"$"$J$?$O(B ps $B$N0z?t$rJQ$($J$1$l$P(B
    $B$J$i$$$G$7$g$&!#(B
    
    C $B$N%W%m%0%i%`$G$O(B:
    $B%W%m%0%i%`L>$H!"%W%m%;%9(B ID $B$r%^%C%T%s%0$9$k$h$&$K@_7W$5$l$?%f!<%F%#%j(B
    $B%F%#!<$,L5$$$h$&$K!"(B($B0\?"@-$N$"$k(B) C $B%i%$%V%i%j4X?t$b$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
    
    $B$7$+$7$$$/$i$+$N%Y%s%@!<$O!"%+!<%M%k%a%b%j$rFI$`$?$a$N4X?t$rDs6!$7$F$$(B
    $B$^$9!#Nc$($P(B Sun $B$O(B `kvm_' $B4X?t$r!"%G!<%?%<%M%i%k$O(B `dg_' $B4X?t$rDs6!$7(B
    $B$F$$$^$9!#$3$l$i$N4X?t$O!"$I$N%f!<%6$b;HMQ2DG=$+$b$7$l$^$;$s$,!"%7%9%F(B
    $B%`$N%+!<%M%k%a%b%j$N%j!<%I%"%/%;%9$,8BDj$5$l$F$$$k$N>l9g$O!"%9!<%Q!<(B
    $B%f!<%6(B($B$"$k$$$O(B 'kmem' $B%0%k!<%W$KB0$9$k%f!<%6(B)$B$N$_$7$+MxMQ$G$-$^$;$s!#(B
    $B$=$N>e!"$3$l$i$N4X?t$OJ8=q2=$5$l$F$$$J$$$+!"$R$I$$J8=q$K$J$C$F$*$j!"$5(B
    $B$i$K%j%j!<%9Kh$K2~D{$5$l$F$7$^$&$3$H$b$7$P$7$P$"$j$^$9!#(B
    
    $B$$$/$D$+$N%Y%s%@!<$O!"%G%#%l%/%H%j$H$=$NCf$N%U%!%$%k$H$7$FI=$5$l$?(B
    `/proc' $B%U%!%$%k%7%9%F%`$rDs6!$7$F$$$^$9!#3F!9$N%U%!%$%kL>$O%W%m%;%9(BID
    $B$KBP1~$7$??t;z$K$J$C$F$$$F!"%W%m%;%9$K$D$$$F$N>pJs$rF@$k$?$a$K%U%!%$%k(B
    $B$r%*!<%W%s$7!"$=$l$rFI$`$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#$7$+$7!"$^$?%"%/%;%9$,8BDj$5$l(B
    $B$k$+$b$7$l$J$7!"%$%s%?!<%U%'%$%9$,%7%9%F%`Kh$KJQ$o$k$+$b$7$l$^$;$s!#(B
    
    $B%Y%s%@!<$,=`Hw$7$?%i%$%V%i%j4X?t$r;H$&$3$H$,$G$-$:!"(B'/proc' $B$bL5$/!"$=(B
    $B$l$G$b$^$@40A4$K(B C $B$NCf$G$3$l$r9T$$$?$$$H;W$C$F$$$k$N$J$i!"$"$J$?<+?H(B
    $B$G!"%+!<%M%k%a%b%j$NCf$rC58!$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$$G$7$g$&!#$?$/$5$s$N%7%9(B
    $B%F%`>e$G<B8=$5$l$?!"$3$l$r9T$J$&J}K!$NNI$$Nc$H$7$F!"(Bcomp.sources.unix
    $B%"!<%+%$%V$GMxMQ2DG=$J(B `ofiles' $B$N%=!<%9$r;2>H$7$F2<$5$$(B($B%+!<%M%k$rC58!(B
    $B$9$k=u$1$K$J$k(B `kstuff' $B$HL>IU$1$i$l$?%Q%C%1!<%8$,(B 1991$BG/(B5$B7n$K(B
    alt.sources $B$K%]%9%H$5$l!"$5$i$K(B anonymous ftp $B$G$b(B wuarchive.wustl.edu
    $B$N(B usenet/alt.sources/articles/{329{6,7,8,9},330{0,1}}.Z $B$H$7$FMxMQ2DG=(B
    $B$G$9(B)$B!#(B
    
------------------------------
Subject: How do I check the exit status of a remote command executed via "rsh"?
Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993

3.11) "rsh" $B$G<B9T$7$?%j%b!<%H%3%^%s%I$N=*N;%9%F!<%?%9$rD4$Y$k$K$O!#(B
    
    $B$3$l$G$OF0$-$^$;$s(B:
    
        rsh some-machine some-crummy-command || echo "Command failed"
    
    'rsh' $B$N=*N;%9%F!<%?%9$O(B rsh $B%W%m%0%i%`<+?H$N<B9T$,@.8y$9$l$P(B 0 ($B@5>o(B) 
    $B$K$J$j$^$9$,!"$3$l$OB?J,$"$J$?$,M_$7$$$b$N$G$O$"$j$^$;$s$M!#(B
    
    $B%j%b!<%H%W%m%0%i%`$N=*N;%9%F!<%?%9$rD4$Y$?$$>l9g$O!"(B1991$BG/(B1$B7n$K(B
    alt.sources $B$K%]%9%H$5$l$?(B Maarten Litmaath $B$,=q$$$?%9%/%j%W%H!"(B'ersh'
    $B$r;n$7$F2<$5$$!#(Bersh $B$O%3%^%s%I$,=*N;$7$?$i$=$N=*N;%9%F!<%?%9$rI=<($9$k(B
    $B$h$&$K@_Dj$7$F(B rsh $B$r;H$C$F%3%^%s%I$r<B9T$5$;!"(Bersh $B<+?H$,$=$N%9%F!<%?(B
    $B%9$G=*N;$9$k$h$&$K=q$+$l$?%7%'%k%9%/%j%W%H$G$9!#(B
    
------------------------------
Subject: Is it possible to pass shell variable settings into an awk program?
Date: Thu Mar 18 17:16:55 EST 1993

3.12) $B%7%'%kJQ?t$NFbMF$r(B awk $B$N%W%m%0%i%`$KEO$9J}K!$O!#(B
    
    $B$3$l$r$9$k$K$O!"(B2$B$D$NJ}K!$,$"$j$^$9!#$^$:0l$DL\$O!"%W%m%0%i%`$GI,MW$JJQ(B
    $B?t$rC1=c$KE83+$7$F$7$^$&J}K!$G$9!#Nc$($P!"$"$J$?$,;H$C$F$$$kA4$F$N(B tty 
    $B$N0lMw$rF@$k$?$a$K$O(B:
    
        who | awk '/^'"$USER"'/ { print $2 }'(1)
    
    awk $B%W%m%0%i%`$r0O$&$?$a$K$O!"IaDL%7%s%0%k%/%)!]%H$,;H$o$l$^$9!#$3$l(B
    $B$O!"%W%m%0%i%`$NCf$G(B '$' $B$H$$$&J8;z$,$h$/;H$o$l$F$$$^$9$,!"(B'$' $B$O$b$7(B
    $B%7%s%0%k%/%)!]%H$G$J$/%@%V%k%/%)!]%H$G0O$^$l$F$$$?$i!"%7%'%k$,2r<a$7$F(B
    $B$7$^$&$+$i$G$9!#$3$N>l9g!"(B"$USER" $B$NCf$N(B '$' $B$O%7%'%k$K2r<a$5$;$?$$$N(B
    $B$G!"%7%s%0%k%/%)!]%H$rJD$8$F!"(B"$USER" $B$r%@%V%k%/%)!]%H$NCf$K$$$l$^$9!#(B
    $B$3$l$i$N4V$K6uGr$,$J$$$?$a!"%7%'%k$O$R$H$D$N0z?t$H$7$F8+$J$9$3$H$KCm0U(B
    $B$7$F2<$5$$!#$5$i$K!"FC$K$3$N$h$&$J>l9g!"%@%V%k%/%)!]%H$OI,MW$J$$$3$H$K(B
    $BCm0U$7$F2<$5$$(B($B$D$^$j!"(B
    
        who | awk '/^'$USER'/ { print $2 }'(2)
    
    $B$N$h$&$K$7$F$b$G$-$^$9(B)$B!#$7$+$7!"%7%'%kJQ?t$,FC<oJ8;z$d6uGr$r4^$s$G$$$k(B
    $B>l9g%@%V%k%/%)!<%H$,I,MW$K$J$k$N$G!"$$$D$b;H$C$F$*$$$?$[$&$,$h$$$G$7$g(B
    $B$&!#(B
    
    awk $B$KJQ?t$NCM$r0z$-EO$9FsHVL\$NJ}K!$O!"%3%^%s%I%i%$%s>e$G(B '$B56$N%U%!%$(B
    $B%kL>(B' $B$H$7$F!"JQ?t$N@_Dj$,2DG=$G$"$k$H$$$&(B awk $B$N$"$^$jJ8=q2=$5$l$F$$$J(B
    $B$$;EMM$r;H$&J}K!$G$9!#Nc$($P(B:
    
        who | awk '$1 == user { print $2 }' user="$USER" -(3)
    
    $BJQ?t$N@_Dj$O%3%^%s%I%i%$%s>e$G8=$o$l$?$H$-8z2L$9$k$N$G!"$3$N%F%/%K%C%/(B
    $B$r;H$C$F!"Nc$($P!"0[$J$k%U%!%$%k$KBP$7$F$=$l$>$l$I$N$h$&$K?6$kIq$&$+$r(B 
    awk $B$K;X<($9$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#Nc$($P(B:
    
        awk '{ program that depends on s }' s=1 file1 s=0 file2(4)
    
    awk $B$N$"$k%P!]%8%g%s$G$O!"JQ?t$N@_Dj$,!"K\J*$N%U%!%$%kL>$h$j$bA0$K$"$l(B
    $B$P(B BEGIN $B%V%m%C%/$,<B9T$5$l$kA0$K8z2L$7$^$9$,!"$=$&$G$O$J$$$b$N$b$"$j!"(B
    $B$I$A$i$NJ}K!$+$O$C$-$j$7$J$$$H$$$&$3$H$KCm0U$7$F2<$5$$!#(B
    
    $B$5$i$K!"JQ?t$NCM$r<($7$?>l9g!"$b$7K\J*$N%U%!%$%kL>$r<($5$J$1$l$P(B awk $B$O(B
    stdin $B$+$i<+F0E*$KFI$_9~$`$h$&$K$O$J$C$F$$$^$;$s!#$G$9$+$i!"(B(3)$B$G$d$C$?(B
    $B$h$&$K%3%^%s%I$N:G8e$K0z?t(B "-" $B$rIU$12C$($kI,MW$,$"$j$^$9!#(B
    
------------------------------
Subject: How do I get rid of zombie processes that persevere?
>From: jik@pit-manager.MIT.Edu (Jonathan I. Kamens)
>From: casper@fwi.uva.nl (Casper Dik)
Date: Thu, 09 Sep 93 16:39:58 +0200

3.13) $B$7$D$3$$%>%s%S%W%m%;%9$rB`<#$9$kJ}K!$O!#(B
    
    $B;DG0$J$,$i!";R%W%m%;%9$N;`$,$I$N$h$&$K$7$F$J$5$l$k$+$r0lHLE*$K=R$Y$k$3(B
    $B$H$O$G$-$^$;$s!#MM!9$JL#IU$1$r$5$l$?MM!9$J5!9=$r;}$C$?(B UNIX $B$,$"$k$+$i(B
    $B$G$9!#(B
    
    $B$^$::G=i$K!"%G%U%)%k%H$H$7$F!"$I$N$h$&$J(B UNIX $B$K$*$$$F$b;R%W%m%;%9$r$-(B
    $B$A$s$H(B wait() $B$9$k$Y$-$G$9!#$H$$$&$N$O!"2?$b8@$o$J$/$F$b<+F0$G;R%W%m%;(B
    $B%9$r=*N;;~$K%U%i%C%7%e$7$F$/$l$k$h$&$J(B UNIX $B$O!";d$NCN$k8B$jB8:_$7$J$$(B
    $B$+$i$G$9!#(B
    
    $B<!$K(B SysV $B7O$N$$$/$D$+$N%7%9%F%`$G$O!"(B"signal(SIGCHLD, SIG_IGN)"($B$(!<(B
    $B;v<B>e$O(B SIGCLD $B$,(B SIGCHLD $B$NBe$o$j$K;H$o$l$k$,!"?7$7$$(B SysV $B%7%9%F%`(B
    $B$N$[$H$s$I$O(B "#define SIGCHLD SIGCLD" $B$H%X%C%@%U%!%$%k$K$"$j$^$9(B)$B$r;H(B
    $B$($P!";R%W%m%;%9$OI{:nMQ$b$J$/<+F0E*$K>C$5$l$^$9!#$"$J$?$N%5%$%H$G$3$l(B
    $B$,F/$/$+$rD4$Y$k$K$O!";n$7$F$_$k$N$,0lHV$G$7$g$&!#$7$+$7!"$I$A$i$K$;$h(B
    $B0\?"@-$N$"$k%3!<%I$r=q$/>l9g$O!"$3$l$KMj$k$N$ONI$$J}K!$G$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
    $B;DG0$J$,$i(B POSIX $B$G$O$3$N$h$&$K$J$C$F$$$^$;$s!#(BPOSIX $B$G$O(B SIG_IGN $B$K(B
    SIGCLD $B$r%;%C%H$7$?;~$N?6Iq$$$O5,Dj$5$l$F$$$J$$$N$G!"(BPOSIX $B7O$r%5%]!<(B
    $B%H$9$k$h$&$J%W%m%0%i%`$K$O;H$&$3$H$,$G$-$^$;$s!#(B
    
    $B$8$c$"(B POSIX $B$G$O$I$&$9$l$P$$$$$N$+!">e5-$N$h$&$K%7%0%J%k%O%s%I%i$H(B 
    wait $B$r=`Hw$9$kI,MW$,$"$j$^$9!#(BPOSIX $B$N2<$G$O%7%0%J%k%O%s%I%i$O(B 
    sigaction $B$K$h$C$F=`Hw$5$l$^$9!#!VDd;_Cf(B (stopped)]$B$N;R%W%m%;%9$O4X78(B
    $B$J$/!"=*N;$7$?;R%W%m%;%9$K$N$_6=L#$,$"$k$?$a!"(BSA_NOCLDSTOP$B$r(B sa_flags 
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    $B$b$7$"$J$?$N%7%9%F%`$,(B POSIX $B$r%5%]!<%H$7$F$$$J$$>l9g$b!"$$$/$D$+J}K!(B
    $B$O$"$j$^$9!#$$$A$P$sAa$$J}K!$O!"(Bsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_IGN) $B$,;H$($k$J$i(B
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    $B$&$JF/$-$r$9$k%7%0%J%k%O%s%I%i$r=q$/$3$H$K$J$j$^$9!#A4$F$NMM!9$J(B UNIX 
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    $B$$$/$D$+$N(B UNIX $B$G$O!"0l$D(B *$B0J>e(B* $B$N;R%W%m%;%9$,;`$s$@;~$K(B SIGCHLD $B%7(B
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    $B%s$G>C5n$5$l$k$N$rBT$C$F$$$k;R$I$b$?$A$,$$$k$+$I$&$+$rD4$Y$k$3$H$,$G$-(B
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    $B%$%9$G$9!#(B
    
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    $B%I%i$,8F=P$5$l$?;~$K0l$D$N%7%0%J%k$r>C$;$P$$$$$@$1$G$"$j!"=*N;8e$K$^$@(B
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    $B0J>e$r$^$H$a$k$H<!$N$h$&$K$J$j$^$9!#(Bwaitpid() (POSIX) $B$+(B wait3() $B$r;}(B
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    $B$b$&0l$D$@$1!#$3$N$h$&$JLdBj$O$4$a$s$@$H$$$&$J$i!">/!98zN($O0-$$$G$9$,!"(B
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    $BHs8zN($G$9$,!"0\?"@-$O40`z$G$9!#(B
    
------------------------------
Subject: How do I get lines from a pipe ... instead of only in larger blocks?
>From: jik@rtfm.MIT.Edu (Jonathan I. Kamens)
Date: Sun, 16 Feb 92 20:59:28 -0500

3.14) $B%Q%$%W$+$i0l9T$rF@$k$H$-!"C1$KBg$-$J%V%m%C%/$H$7$F$G$J$/!"=q$-$3$^$l$?$h(B
  $B$&$K$9$kJ}K!$O$"$j$^$;$s$+!#(B
    
    stdio $B%i%$%V%i%j$O!"$=$l$,(B tty $B>e$GF0$$$F$$$k$+$I$&$+$K$h$C$F0[$J$C$?(B
    $B%P%C%U%!%j%s%0$r$7$^$9!#$b$7(B tty $B>e$G$"$k$HH=CG$9$l$P!"(B1 $B9T$r4pK\$H$7$?(B
    $B%P%C%U%!%j%s%0$r$7!"$=$&$G$J$1$l$P!"(B1 $B9T$h$jBg$-$J%P%C%U%!$r;HMQ$7$^(B
    $B$9!#(B
    
    $B$b$7!"%P%C%U%!%j%s%0$7$?$/$J$$%/%i%$%"%s%H$N%=!<%9%3!<%I$r;}$C$F$$$k$J(B
    $B$i!"%P%C%U%!%j%s%0$rJQ99$9$k$?$a$K(B setbuf() $B$*$h$S(B setvbuf() $B$r;HMQ$9$k(B
    $B$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#(B
    
    $B$=$&$G$J$$>l9g!"$G$-$k$3$H$G:GNI$N$3$H$O!"(Bpty $B>e$GAv9T$5$;$k$3$H$G!"%W(B
    $B%m%0%i%`$K(B tty $B>e$GF0$$$F$$$k$HH=CG$5$;$k$h$&$K$r;n$9$3$H$G$9!#Nc$($P!"(B
    ``pty'' $B$H$$$&(B 3.9 $B$K5-:\$5$l$F$$$k%W%m%0%i%`$r;H$($P2DG=$G$9!#(B
    
------------------------------

End of unix/faq Digest part 3 of 7
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